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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Nutritional Status of Preschool Aged Children in Anambra State, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Akubugwo, E.I Okafor I. N , Ezebuo, F.C , Nwaka, A.C
	:	10.9790/3008-09270108

Abstract: Eradicating childhood malnutrition is important if childhood mortality must be reduced. Reduction of childhood mortality is the fourth agenda on the eight point Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In order to assess the nutritional status of under-five year old children in Anambra State Nigeria, South Eastern Nigeria, a population based cross-sectional study was carried out using a survey of anthropometric data. Data was collected from 1188 pre-school age children from rural communities in Local Government Areas distributed within the three geopolitical zones of the State.

[1]. Akubugwo, E.I Okafor I. N Ezebuo, F.C. Nwaka, A.C and Okafor, S.O (2013b) Prevalence of stunting amongst pre-school age children from selected towns in Anambra south Senatorial zone International Journal of Life Sciences Biotechnology and Pharma Research 2 (4): 127 – 136
[2]. Akubugwo, E.I., Okafor I. N ., Ezebuo, F.C. and Nwaka, A.C (2013a) Comparative Prevalence of Low Levels of Nutritional Indicators Using NCHS and WHO Reference/Standards International Journal of Research and Reviews in Pharmacy and Applied science 3(3) 413-431
[3]. Black R.E. Allen L.H., Bhutta Z.A., Caulifield L.E., de Onis M., Ezzati M., et al (2008), Maternal and Child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences. Lancet 371: 417-440.
[4]. Cesar, G.V., Fuclis S.C., Flores, J.A., Fonseea W., Kirkwood B. (1994) Risk Factors for Pneumonia in a Brazilian metropolitan area. Pediatres 93 (6pt1):977-85.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Antimicrobial Activities of Mucuna pruriens (Agbara) on Some Human Pathogens
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Mbajiuka Chinedu Stanley, Obeagu Emmanuel Ifeanyi, Ochei Kingsley Chinedum, Ifediora Afoma Chinwe, Okezie Emmanuel, Odo Nkechinyelu Nwamaka
	:	10.9790/3008-09270913

Abstract: Increasing rate of development of resistance to commonly used antibiotics have led to serach for newer,more effective,affordable and easily available drugs.In this study,the organic and aqueous extracts of Mucuna pruriens seeds were obtained using a Soxhlet extractor.The antimicrobial activities of the extracts were tested on some human pathogens namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus,and Candida albicans,using 0.3g/ml concentration nd the standard method of agar disc diffusion assay

[1]. Aguiyi,j.c.,Johnson,P.B.,Obi,C.I.,Olorunfemi,P.D. and Adoga,G.(1996).Antimicrobial Activity and Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Seeds of Mucuna pruriens.West Afr.J.Biol.Sci.5:71-76.
[2]. Baris,O.,Gulluce,M.,Sahin,F.,Ozer,H.,Kilic,H.,Ozakan,H.,Sokmen,M. and Ozbek,T.(2006).Biological Activities of the Essential Oil and Methanol Extract of Achilea biebersteinii Afam(Asteraceae).Turk.J.Biol.30:65-73.
[3]. Das,K.,Tiwari,R.K.S and Strivastava,D.K.(2010).Techniquesfor Evaluation of Medicinal Plant Products as Antimicrobial Agents:Current Methods and Future Trends.J.Med.Plants Research.4(2):104-111.
[4]. Devienne,K.F. and Raddi ,M.S.G.(2002).Screening for Antimicrobial Activity of Natural Products Using a Microplate Photometer.Braz.J.Microbilo.33(22):97-105.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Phytochemical, antioxidant and microbial inhibitory effects of Spondias mombin leaf and stem bark extracts.
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Maduka, H.C.C. ,Okpogba, A.N, Ugwu, C.E., Dike, C.C., Ogueche, P.N., Onwuzurike, D.T. , Ibe, D.C
	:	10.9790/3008-09271417

Abstract: AIM: The study evaluated the phytochemical, antioxidant and microbial inhibitory properties of the leaf and stem bark extracts of Spondias mombin. METHODOLOGY: Ten grams of the leaves and stem bark were each extracted with 100ml of 80% ethanol, hot and cold water respectively and allowed to stand for 24 hrs. The phytoconstituents, antioxidant vitamins C and E and antimicrobial testing were carried by standard methods.

