IOSR-JAP   Volume-13 ~ Issue-3 ~ May – June 2021

ABSTRACT: This paper deals mainly with the general characteristics of pseudo-central collision events observed in pion-nucleus interactions. To study the interactions, the nuclear emulsion technique has been used. The results discussed are the probability of occurrence of central collision events and the mean values of the produced particles and their dependence on incident beam energy. The mean normalized multiplicity seems to vary linearly with energy for pion and proton interactions both. Regarding the variation of mean normalized multiplicity with the number of collisions made by the incident particle inside the target nucleus, we have studied its dependence on the number of grey particles because grey particles are considered as the best measure of encounters. The dependence of compound particle multiplicity on projectile energy has also been discussed..

Keywords: Grey, black, shower and heavily ionizing particles, nuclear emulsion, mean normalized multiplicity
PACS :13.85, 25.80. Hp

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[3]. C-Y. Bai and D-H. Zhang, Chin. Phys. C 35 (2016) 349.
[4]. S. Kumar et al., Int. J. Modern Phys. E 29 (2020) 2050077-1.
[5]. T. Ahmad, ISRN High Energy Phys. 2014 (2014) Article ID 604730.

ABSTRACT: According to Yangton and Yington Theory, all photons and electrons have predetermined quantum energy states (Hidden Variables). During photon polarization and electron magnetic polarization processes, their quantum states (Hidden Variables) can be changed either by adding energy to electron or reducing energy from photon to become a new quantum states (Field Dependent Hidden Variables). For further transformation (polarization processes), according to Principle of Normalization, a normalized quantum energy states can be achieved (Normalized Field Dependent Hidden Variables). Since Bell Inequality based on Set Theory can only be applied on the same sample space, therefore, for polarization experiments applying on the mixed sample spaces (Hidden Variables and Field Dependent...

Keywords; Quantum Entanglement, Superposition, EPR Paradox, Bell's Inequality, Hidden Variables, Electron Spin, Photon Spin, Optical Polarization, Magnetic Polarization, Schrödinger Cat.

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[4]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Hidden Variables versus Bell's Inequality and Conflicts of Superposition, Complementarity and Entanglement in Quantum Mechanics." IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), 12(3), 2020, pp. 24-35.
[5]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Photon Polarization and Entanglement Interpreted by Yangton and Yington Theory." IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), 12(3), 2020, pp. 01-06.

ABSTRACT: The conservation of energy of the potential dependent special relativity has been studied. It was found that the conservation could be secured when using vector four-dimensional representation with the fourth time component is imaginary and related to the momentum. The energy expression has been used to derive new quantum equation for weak field. Treating particles as strings an imaginary energy has been found .the imaginary part is quantized and proportional to the liberated photon energy .This resembles the imaginary wave number reflecting the energy liberated by electromagnetic waves upon interaction with medium.

Key Words: energy, conservation, potential dependent special relativity, string, imaginary energy.

[1]. Taylor, John R. Classical Mechanics. USA, Edwards Brothers, Inc.: University Science Books 2005.
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[5]. Haj H.Diab, M.Hashim, M.Dirar and A.KhalafAllah, String Model Solution for Linearized GSR Quantum Theory, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR), 2018

ABSTRACT: We explain why Anyons have e/3 charge. We assume Anyons are Electrons confined to a plane. The model predicts Anyons are massless.

[1]. W.F. Esterhuyse. Defining Particles 2. Unprinted, copy available by email. 2019.
[2]. E. Bartolomei et. al. Fractional statistics in anyon collisions. Arxiv. Undated.

ABSTRACT:Nuclear Physics start with the equation E=mc2.Nucleus consists of protons and neutrons called nucleons. Electrons are orbiting around the nucleus. The total mass of a stable nucleus is always less than the total mass of the individual protons and neutrons put together. The energy of the mass that disappears from the universe is converted to the energy of photons. A very large amount of energy is released even when a very small amount of mass disappears. Supposewe arrange different nuclei in a row based on their weight, with the lightest nuclei on the left and the heaviest nuclei on the right.
As we move along the graph from.....

Keywords: Protons, neutrons, E=mc2,fusion,fission

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[5]. Neutron emission spectrometry for fusion reactor diagnosis. Method development and data analysis 2018

ABSTRACT:In this study, we use the Friedman – Robertson - Walker (FRW) model with κ = +1 for cyclic universe for understanding the physics of cosmic inflation. According to this model, kinetic energy of the universe is converted into gravitational energy during deceleration (compression) cycle. This builds up a dense assembly of photons close to the singularity of Planck dimensions at temperature T ~ < TPL. Black body radiation approximation is used to analyze the distribution of the photons in the phase space using quantum statistical mechanics. It is shown that the available states in the phase space are completely filled up when the temperature reaches TE. When the temperature increases above TE, the assembly of superheated photons transforms to a non-equilibrium state. We show that an adiabatic transition from the non-equilibrium state to equilibrium state at TE is accompanied......

Keywords: Cosmology, Big Bang, Inflation, Cosmological Constant, Dark Energy

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ABSTRACT: The condition =0 in Einstein identity allows us to write the Riemann curvature tensor as a product of the torsion tensor and then in terms of the electromagnetic field tensor .

Key Words: Torsion tensor, Curvature tensor, Electromagnetic field tensor.

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[4]. Alcantara - Montes S. and Velazquez -Arcos J.M. Parallel transport in 4-dimensional Continuum. IOSR Journal of Applied Physics
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ABSTRACT: Space-time is not a fictitious fabric but is creation of a vibrating Higgs Bosons. A vibrating particle only defines length and time simultaneously, making them inseparable. An agglomeration of such vibrating particles constitutes space-time continuum. It is the dark energy and defines the universe. The inverse square law is the property of space-time dynamics

Keywords: Space-time, universe, space dynamics, thermodynamics,

[1]. Relation between wave energy and field strength
[2]. Magnetic field around current carrying conductor.

