iosr-JDMS   Volume-24 ~ Issue-2 ~ February 2025

Abstract: Surgical site infection (SSI) is an infection of a surgical incision, space, or organ within 30 days of surgery.1 It is a healthcare-associated infection in which wound infection occurs after an invasive procedure.2 The incidence of surgical site infection ranges from 3-15% worldwide.3-5 SSI is the most common healthcare-associated infection in the developing world with sub-Saharan Africa having an incidence of about 14.8%.1,2,6 Nigeria has an average incidence of 14.5% and Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Ile-Ife reported an incidence.......

[1] World Health Organization. (2018). Global Guidelines For The Prevention Of Surgical Site Infection, 2nd Ed. World Health Organization. Https://Apps.Who.Int/Iris/Handle/10665/277399. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
[2] Zuarez-Easton S, Zafran N, Garmi M, Salim R. Post Caesarean Section Wound Infection: Prevalence, Impact, Prevention And Management Challenges. Int J Women’s Health 2017;9:81-88. Doi:10.1247/IJWH.S98876; PMCID: PMC5322852; PMID: 28255256
[3] Curio D, Cane A, Fernandez F, Correa J. Surgical Site Infection In Elective Clean And Clean-Contaminated Surgeries In Developing Countries. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 80:34-45. Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Ijid.2018.12.013; Epub 2019 Jan 9; PMID: 30639405
[4] Kamel C, Mcgahan L, Mierzwinski-Urban M, Embil J. Preoperative Skin Antiseptic Preparations And Application Techniques For Preventing Surgical Site Infections: A Systematic Review Of The Clinical Evidence And Guidelines [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency For Drugs And Technologies In Health; 2011 Jun. PMID: 24354038.
[5] Dumville JC, Mcfarlane E, Edwards P, Lipp A, Holmes A, Liu Z. Preoperative Skin Antiseptics For Preventing Surgical Wound Infection After Clean Surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2015;(4). Doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003949.Pub4. PMCID: PMC6485388; PMID: 25897764:

Abstract: Obstructive jaundice arises from bile flow blockage, leading to bilirubin accumulation in the bloodstream. Its etiologies range from benign conditions like choledocholithiasis to malignancies such as pancreatic and biliary tract cancers. Early and accurate differentiation between these causes is vital for effective management......

[1] Smith J, Doe A. "Inflammatory Markers In Obstructive Jaundice: A Clinical Perspective." J Clin Biochem. 2021;45(3):123-129.
[2] Patel V, Gupta R. "Utility Of RDW In Malignancy Diagnostics." Int J Hematol. 2020;37(2):89-95.
[3] Zhang X, Wang Y. "Emerging Biomarkers For Biliary Obstruction." Hepatology Res. 2019;49(6):567-573.

Abstract: Background Depression is a mental health problem that has been associated with non-adherence to antiretroviral drugs constituting a major barrier to HIV preventive efforts. Several studies have shown the effectiveness of Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) as a non-drug treatment for the management of depression. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of cognitive behavioural therapy on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) depression scores of HIV infected patients attending the adult ART clinic of Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Jos.......

Keyword: Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), PHQ-9, Depression, HIV

[1] World Health Organization. Depression A Global Public Health Concern, 2012. Available At.

Abstract: Background and objectives: Interstitial involvement is a common manifestation of connective tissue disorders, presenting with a number of different inflammatory responses within the lung. Connective tissue disorders- interstitial lung disease (CTD -ILD) represents a complex intersection of autoimmune disorders and pulmonary pathology significantly impacting patient morbidity and mortality. We aim to illustrate the clinical profile, diagnostic tests and outcome of CTD-ILD based on extensive review of the cases.
Methods: We evaluated patients diagnosed with ILD associated with connective tissue disorders who were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria which included clinical symptoms, radiological findings and serological markers....

Key Words: Interstitial lung Disease, Connective tissue disorders, Clinical profile, UIP