[1]. Ayoka, A.O., Akomolafe, R.O., Akinsomisoye, O.S. and Ukponmwan, O.E.(2008). Medicinal and economic value of Spondias mombin. African Journal of biomedical Research. 11: 129-136.
[2]. Ajao, A.O and Shonukan, O. (1985). Anti bacterial effect of aqueous and alcohol extracts of Spondias mombin and Alchomea cordifolia:2 local antimicrobial remedies. International Journal of crude drude Research. 23: 67-72.
[3]. Abo, K.A., Ogunleye, V.O. and Ashidi, J. S.(1999). Antimicrobial potential of Spondias mombin, Croton zambesicus and Zygotritonia crocea. Phytotherapy Research. 13:494-497.
[4]. Corthout. J., Pieters, L.A. Claeys, M., Vanden Berghe, D.A. and Viletinck, A.J.(1991). Antibacterial and molluscidal phenolic acid from Spondias mombin. Planta medica. 60:460-463.
[5]. Rodrigues, K. and Hasse, M.(2000). Antimicrobial activities of secondary metabolities produced by endophytic fungi from Spondias mombin. Journal of Basic Microbiology. 40: 261-267.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effects of ethanol extract of Mucuna pruriens leaves on the lipid profile and serum electrolytes of rats
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Enechi, O. C. , Ozougwu, V. E. O.
	:	10.9790/3008-09271823

Abstract: The effects of ethanol extract of Mucuna pruriens leaves on the lipid profile and serum electrolytes of rats after a two-week treatment were investigated. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the leaves of Mucuna pruriens revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and glycosides while cyanogenic glycosides were not detected. Oral treatment of rats with the aqueous leaf extract (400mg/kg body weight and 800mg/kg body weight) for 7 days and 14 days respectively evoked significant (P<0.05) decreases in the mean body weights of rats. However, there were no significant changes in the relative liver weights of the rats compared to the control animals.

[1]. AOAC (1984). Official Methods of Analysis (14th ed) Association of official Analytical chemists. Washington D.C.
[2]. Albers, J. J., Warmick, G. R. and Cheng, M. C. (1978). Determination of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Lipids 13: 926-932.
[3]. Amin, K. M. Y., Khan, M. N., Zillur-Rehman, S.and Khan, N. A. (1996).Sexual function improving effect of Mucuna pruriens in sexually normal male rats. Fitoterapia, 67 (1): 53-58.
[4]. Assman, G., Jabs, H. U., Kohnert, U., Nolte, W. and Schriewer, H. (1984).Determination of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Clinica Chimica Act. 140: 77-83.
[5]. Champatisingh, D., Sahu, P. K., Pal, I. A. and Nanda, G. S. (2011). Anticataleptic and antiepileptic activities of Mucuna pruriens. Indian Journal of Pharmacology.43(2):197-199.
[6]. Ezekwesili, C.N., Obidoa, O. and Nwodo, O.F.C. (2008). Effects of ethanol extract of Acalypha torta leaves on lipid profile and serum electrolytes of Rabbits. Nigerian Journal of Biochemistry and molecular Biology 23(1): 15-19.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Diversity of Endophytic and Rhizosphere Soil Fungi of Avicennia marina in Maravakadu Mangrove Forest
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Vijayalakshmi Selvakumar, Dr. A. Panneerselvam, Dr. N. Vijayakumar, Dr. Mohan A. Savery, Dr. N. Thajuddin
	:	10.9790/3008-09272428

Abstract: Avicennia marina (Tamil: Alai-atti): Avicennia marina is the dominant mangrove species in Muthupet and accounts for about 95% of the vegetation cover. Endophytic fungus is an endosymbiont which colonize healthy plant without causing any harm. These are relatively unexplored producers of metabolites useful to pharmaceutical industries (Petrini et al., 1992). Endophytic fungi are ubiquitous and have been found in all species of plant (Arnold et al., 2000). The Maraakadu RF Extn. Bit- I was created as per Govt. Ir.no.56675/ FR-III/ 86-9, dt 20.8.87 with an area of 134.05. ha. The Maravakadu RF is located in pattukottai taluk of Thanjavur district. Endophytic fungus is an endosymbiont which colonize healthy plant without causing any harm.

