iosr-JDMS   Volume-24 ~ Issue-6 ~ June 2025

Abstract: Background: Hepatitis B (HBV), Hepatitis C (HCV), and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are major global health challenges, often resulting in chronic liver diseases. Ultrasound imaging is a non-invasive method to assess liver health and associated organ structures such as the spleen and gall bladder and is easily available and affordable [1,2]. Aim and Objectives: This study......

[1] Chang TT, Liaw YF. Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Lancet. 2000;356(9226):1558-62.
[2] Smith CI, Mckee RF, Pennington CR, Garden OJ. Hepatitis C In Patients With Alcoholic And Non-Alcoholic Liver Disease. Gut. 2001;48(5):699-705.
[3] Shepard CW, Finelli L, Alter MJ. Global Epidemiology Of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005;5(9):558-67.
[4] Weber R, Sabin CA, Friis-Moller N, Reiss P, El-Sadr WM, Kirk O, Et Al. Liver-Related Deaths In Persons Infected With The Human Immunodeficiency Virus: The D:A:D Study. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(15):1632-41.
[5] Strickland GT. Liver Disease In Egypt: Hepatitis C Superseded Schistosomiasis As A Result Of Iatrogenic And Biological Factors. Hepatology. 2006;43(5):915-22.

Abstract: Introduction: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major contributor to chronic liver disease(CLD), cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). It affects over 58 million people globally. In spite of availability of highly effective direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), data on the clinical and treatment profiles of HCV-infected individuals in India remain limited. This study was done to asssess epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic characteristics of HCV patients at a medical college in South India....

Keywords: Hepatitis C, HCV, Direct-Acting Antivirals, Epidemiology, SVR12, South India, Tertiary Care Study

[1] World Health Organization. Hepatitis C. Updated June 2022. Available From: Https://Www.Who.Int/News-Room/Fact-Sheets/Detail/Hepatitis-C
[2] Simmonds P. Genetic Diversity And Evolution Of Hepatitis C Virus—15 Years On. J Gen Virol. 2004;85(Pt 11):3173–88.
[3] Alter MJ. Epidemiology Of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13(17):2436–2441.
[4] Chakravarti A, Dogra G, Verma V, Srivastava AP. Seroprevalence Of Hepatitis C Virus In Different Adult Population Groups In North India. Indian J Med Res. 2011;134(5):691–695.
[5] Seeff LB. Natural History Of Chronic Hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2002;36(5 Suppl 1):S35–S46.

Abstract: Background: The tympanic membrane is a thin, semi-transparent structure that separates the external auditory canal from the middle ear. A perforation of the tympanic membrane occurs when the eardrum ruptures, creating an opening between the external and middle ear. Type I tympanoplasty is the most commonly performed ear surgery after myringotomy. To enhance surgical outcomes, otologists have developed various tympanoplasty techniques, including the........

Keywords: Interlay Type I tympanoplasty, Pure Tone Audiometry, Air-Bone Gap, Tympanic Membrane Perforation, Mucoasal Chornic Otitis Media

[1]. Szymanski A, Toth J, Ogorevc M, Geiger Z. Anatomy, Head And Neck, Ear Tympanic Membrane. [Updated 2023 May 8]. In: Statpearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): Statpearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available From:
Https://Www.Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov/Books/NBK448117/ Accessed May 01, 2025.
[2]. Dolhi N, Weimer AD. Tympanic Membrane Perforation. [Updated 2023 Aug 14]. In: Statpearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): Statpearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available From: Https://Www.Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov/Books/NBK557887/ Accessed May 1, 2025.
[3]. Castro O, Pérez-Carro AM, Ibarra I, Hamdan M, Meléndez JM, Araujo A, Et Al. Myringoplasties In Children: Our Results. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp 2013;64:87-91.
[4]. Patil BC, Misale PR, Mane RS, Mohite AA. Outcome Of Interlay Grafting In Type 1 Tympanoplasty For Large Central Perforation. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014 Dec;66:418-24.
[5]. Jain S, Gupta N, Gupta R, Roy A. Interlay Type I Tympanoplasty In Large Central Perforations: Analysis Of 500 Cases. Indian J Otol. 2017 Jan 1;23(1):32

Abstract: Background and Objectives: Oral cancer treatment remains challenging due to limited drug penetration, high recurrence rates, and systemic toxicity associated with conventional therapies. Sonoporation, a technique utilizing ultrasound-induced microbubble oscillations to enhance cellular permeability, has emerged as a promising strategy for targeted drug delivery. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy, mechanisms, and clinical potential of sonoporation in improving drug.......