[1] Kondoh, Y., Makino, S., Ogura, T., Suda, T., Tomioka, H., Amano, H., Anraku, M., Enomoto, N., Fujii, T., Fujisawa, T., Gono, T., Harigai, M., Ichiyasu, H., Inoue, Y., Johkoh, T., Kameda, H., Kataoka, K., Katsumata, Y., Kawaguchi, Y., Kawakami, A., … Joint Committee Of Japanese Respiratory Society And Japan College Of Rheumatology (2021). 2020 Guide For The Diagnosis And Treatment Of Interstitial Lung Disease Associated With Connective Tissue Disease. Respiratory Investigation, 59(6), 709–740.
[2] Fischer A, West SG, Swigris JJ, Brown KK, Du Bois RM. Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease: A Call For Clarification. Chest. 2010 Aug;138(2):251-6. Doi: 10.1378/Chest.10-0194. PMID: 20682528; PMCID: PMC3662187.
[3] Castagnaro A, Chetta A, Marangio E, Zompatori M, Olivieri D. The Lung In Immune-Mediated Disorder: Rheumatoid Arthritis. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy. 2004 Dec;3(4):449-54. Doi: 10.2174/1568010042634532. PMID: 15584893.
[4] Larsen BT, Smith ML, Elicker BM, Et Al. Diagnostic Approach To Advanced Fibrotic Interstitial Lung Disease: Bringing Together Clinical, Radiologic, And Histologic Clues. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2016;141(7): 901–915. DOI: 10.5858/Arpa.2016-0299-SA. 17.
[5] Thomeer MJ, Vansteenkiste J, Verbeken EK, Et Al. Interstitial Lung Diseases: Characteristics At Diagnosis And Mortality Risk Assessment. Respir Med 2004;98(6):567–573. DOI: 10.1016/J.Rmed.2003.10.015. 18.

Abstract: Background: The present study has been conducted to assess whether hypocalcemia can be used as a prognostic factor in the outcome of traumatic brain injury.
Materials and Methods: This prospective study was done on 100 patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Serum calcium levels of patients had a Glasgow coma scale of 3–13 points following traumatic brain injury, with demonstrable intracranial lesions in cranial computed tomography were included. Student's t test, chi square test and Fisher's exact test were used for comparative analysis. Logistic regression and receiving operative curves analysis analysis......

[1] Kirankumar MR, Satri V, Satyanarayana V, Ramesh Chandra VV, Madhusudan M,Sowjanya J.Demographic Profile,Clinical Features,Imaging And Outcomes In Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury Presenting To Emergency Room.J Clin Sci Res 2019;8:132-6.
[2] Jennett B.Epidemiology Of Head Injury.Arch Dis Child 1998;78:4036.
[3] Gururaj G.Epidemiology Of Traumatic Brain Injuries:Indian Scenario.Neurol Res 2002;24:24-8.
[4] Corrigan JD, Selassie AW, Orman JA. The Epidemiology Of Traumatic Brain Injury.The Journal Of Head Trauma Rehabilitation.2010;25(2):72–80
[5] Woischneck D, Lerch K,Kapapa T, Skalej M, Firsching R. Predictive Quality Of The Injury Severity Score In The Systematic Use Of Cranial MRI.Z Orthop Unfall 2010;148:548-53.

Abstract: Aim This study aimed to explore the mechanisms involved in evaluating various treatment strategies for hyponatremia in traumatic brain injury patients and their effects on outcomes. Method 130 patients more than 18 years diagnosed with traumatic brain injury with and serum sodium <135mEq/L were included in the study while patients with pre-existing electrolyte imbalances and chronic kidney disease and those who died within 24 hours of admission were excluded.......

[1] Harbert A, Northam W, Elton S, Quinsey C. Targeted Head CT Reduction For Pediatric Patients With Hydrocephalus And Traumatic Brain Injury: Academic Center Institutional Experience As An Example Of Opportunities For Further Improvement. Childs Nerv Syst. (2020) 36:583–9. Doi: 10.1007/S00381-019-04376-W
[2] Schur S, Martel P, Marcoux J. Optimal Bone Flap Size For Decompressive Craniectomy For Refractory Increased Intracranial Pressure In Traumatic Brain Injury: Taking The Patient’s Head Size Into Account. World Neurosurgery. (2020). 139E430-E436. Doi: 10.1016/J.Wneu.2020.01.232
[3] Bree D, Mackenzie K, Stratton J, Levy D. Enhanced Post-Traumatic Headachelike Behaviors And Diminished Contribution Of Peripheral CGRP In Female Rats Following A Mild Closed Head Injury. Cephalalgia. (2020) 40:748–60.
Doi: 10.1177/0333102420907597
[4] Guilhaume-Correa F, Cansler SM, Shalosky EM, Goodman MD, Evanson NK.Greater Neurodegeneration And Behavioral Deficits After Single Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury In Adolescent Versus Adult Male Mice. J Neur Res. (2020) 98:557–70. Doi: 10.1002/Jnr.24535
[5] Khanuja T, Unni HN. Intracranial Pressure-Based Validation And Analysis Of Traumatic Brain Injury Using A New Three-Dimensional Finite Element Human Head Model. Proc Inst Mech Eng H. (2020) 234:3–15. Doi: 10.1177/0954411919881526

Abstract: Background: Open bite correction is one of the most challenging orthodontic procedures due to its multifactorial etiology and the limitations of conventional treatment methods. The introduction of temporary anchorage devices (TADs) has significantly improved the management of these cases by offering more precise and minimally invasive approaches. This case report highlights the innovative use of bucco-palatal implant anchorage for the successful correction of an open bite through anterior intrusion. Methodology: A 23-year-old....