[1]. Arnold A.E., Maynard Z., Gilbert G.S., Coley P.D and Kursar T.A 2000. Are tropical fungal endophytes hyperdiverse? Ecol.Lett.3; 267-274.
[2]. Chomcheon P., Wiyakrutta S., Sriubolmas N., Ngamrojanavanich N., Isarangkul D. and Kittakoop P.2005. 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NPA), a potent antimycobacterial agent from endophytic fungi : is 3- NPA in some plants produced by endophytes? J. Nat. Prod.68:1103-1105.
[3]. Cohen SD (2006). Microbial Ecology. 52: 463-469.
[4]. Corell GC, Petrini O (1983). Mycologia.75:53-63.
[5]. Dreyfuss M M and Chapela I H (1994), "Potential of fungi in the diversity of novel, low molecular weight pharmaceuticals. In", The discovery of Natural Products with therapeutic Potential (ed Gullo, V.P.)Butterworth- Heinemann, Boston, pp. 49-80.
[6]. Petrini O, Fokkema NJ, Van den Hueval J (1986). Microbiology of the phyllosphere Cambridge. UK Cambridge University Press:175-187.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Antibacterial Activity of Seed and Leaf Extract of Carica Papaya var. Pusa dwarf Linn
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Jyotsna Kiran Peter*, Yashab Kumar, Priyanka Pandey and Harison Masih
	:	10.9790/3008-09272937

Abstract: The study dealt with the antibacterial activity of aqueous, chloroform extract of leaves and aqueous, methanolic extract of seeds of Carica papaya var. pusa dwarf through agar well diffusion assay against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli and Salmonella typhi. It was revealed that the aqueous as well as the methanolic extract of seeds were effective to inhibit the bacterial pathogens while in case of chloroform extract of Carica papaya leaves did not show any inhibition against the bacteria and the aqueous leaf extract was potent to inhibit them.

[1]. Adeneye AA, Olagunja JA. Preliminary hypoglycemic andhypolipidemic activities of aqueous seed extract of Carica papaya Linn in Wistar rats. Biol Med. 2009; 1:1-10.
[2]. Alabi, OA., Haruna, MT., Anokwuru, CP., Jegede, T., Abia, H., Okegbe, V. and Esan, E. 2012.Comparative studies on antimicrobial properties of extracts of fresh and dried leaves of Carica papaya (L) on clinical bacterial and fungal isolates. Pelagia Research Library. 3 (5):3107-3114.
[3]. Anonymous.The Wealth of India.Raw materials.Ca–Ci, Publication and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, India.1992. p. 287-93.
[4]. Aravind. G, Debjit B, Duraivel. S, Harish. G. 2013. Traditional and Medicinal Uses of Carica papaya. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies. 1(1): 7-15.
[5]. Asolkar LV, Kakkar KK, Chakre OJ. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants with active principles. Part 1 (A-K).Publications by Information Directorate, CSIR New Delhi. 1992. p. 171-3.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene polymorphism in offenders and psychiatric patients in an Egyptian study
Country	:	Egypt
Authors	:	Ahmed M. M. Galal El-Din, Nagwa Hassan Ali, Hamdy Hamed Swelim, Khalda Said Amr, Laila Kamal El-Din Effat
	:	10.9790/3008-09273842

Abstract: Functional characterization studies revealed that transcriptional activity of the human monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene is modulated by a polymorphic repetitive sequence located in 1.2 kb upstream of the ATG codon. To investigate the possible influence of the allelic variants of the MAOA gene (MAOA) on the genetic predisposition to aggressive behavior, a case-control association study of 50 psychiatric patients and 50 offenders, as well as 50 healthy controls was conducted. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in allele or genotype frequencies between control and patient groups.