Keywords: Sonopor ation, Dentistry, Sound-based therapy, Tooth regeneration, Drug delivery

[1] Kumar Pa, Eluru Wg, Kadali D. Bubble Dynamics: Ultrasound Therapeutic Delivery And Monitoring (Sonoporation) A Review.2018.
[2] Karumuri Sk, Rastogi T, Beeraka K, Penumatcha Mr, Olepu Sr. Ultrasound: A Revenant Therapeutic Modality In Dentistry. Journal Of Clinical And Diagnostic Research: Jcdr. 2016 Jul 1;10(7):Ze08.
[3] Tomar H, Saikia T, Vasudevan V. Ultrasound Mediated Drug Delivery For The Management Of Oral Diseases In Near Future. Modern Research In Dentistry. 2018;3(2).
[4] Kar A, Nigam H, Saha N, Rao V. Sonoporation – The Remedial Sound In Oral Cancer. J Global Oral Health 2020;3(2):145-7.
[5] Deepika M, Harshavardhan T, Vijayalaxmi N, Aravind K, Jayakrishna B. Sonoporation-Invigorating Sound In Dentistry: A Review. Ijss Case Reports & Reviews. 2014 Nov;1(6):25-8..

Abstract: Background: Wormian bones also known as sutural bones, supernumerary bones, intersutural bones or intercalated bones are small, irregular ossicles occasionally found within the sutures of the cranial vault. These bones as a detached fragments originating from the primary ossification centers of adjacent membranous bones. They are most commonly found along the lambdoid suture, which is characteristically more complex and tortuous compared to other cranial sutures. Less commonly, they may also be present in the sagittal and coronal sutures, as well as in the regions of the pterion and asterion.......

Key Word: Wormian bone,inca or Goethe’s ossicle

[1] Durge SV. Study Of Wormian Bones On Dry Human Skull And Its Sexual Dimorphism In The Region Of Andhra Pradesh. Asterion. 2016;2:0.
[2] Standring S. Gray’s Anatomy The Anatomical Basis Of Clinical Practice. 40 ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2008. P. 418.
[3] Kumar A, Rajesh B, Arumugam K, Tamilalagan V. Sutural Bones Associated With Lambdoid Suture Of Human Skull: Presence, Variations And Clinical Importance. Int J Anat Res. 2016;4(2.2):2331-6.
[4] Patel D, Chauhan K, Patil D. Morphological Study Of Wormian Bones In Dried Human Skulls. Natl. J. Med. Res. 2015 Sep 30;5(3):222-5..
[5] Pryles CV, Khan AJ. Wormian Bones. A Marker Of CNS Abnormality? Am J Dis Child 1979;133:380–2.
[6] Wormian Bones: Differential Diagnosis #6, The Radiology Blog, Published April 27, 2012.

Abstract: Background: Oral and dental health is an integral part of overall body health. During pregnancy, increased progesterone hormone levels lead to a decrease in plasma bicarbonate levels and a drop in saliva pH, resulting in a more acidic oral environment. This decrease in saliva pH promotes the growth of cariogenic bacteria in the mouth, which triggers enamel demineralization, making pregnant women more susceptible to dental caries. To achieve optimal oral and dental health during pregnancy, regular dental health maintenance is essential........

Key Word: Dental health maintenance behavior, oral health condition, pregnant women

[1]. Schramme T. Health as Complete Well-Being : The WHO Definition and Beyond. 2023;16(3):210–8.
[2]. Barranca-Enríquez A, Romo-González T. Your health is in your mouth: A comprehensive view to promote general wellness. Front Oral Health. 2022; 14(3):971223.
[3]. Kamalabadi YM, Campbell MK, Zitoun NM, Jessani A. Unfavourable beliefs about oral health and safety of dental care during pregnancy :a systematic review. BMC Oral Health [Internet]. 2023; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-03439-4.
[4]. George A, Dahlen H, Reath J. et al. What do antenatal care providers understand and do about oral health care during pregnancy: a cross-sectional survey in New South Wales, Australia. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth.2016; 16, 382.
[5]. Glick M. et al. A new definition for oral health developed by the FDI World Dental Federation opens the door to a universal definition of oral health. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 2016;147, 915–917.

Abstract: Background: Breast milk of healthy and well nourished, lactating women is a unique and ideal source of nutritional factors such as hormones, cytokines, chemokines and growth factors that ensures adequate growth and development of infants. Among the main components of breast milk, fat is an important energy source and a regulatory factor. Fatty acid composition determines the quality of milk fat. The aim of the study was to determine the association between breast milk polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles and infant growth. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study of 114 lactating women was conducted in Gweru, Zimbabwe. The women’s 114 babies were also recruited. The mother-infant pairs were followed.......