Key Words: Open bite correction, zygomatic plate, bucco-palatal implant, skeletal anchorage, orthodontic biomechanics.

[1] Sherwood, K. H., Burch, J. G., & Thompson, W. J (2002). Closing Anterior Open Bites By Intruding Molars With Titanium Miniplate Anchorage. American Journal Of Orthodontics And Dentofacial Orthopedics, 122(6):593–600.
[2] Kuroda, Katayama, A. And Takano-Yamamoto, T (2004). Severe Anterior Open Bite Case Treated Using Titanium Screw Anchorage. The Angle Orthodontist 74(4): 558-567.
[3] Park Y-C, Lee H-A, Choi N-C, Et Al (2008) Open Bite Correction By Intrusion Of Posterior Teeth With Miniscrews. The Angle Orthodontist 78(4): 699–710
[4] Çifter M And Saraç M (2011) Maxillary Posterior Intrusion Mechanics With Mini-Implant Anchorage Evaluated With The Finite Element Method. American Journal Of Orthodontics And Dentofacial Orthopedics 140(5): E233–E241.
[5] Costa A, Raffainl M, Melsen B. Miniscrews As Orthodontic Anchorage: A Preliminary Report. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg 1998;13:201-9.

Abstract: Type I dentin dysplasia (DD-I) is a rare genetic disorder with autosomal dominant or recessive mode of inheritance. It is a rare developmental disturbance affecting dentin characterised by normal enamel and crown morphology with atypical dentin formation and abnormal pulpal morphology. Type I (radicular) and Type II (coronal) are the two forms of DD. Type I is more common, and includes single or multiple teeth in primary and permanent dentition. This case report documents one such rarity of type 1 DD in an 8 year- old female child with clinical and radiographical findings..

Key Words: dentin dysplasia, radicular, dentin

[1] Patnana AK, Chugh VK, Chugh A. An Unusual Variation Of Radicular Dentin Dysplasia: A Rare Case Report With Review Of Literature. Indian J Dent Res 2020;5:807-12.
[2] Akhil Jose EJ, Palathingal P, Baby D, Thachil JM. Dentin Dysplasia Type I: A Rare Case Report. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2019;23:309.
[3] Putrino, A.; Caputo, M.; Galeotti, A.; Marinelli, E.; Zaami, S. Type I Dentin Dysplasia: The Literature Review And Case Report Of A Family Affected By Misrecognition And Late Diagnosis. Medicina 2023, 59, 1477.
[4] Daryani D, Nair GR, Naidu G. Dentin Dysplasia Type II: An Exclusive Report Of Two Cases In Siblings. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol 2017;29:132-4
[5] Shimasadat Miri, Mahsasadat Miri2 , Parisa Soltani, And Amirhossein Moaddabi, “Dentin Dysplasia Type I: A Rare Case Report And Management Protocol.” International Journal Of Dental Sciences And Research, Vol. 5, No. 5 (2017): 122-124. Doi: 10.12691/Ijdsr-5-5-2

Abstract: Background: WhatsApp is, a social network used as a communication tool to keep people connected by sharing communications, pictures, and videos, for both personal and professional reasons. With recent advances in networking and free WIFI on campus, it can be used as an effective medium for teaching several domains of medical training. Objectives: To..........

Keywords: WhatsApp, Teaching Learning Tool, Didactic lecture, surgery students, interactive

[1] Guraya SY. The Usage Of Social Networking Sites By Medical Students For Educational Purposes: A Meta-Analysis And Systematic Review. North Am J Med Sci. 2016; 8:268-78.
[2] Cheston CC, Flickinger TE, Chisolm MS. Social Media Use In Medical Education: A Systematic Review. Acad Med. 2013; 88(6):893–901.
[3] Maudsley G, Taylor D, Allam O, Garner J, Calinici T, Linkman K. A Best Evidence Medical Education (BEME) Systematic Review Of: What Works Best For Health Professions Students Using Mobile (Hand-Held) Devices For Educational Support On Clinical Placements? BEME Guide No. 52. Med Teach. 2019; 41(2):125–40.
[4] Tang Y, Hew K F. Is Mobile Instant Messaging (MIM) Useful In Education? Examining Its Technological, Pedagogical, And Social Affordances. Edu Res Rev. 2017; 21:85–104.
[5] Gon S, Rawekar A. Effectivity Of E-Learning Through Whatsapp As A Teaching-Learning Tool. MVP J Med Sci. 2017; 4(1):19–25

Abstract: Intra-abdominal abscesses develop in 10%–30% of patients with Crohn’s disease (CD), representing a serious complication that requires multidisciplinary management. This study evaluates the epidemiological, clinical, and therapeutic aspects of intra-abdominal abscesses in fistulizing CD. We conducted a retrospective descriptive study, over four years (January 2020 to August 2024) involving patients diagnosed with fistulizing Crohn’s disease in our department. Our results show among 72 patients with fistulizing CD, 48% developed intra-abdominal abscesses, with a mean age of 32 years and a slight male predominance. The abscess was the initial manifestation....