1] S. S. Lee, Deviant peer affiliation and antisocial behavior: interaction with monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) genotype. J. Abnorm. Child. Psychol.; 39, 2011, 321–332.
[2] P. R. Butovskaya, M. L. Butovskaya, V. A. Vasilyev, O. E. Lazebny, D. V. Shibalev, E. V. Veselovskaya, I. V. Udina, and A. P. Ryskov, Molecular-genetic polymorphisms of dopamine, serotonin and androgenic systems as molecular markers of success in judo wrestling sportsmen. J. Bioanal. Biomed.; S3, 2013, 005. doi:10.4172/1948-593X.S3-005.
[3] N. Perroud, P. Baud, D. Mouthon, P. Courtet, and A. Malafosse, Impulsivity, aggression and suicidal behavior in unipolar and bipolar disorders. J. Affect. Disord. 134, 2011, 112‐118.
[4] M. Soyka, Neurobiology of aggression and violence in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull.; 37(5), 2011, 913‐920.
[5] A. Raine, Biosocial studies of antisocial and violent behavior in children and adults: A review. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30(4), 2002, 311-326.
[6] K. M. Beaver, M. DeLisi, M. G. Vaughn, and J. C. Barnes, Monoamine oxidase A genotype is associated with gang membership and weapon use. Comp. Psychiatry 51(2), 2010, 130-134.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Acute Toxicity and Oral Glucose Tolerance Test of Ethanol and Methanol Extracts of Antihyperglycaemic Plant Cassia Alata Linn
Country	:	India
Authors	:	L. Priyadarshini, P.B.Mazumder, M.D. Choudhury
	:	10.9790/3008-09274346

Abstract: The present study was carried out to check the toxicity and glucose tolerance activity of ethanol and methanol extract of Cassia alata Linn using swiss albino mice. Mice appeared to be normal and no mortality was observed in the acute toxicity test after treated with an extract up to a concentration of 3000mg/kg body weight. It ensures that the plant as safe for use as a medicinal plant.

[1]. Elujoba AA, Ajulo OO, and Iweibo, Chemical and biological analysis of Nigerian Cassia species for laxative activity, J pharm biomed anal, 7(12), 1989, 1453-7.
[2]. Palanichamy S, Nagarajan S, and Devasagayam M. Effect of cassia alata leaf extract on hyperglycemic rats, J Ethnopharmacol, 22(7), 1988, 81-90.
[3]. Wegwu, MO, Ayalgu, EO, and Sule, O, Antioxidant protective effects of Cassia alata in rats exposed to carbon tetrachloride, J Appl Environ Mgt., 9(3), 2005, 77-80.
[4]. Pingale SS, Acute toxicity studies for Centella asiatica whole plant powder, Pharmacologyonline, 3, 2008, 80-84.
[5]. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals (No. 423), Acute Oral Toxicity-Acute Toxic Class Method (Adopted on 17 December 2011).
[6]. Hossain MS, Asadujjaman M, Khan MRI, Ahmed M, and Islam A, Antidiabetic and glycogenesis effects of different fractions of methanolic extract of Momordica charantia (Linn.) in alloxan induced diabetic rats, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 2(2), 2011, 404-412.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Screening for Antimicrobial Agents Producing Actinomycetes Isolated from Agricultural Soils in Hilla/Iraq
Country	:	Iraq
Authors	:	Iman Mohammad Jarallah
	:	10.9790/3008-09274752

Abstract: Twelve agricultural soil samples were collected from different sites of Hilla city in Iraq . Out of these samples, 30 Actinomycetes isolates were isolated and purified in order to be tested for their antibiotics production ability . Primary screening exhibited there was one active isolate that posses antibacterial activity against four pathogenic bacterial species : Pseudomonas aeruginosa ,Escherichia coli , Morganella sp. and Staphyloccocus aureus , in addition to antifungal activity towards two fungal species : Candida albicans and Candida glabrata .