ABSTRACT: Zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) materials are much important with their physical and chemical properties as well as due to the wide scope for the development of novel solutions in sensor technology. Both materials are widely useful for industrial, technological and sensor applications. TiO2dopedZnOthin films are obtained by using an advanced spray pyrolysis technique with high transparency. The gas sensing properties of TiO2dopedZnO thin films are studied.

Keywords- Gas sensor, Advanced spray pyrolysis, Zinc oxide and Titanium dioxide

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ABSTRACT: Doping ZnO with different ratios of modulatedclays increases the value of nonlinear parameters. Nutural Clays are mixed of oxides with different concentration.Raw clay has been precipitated in the water column, as a result of the difference in the physical properties of the excisting phases,the clay will precipitate in layers lighter by lighter from the bottom of the water column. SiO2 concentrates in lower layers and decreases to the upper layers, whereas Albite, montmorillonite, and dolomite behave in the opposite manner.XRD showed different phases with different percentages along the whole divided layers of the precipitated column. The maximum value of SiO2 concentrates......

Keywords: ZnOvaristor, ModulatedClaysand Varistor

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ABSTRACT: We study an important fact called Mind & Sense Datum (matter based). Considering these emerges by the photoelectric effects conducted by the photon-like energy packets "narayan" including photons or quanta of ordinary light through electromagnetic interactions of the matter nuclei weak energy forces of SU(2) in the respective framework of SU(2)U(1), also interacted with bimolecular particles constructed by the various combinations of lepton-like but quark-type [assuming six set of quark-types each set having five different quark-type] of exotic matter fluids in wave status are tightly binding by the bosons of SU(6) combining with quarks of usual matter energy in brain neuron microtubules for the case......

Keyword: New Quantum Energy Sources, New Particle-likes Quark, Soft Matters, Consciousness, Lumps of Matters, Photoelectric Effects on Mind, Sense Datum, New kind of Electromagnetism.

[1]. Narayan Kumar Bhadra(2020), How "SU" Levels Are Imply For Life & Consciousness, , Advances inBioengineering and Biomedical Science Research, www.opastonline.com, Volume 3 | Issue 2 | 58
[2]. Narayan Kumar Bhadra (2014), the Origin of Consciousnessin the Universe, IOSR Journal of Mathematics 10: 53-68.
[3]. Narayan Kumar Bhadra (2013), the Complex Quantum andClassical Pseudo-Tachyonic Universe, IOSR Journal ofMathematics 8: 15-32.
[4]. Narayan Kumar Bhadra (2013), the Complex Quantum-Stateof Black-Hole and Thermo-statistics, IOSR Journal ofMathematics 8: 1-19.
[5]. Narayan Kumar Bhadra (2012), the complex model of thequantum universe, IOSR Journal of Mathematics 4: 20-33

ABSTRACT: Nickel doped and undoped Zinc oxide thin films were prepared on soda-lime glass and indium tin oxide (ITO) coated substrates using a low-cost chemical spray pyrolysis technique. The effect of the Ni doping on the optical, surface morphological and rectifying properties of the thin films were investigated using a Uv-Visible spectrometer, X-ray diffractometer and Keithley multimeter.
The crystallographic studies revealed the polycrystalline nature of the prepared 0%, 2% and 5% Ni-doped ZnO thin film with the prominent peaks corresponding to crystal orientation plane (100), (002), (101),102), (110), (103) and (112) indexed to Zinciate phase that has hexagonal structure (Chinese white) and no traces of secondary phase. Optical analysis of Ni: ZnO thin films revealed......

Keyword: Optoelectronics, Polycrystalline, rectifying, bandgap.

[1]. Tseng S. F. Investigation of post-annealing aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films by a graphene-based heater, Applied Surface Science.2018;448:163-167
[2]. Boryło P., Matus K., Lukaszkowicz K., Kubacki J., Balin K., Basiaga M., Szindler M., Mikuła J., The influence of atomic layer deposition process temperature on ZnO thin film structure, Applied Surface Science. 2019;474:177-186.
[3]. Reddy I.N., Reddy C.V., Sreedhar A., Shim J., Cho M., Yoo K., Kim D. Structural, optical, and bifunctional applications: Supercapacitor and photoelectrochemical water splitting of Ni-doped ZnO nanostructures, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 2018;828:124-136.
[4]. Lee S.J., Kim S., Lim D.C., Kim D.H., Nahm S., Han S.H., Inverted bulk-heterojunction polymer solar cells using a sputter-deposited Al-doped ZnO electron transport layer, Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2019;777:717-722.
[5]. Eom T., Park J.E., Park S.Y., Park J.H., Bweupe J., Lim D., Influence of Post-Heat Treatment of ZnO: Al Transparent Electrode for Copper Indium Gallium Selenide Thin Film Solar Cell, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology. 2018; 18: 6532-6535

ABSTRACT: Solar photo-voltaic (PV) modules is dominated by crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cell which captures nearly 80% of the total PV market because of its high conversion efficiency though they are bulky (wafer thickness 300 micrometer) and have high material cost. Thin film amorphous silicon solar cell for its low cost, deposited on large areas is suitable for large scale terrestrial application. But thin film hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) solar cell technologies......

Keyword: Amorphous silicon solar cell, Crystalline silicon solar cell, Hetero junction solar cell, Hetero junction solar cell with intrinsic thin layer, Solar cell

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