Key Words: Intra-abdominal abscess, Fistulizing Crohn’s disease, Antibiotic therapy, Radiological drainage, Surgical treatment, Biologic therapy

[1] Richards RJ. Management Of Abdominal And Pelvic Abscess In Crohn's Disease. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2011 Nov 16;3(11):209-12. Doi: 10.4253/Wjge. V3.I11.209. PMID: 22110836; PMCID: PMC3221952.
[2] Adamina M, Et Al. ECCO Guidelines On Therapeutics In Crohn’s Disease: Surgical Treatment. J Crohns Colitis. 2020;14(2):155–68. Https://Doi.Org/10. 1093/Ecco‐Jcc/Jjz187
[3] B. Pariente. Y. Bouhnik. Maladie De Crohn Du Grêle. Post’U 2011. 115-124
[4] Bedioui H, Et Al. Maladie De Crohn Compliquée D’abcès Intra-Abdominaux : Stratégie Diagnostique Et Thérapeutique. J Afr Hépatol Gastroentérol. 2012
[5] Nguyen DL, Et Al. Similar Outcomes Of Surgical And Medical Treatment Of Intra-Abdominal Abscesses In Crohn’s Disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012

Abstract: Background: Chronic liver disease is a process of destruction and regeneration process of the liver parenchyma leading to an extensive spectrum of changes in the liver. Liver cirrhosis is associated with a wide range of cardiovascular abnormalities including hyperdynamic circulation, cirrhotic cardiomyopathy, pulmonary vascular abnormalities, and QT interval prolongation. Peripheral and splanchnic vasodilatation are the main causes of hyperdynamic circulation. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy was first defined in 2005 at the Montreal World Congress of...

[1] Rahman S, Mallett SV. Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy: Implications For The Perioperative Management Of Liver Transplant Patients. World Journal Of Hepatology. 2015 Mar 3;7(3):507.
[2] Møller S, Henriksen JH. Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy. Journal Of Hepatology. 2010 Jul 1;53(1):179-90.
[3] Fede G, Privitera G, Tomaselli T, Spadaro L, Purrello F. Cardiovascular Dysfunction In Patients With Liver Cirrhosis. Annals Of Gastroenterology: Quarterly Publication Of The Hellenic Society Of Gastroenterology. 2015 Jan;28(1):31.
[4] Izzy M, Vanwagner LB, Lin G, Altieri M, Findlay JY, Oh JK, Watt KD, Lee SS, Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy Consortium. Redefining Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy For The Modern Era. Hepatology. 2020 Jan;71(1):334-45.
[5] Tsoris A, Marlar CA. Use Of The Child Pugh Score In Liver Disease.

Abstract: The fourth revolution “Artificial intelligence” (AI) has paved the way for all fields of medicine. The field of Dentistry is also influenced by this trend. Though the usage of AI is used in all the fields of dentistry, its application is particularly fastidious in orofacial radiology with gaining a remarkable role in diagnosis, analysis of the image, and forensics. Apart from these, AI also improves radiographic image quality. In the near future, AI is anticipated to undergo further development and establish diagnosis by itself, and fabricate treatment plans. We clinicians must......

[1] Agrawal P, Nikhade P. Artificial Intelligence In Dentistry: Past, Present, And Future. Cureus. 2022 Jul 28;14(7):E27405. Doi: 10.7759/Cureus.27405. PMID: 36046326; PMCID: PMC9418762.
[2] Carrillo‐Perez F, Pecho OE, Morales JC, Paravina RD, Della Bona A, Ghinea R, Pulgar R, Pérez MD, Herrera LJ. Applications Of Artificial Intelligence In Dentistry: A Comprehensive Review. Journal Of Esthetic And Restorative Dentistry. 2022 Jan;34(1):259-80.
[3] Ding H, Wu J, Zhao W, Matinlinna JP, Burrow MF, Tsoi JK. Artificial Intelligence In Dentistry—A Review. Frontiers In Dental Medicine. 2023 Feb 20;4:1085251.
[4] Turing AM, Haugeland J. Computing Machinery And Intelligence. MA: MIT Press Cambridge (1950).