[1]. Unaogu, I. C., Gugnani, H. C. and Lacey, J. (1994). Occurrence of thermophilic actinomy- cettes in natural substrates in Nigeria Antonie van Leeu weenhock 65,1-5.
[2]. Williams, M.R , S.T. ; F.L. Davies ; C.I. Mayfield and Khan. (1971). Studies on the ecology of actinomycetes in soil II. The pH requirements of Streptomycetes from two acid soils. Volume 3( 3) : 187–192.
[3]. Kavitha , A., M. vijagalakshmi, P. sudhaka and G. Narasimha (2010). Screening of Actinomycetestrains for the production of antifungal metabolotes. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 4(1): 27-32.
[4]. Rahman, M. A.; M. Z. Islam , and M. A. Islam. (2011). Antibacterial Activities of Aetionmycets isolates collected from soils of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Biotech. Res. Int. 20: 1-6.
[5]. Wellington E.M.H, Cresswell. N. and He rrone P.R. (1992). Gene transfer between streptomycetes in soil. Gene 115. 193-198.
[6]. Hassan, M.A, M. Y. EL- Naggar and W. Said. (2001). Physiological factors affecting the production of an antimicrobial substance by Streptomyces violatus in batch cultures. Egypt. J. Biol. 3: 1-

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of polyphenols which extracted from green tea in reduce toxic effects of cadmium sulfate in rat,s livers
Country	:	Iraq
Authors	:	Sa,adeya Ali Al-Gnami
	:	10.9790/3008-09275358

Abstract: This experimental was carried out in animal hosbital of veterinary medicine in Al-Qadisiyea university to investigate the positive role of polyphenols in liver protection from toxic effects of cadmium sulfate.twinty four of animals from femal rats were used .the animals were divided to four groups(six animal/group) which are control group (given water and food only) and three of treatment groups ,the first treatment group was given 50 mg/L from cadmium sulfate with drinking water,the second treatment group was given cadmium sulfate (50mg/L) and 400 mg/k.g of B.W from polyphenols

[1]. Ernst , E. ; Schmidt , K . ; and wider B . ( 2005 ) . CAM Research in Britain : the last 10 years . complement therclinpract . 11 : 17 – 20 .
[2]. Ribnicky D . M , ; Poulev , A . ; Schmidt , B .; Cefalu , W . T .; and Raskin , I . ( 2008 ) The science of botanical supplements for human health : a view from the nih botanical research centers evaluation of botanicals for improving human health . Am J clinNutr . 87 : 472s – 5s .
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[4]. Yang , C , S . ; chung , I . Y . ; Yang , G . ; chabra , S . K and Lee , M . J . ( 2000) . Tea and Tea polyphenols in cancer prevention , J . Nutr 130 : 472s – 8s .
[5]. Figueiroa , M . S . ; Cesar Vieira , J . S . ; Leite , D . S . ; Andrade filho , R . C . O . ; Ferreira .; F . ;Gouveia , P . S . ; Udrisar , D . P . ; and wanderley , M . I . (2009 ) . Green tea polyhenols inhibit testosterone production in rat leydig cell , Asian Journal of Andrology 11 : 362 – 370 .

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Confirmation of adherence Protein Hemagglutinin sub-unit Pili with MW 49.6 kDa Helicobacter pylori on Mice Gastric Epithelial Cell
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	Hamong Suharsono , Made Agus Hendrayana , I Nyoman Mantik .and Sumarno Reto Prawiro
	:	10.9790/3008-09275966

Abstract: Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) is a gram-negative microaerophilic bacterium that is generally associated with the main cause of approximately 80% peptic ulcers in stomach. It is also linked to the development of the stomach cancer. The aim of this study was to characterize the sub-unit pili proteins of Helicobacter pylori with a molecular weight of about 49,6 kDa as a haemagglutinin protein and adhesion molecules on surface of mice gastric epithelial cells. The bacterium was firstly cultured on the plate of TSA-B (Trypticase Soy Agar with 5% Sheep Blood) to prepare the protein of interes using bacterial cutter. The isolated proteins were subsequently analyzed for haemagglutination capability using mice sentisized erithrocytes. SDS-PAGE and western blotting analyses were used to confirm the protein patterns and their immunological reactivities respectively. The both SDS-PAGE and western blotting analyses showed that a dominant protein with molecular weight of about 49,6 kDa was detected consistently and found to be potentially aglutinate the erythrocytes. Furthermore, this protein was observed to be adherence on mice gastric epithelial cells. This study has indicated that the sub-unit pili proteins of H. pylori with a molecular weight of about 49,6 kDa was found to be dominant and immunogenic. Further study is required to confirm the in vivo properties of the protein associated with pathogenesis of H. pylori infection.
Keywords: pili 49,6 kDa H. pylori, adhesion, gastric epithelial cell.

[1]. Clyne, M., B. Dolan, dan E. P. Reeves. 2007. Bacterial factors that mediate colonization of the stomach and virulence of Helicobacter pylori. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 268: 135-143.
[2]. Cover, T. L., dan S. R. Blanke.2005. Helicobacter pylori VacA, a paradigm for toxin multifunctionality. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 3:320–332 (Abs).
[3]. Groves, F. D., Perez-Perez, G., Zhang, L., Wei-cheng You, Lipsitz, S. R., Gail, M. H., Fraumeni Jr, J. F., danBlaser, M. J.2001. Serum Antibodies to Helicobacter pylori and the CagA Antigen Do Not Explain Differences in the Prevalence of Precancerous Gastric Lesions in Two Chinese Populations with Contrasting Gastric Cancer Rates. Cancer Epidemiol, Biomarkers &prev, 11: 1091-1094.
[4]. Kaiser, G.E. 2011. The Prokaryotic Cell: Bacteria. The Community College of Baltimore Country, Catonsville Campus.
[5]. Laemmli U.K. 1970. Cleavage of Structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature227(5259):680-5.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Development of Cytological Method for the Demonstration of Larval Polytene Chromosomes of Aedes Aegypti.
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Aju-Ameh, Onyawoibi Celina and Mafuyai, Hayward Babale
	:	10.9790/3008-09276771

Abstract: Aedes aegyti (Diptera: Culidae) the yellow fever vector was successfully colonized under laboratory conditions. Aedes aegyti larvae were collected from different sites in the wild and brought into the laboratory and the salivary gland polytene chromosome squashes were examined. The phenomenon of staggered hatching was observed, and two morphotypes of Aedes aegypti were encountered from the wild, thus it became necessary to investigate the polytene chromosomes to discover in any revelations of differences in their chromosomal sequences that might lend themselves to species identifications.
Keywords: Aedes aegypti morphotypes, Cytological technique, Larval instar, Polytene chromosomes, Salivary gland.

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org.,55;419pp
[3]. Gillet,J.D(1971) Mosquitoes,weidnenfeld& Nicolson,London,274pp
[4]. Bates .M (1949) The Natural History of Mosquitoes. Haper and Row 112-116.The Macmillianco.NewYork,republished by
HarperTouch books,1965.
[5]. Gilles and De Meillon (1968) Key to Female Anopheles of Nothern Nigerian.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Physical properties of Rhus tripartium (Ucria) Grande fruits and seeds, indigenous of drylands Tunisia
Country	:	Tunisia
Authors	:	Zouaoui Refka , Ksontini Mustapha1and Ferchichi Ali
	:	10.9790/3008-09277277

Abstract: In this study, some physical properties of fruit and seeds of R. tripartitum were determined in different provenances to know this species and see their morphological variations in arid regions of Tunisia. A highly significant difference between and within the site (0,000 <0,05 %) was found on the results of the ANOVA. Dimensions fruits vary from 4,892 (BH) to 6,705 (MM) mm long; 4,020 (BH) to 5,486 (MM) mm wide and 3,745 (BKH ) to 3,56 (BH ) thick. Sphericity ( ɸfr ) and area (Sfr) range from 0,842 (BH) 0,020 (MM) and 53,303 (BH) to 75,636 (MM ) mm ² respectively. Fruits from Matmata are heavier, while Djerba presented the lighter fruits. For seed sizes ranging from 3,750 (DJ) to 4,449 (MM) mm long, 2,676 (DJ) to 3,214 (MM) mm wide (lsmc) and 1,646 mm (BKH) to 0,970 (DJ) mm thickness (Esmc). Sphericity ( ɸsmc ) and area ( Ssmc ) range from 0,629 ( BKH ) to 0,569 (DJ) and 24,416 (BKH) to 14,267 (DJ) mm ² respectively. Drupes and seeds of R. tripartitum present the most important dimensions to mountain resorts (Matmata and Beni khedache) implying that this species favors high altitudes.
Keywords: Rhus tripartitum (Ucria) Grande ; Physical properties; Tunisia; mature.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Comparison of Susceptibility of Various Candida Species Isolated From Neonatal Septicaemia to Voriconazole And Fluconazole
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Kavitha H., Anuradha K., Venkatesha D.
	:	10.9790/3008-09277881

Abstract: Candida species are known to be the most common fungal pathogens isolated from blood cultures of neonates. Recent reports from our country indicates trend towards an increasing prevalence of non-albicans candidemia. Candida species possess a number of virulence factors which enable them to cause hematogenously disseminated infections in susceptible hosts with increased morbidity and mortality. To know the prevalence of candidemia in neonates and their antifungal susceptibility pattern. Blood samples from suspected cases of neonatal septicemia were subjected to culture, incubated for 7 days and subculture performed. Culture yielding pure growth of Candida were included for the study and identified by standard methodology. Antifungal susceptibility was performed towards fluconazole and voriconazole by disc diffusion method on Muller-Hinton agar with 2% glucose and methylene blue. Among 1583 blood cultures 80(5%) candida isolates were obtained. The various species isolated were C.pseudotropicalis 34(42.5%), C.tropicalis 22(27.5%), C.albicans 12 (15%) C.guillermondii 6(7.5%), C.parapsilosis 4(5%) and C.krusei 2(2.5%). Fluconazole susceptibility was observed in 56(70%) sensitive, 18 (22.5%) usceptible-Dose Dependent and 6(7.5%) resistant and all were sensitive to voriconazole In this study non albicans candida was the common isolate & they showed decreased resistance to Fluconazole. In neonatal septicemia speciation & antifungal susceptibility may help in management.
Key words: candidemia,fluconazole, non-albicans candida, voriconazole.

[1] Tortorano AM, Dho G, Prigitano A, Breda G, Grancini A, Emmi V, Cavanna C, Marino G, Morero S, Ossi C, Invasive fungal infections in the intensive care unit: a multicentre, prospective, observational study in Italy (2006–2008), Mycoses, 55(1), 2012, 73–79.
[2] Kourkoumpetis T, Manolakaki D, Velmahos G, Chang Y, Alam HB, De Moya MM, Sailhamer EA, Mylonakis E, Candida infection and colonization among non-trauma emergency surgery patients, Virulence, 1(5), 2010, 359.
[3] Shivaprakasha S, Radhakrishnan K, Karim P, Candida spp. other than Candida albicans: A major cause of fungaemia in a tertiary care centre, Indian J Med Microbiol, 25(4), 2007, 405-7.
[4] Wisplinghoff H, Bischoff T, Tallent SM, Seifert H, Wenzel RP, Edmond MB, Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study, Clin Infect Dis, 39(3), 2004, 309–317.
[5] Marchetti O, Bille J, Fluckiger U, Eggimann P, Ruef C, Garbino J, Calandra T, lauser MP, Täuber MG, Pittet D, Epidemiology of candidemia in Swiss tertiary care hospitals: secular trends, 1991–2000, Clin Infect Dis, 38(3), 2004, 311–320.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of FAC Chemotherapy on Plasma Insulin Concentration
Country	:	Saudi Arabia
Authors	:	Alkhansa Salih , Khalid Hussein Bakheat, Mohammed E A
	:	10.9790/3008-09278285

Abstract: 5-Fluorouacil, Adriamycin (doxorubicin) and Cyclophosphamide (FAC) is one of the major chemotherapy options for breast cancer. the aim of this article is to investigate the effect of FAC chemotherapy on the blood insulin concentration. 28 breast cancer patients and 28 normal subjects were involved in this study after informed consent. 5 mls of intravenous blood samples were obtained from the control subjects and from the patients at diagnosis time (before starting chemotherapy) and after chemotherapy. The insulin concentration was measured using Immuno Radio Metric Assay (IRMA). all the study subjects were females and their age ranges were 26- 65. Half of study subjects received 3 cycles of FAC therapy and the rest received 6 cycles. The insulin concentration range, mean and standard deviation of the control subjects, patients before receiving the therapy and patients after receiving the therapy were (4- 16.8, 9.74 and 3.74), (4.1- 56.7, 17.53 and 11.04) and (5.6- 58, 22.94 and 11.31). However, 12 of the patients were with high insulin concentration (hyperinsulinemia) compared to the control subjects and the FAC therapy increased the number of patients with high insulin concentration to 21. When the mean of insulin of the control subjects was compared to the means of insulin in the patients pre and post treatment, it was clear that breast cancer was associated with significant increase in insulin concentration since the p- value was 0.001 and the FAC therapy significantly increased the insulin concentration (p- value ≤ 0.000). When the mean of insulin concentration in the patients before treatment was compared to its mean after FAC therapy, the p- value was equal to 0.057. 12 (42.9%) of the newly diagnosed breast cancer patientswere associated with hyperinsulinemia and the FAC therapy increased the number of patients with hyperinsulinemia to 21 (75%) i.e. the FAC therapy increased the insulin concentration. Key words: FAC therapy, Insulin, IRMA, Sudanese, breast cancer patients.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Ameliorative Effect of Young Leaves of Triticum Aestivum on Carrageenin Induced Inflammation
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Gaurav Jain., Neha Jain, Ameeta Argal
	:	10.9790/3008-09278690

Abstract: Young leaves of Triticum aestivum is commonly known as Wheatgrass and has been widely used in the traditional system for the treatment of a variety of diseases. In this study we have used ninth day wheat grass methanolic extract of the shade dried drug for its anti-inflammatory & analgesic activities. . It was carried out using Carrageenan induced paw edema volume, Hot plate and Writhing response model which is comparable with standard drug. The methanolic fraction of the grass extract of Triticum aestivum (500 mg/kg) showed the significant inhibition of carrageenin induced rat paw oedema at the end of fourth hour. The extract also significantly reduced thermal and chemical induced nociception (Hot plate and writhing response) in mice when compared with vehicle treated group. The results prove that the methanolic fraction of the grass extract of Triticum aestivum showed anti-inflammatory activity and analgesic activity in acute inflammation and also proved the usage of traditional claims.
Keywords: Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Nociceptive, Triticum Aestivum.

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M. Hidvegi, Effect of Avemara a fermented wheat germ extract on rheumatoid arthritis Preliminary data, Clinical Experimental
Rheumatology 24(3), 2006, 325-328.
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placebo-controlled trial, Complement Therapeutics Medicine, 14(1), 2006, 3-9.
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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Ultrastructure features of spermiogenesis and spermatozoa of sparid fish Rhabdosargus sarba (Forsskål, 1775) from Red SEA, Jeddah coast
Country	:	Saudi Arabia
Authors	:	S.G. Moharram, , S. A. Qaria, S. A. El-Aweedy
	:	10.9790/3008-09279197

Abstract: Transmission and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the ultrastructure of spermatogenesis of the Sparid fish Rhabdosargus sarba. The testis is lobular in shape and spermatogensis is of unrestricted type. Spermatogonia occur isolated or in clusters within the seminiferous lobules. The germ cells are found in cysts formed by sertoli cell processes. Cells within cysts are found in the same developmental stage. Spermiogenesis is characterized by chromatin condensation, movement of the centrioles, flagellum development, nuclear rotation, nuclear indentation and nuclear fossa formation, reduction of the cytoplasm and differentiation of the flagellar complex. Ultrastructurally the spermatozoa of R. sarb belonges, like that of other sparid fish, to the teleosean "type 1" spermatozoan with the flagellum axis perpendicular to the nuclear fossa. It has an ovoidal head, a short, cylindrically shaped midpiece and a long tail region. The nucleus reveals a deep invagination (nuclear fossa) in which the centrriolar complex is located, and a satellite nuclear noch shaped like a bell. The centriolar complex lies inside the nuclear fossa and is composed of a proximal and a distal centriole. The two centerioles are perpendicular to each other. The distal centriole is traversed by a conspicuous basal plate in its base. At the neck of the flagellum the necklace is observed.
A nuclear noch is located above the proximal centeriol. The short midpiece houses two spherical mitochondria. The flagellum is inserted medio-laterally into the head, contains the conventional 9+2 axoneme.
Keywords: sperm ultrastructurey; Rhabdosargus sarb; Sparidae;.

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