Key Word: Fatty acids, Breast milk, Infant growth

[1]. Ballard O, Morrow AL. Human milk composition: nutrients and bioactive factors. Pediatric Clinics. 2013 Feb 1;60(1):49-74.
[2]. Bobiński, R. and Bobińska, J. (2020). Fatty acids of human milk – a review. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 21: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000651.
[3]. Guo M. Human milk biochemistry and infant formula manufacturing technology. InFunctional Foods 2025 Jan 1 (pp. 327-362). Woodhead Publishing.
[4]. Calder PC. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory processes: Nutrition or pharmacology? Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;75(3):645-662. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04374.x
[5]. Meldrum SJ, D’Vaz N, Casadio Y, et al. Determinants of DHA levels in early infancy: differential effects of breast milk and direct fish oil supplementation. Prostaglandins, Leukot Essent Fat Acids. 2012;86(6):233-239.

Abstract: Background: Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is a complex and often misunderstood genetic disorder that presents with distinct skin features and a variety of systemic manifestations. In rural and resource-limited settings, such conditions frequently go unrecognized due to limited awareness and poor access to specialized healthcare. Case Presentation: We present the case of a 42-year-old woman from a remote village in Bihar, who had silently endured persistent back pain and noticeable skin changes for several years. These symptoms, though significant, had never been medically investigated........

Key Word: Neurofibromatosis Type 1, café-au-lait macules, rural healthcare, spinal deformity, clinical diagnosis.

[1]. Wang ZC, et al. Community-boosted neurofibromatosis research in China. Lancet Neurol. 2022;21(9):773–774.
[2]. Acar S, et al. Systematic Review of Clinical Trials in Neurofibromatoses. Pediatr Neurol. 2022;134:1–6.
[3]. Friedman JM. Epidemiology of NF1. Am J Med Genet. 1999;89(1):1–6.
[4]. Ferner RE. Neurofibromatosis in the 21st Century. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(4):340–351.
[5]. Korf BR. Diagnosis in Children with Café-au-lait Spots. Pediatrics. 1992;90(6):924–927.

Abstract: Cutaneous adverse drug reactions (CADRs) due to anti-tuberculosis therapy (ATT) are uncommon but clinically significant, ranging from mild rashes to severe hypersensitivity reactions. We report the case of a 55-year-old woman diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis, initiated on fixed-dose ATT under the National Tuberculosis Elimination Program (NTEP). After one month of therapy, she presented with high-grade fever, generalized rash, dyspnea, and respiratory failure. Skin biopsy confirmed erythema multiforme. The patient improved upon withdrawal of ATT and administration of corticosteroids. Erythema multiforme, though rare, should be considered in patients presenting with systemic symptoms and cutaneous manifestations during ATT. Early recognition and prompt dermatologic evaluation are critical.

Key Word: Anti-tuberculosis therapy, Erythema multiforme, Cutaneous adverse drug reaction, Skin biopsy, Tuberculosis.

[1]. Erythema multiforme: Extremely rare side effect of pyrazinamide. JCR. 2018;8:141–143.
[2]. Erythema multiforme due to antitubercular drugs. Lung India. 2011;28(1):76–77. doi:10.4103/0970-2113.76314.
[3]. Two years review of cutaneous adverse drug reaction from first-line anti-tuberculous drugs. Med J Malaysia. 2007;62(2):143–146.

Abstract: Background: Achieving effective disinfection of the root canal system is essential for the long-term success of endodontic treatment. Enterococcus faecalis, known for its resistance and ability to survive in harsh environments, is a key contributor to persistent root canal infections. Although commonly used irrigants like sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorhexidine (CHX), and EDTA are effective to a degree, their limitations—such as cytotoxicity or lack of substantivity—have led to growing interest in alternative solutions. Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs), due to their biocompatibility and antimicrobial properties, offer a promising option. Aim: This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of a chitosan nanoparticle solution in root canal disinfection and compare its performance with standard irrigants—NaOCl, CHX, and EDTA—when activated using both sonic and ultrasonic techniques........

Key Word: chitosan nanoparticles, root canal irrigation, Enterococcus faecalis, antimicrobial activity, sonic activation, ultrasonic activation, in vitro study.

[1]. 1.Stuart CH, Schwartz SA, Beeson TJ, Owatz CB. Enterococcus faecalis: Its role in root canal treatment failure and current concepts in retreatment. J Endod. 2006 Feb;32(2):93–8.
[2]. love RM. Enterococcus faecalis – a mechanism for its role in endodontic failure. Int Endod J. 2001 Jul;34(5):399–405.
[3]. Zehnder M. Root canal irrigants. J Endod. 2006 May;32(5):389–98.
[4]. Mohammadi Z, Abbott PV. Antimicrobial substantivity of root canal irrigants and medicaments: a review. Aust Endod J. 2009 Apr;35(2):131–9.
[5]. Kurita K. Chitin and chitosan: Functional biopolymers from marine crustaceans. Mar Biotechnol. 2006 Mar-Apr;8(3):203–26.

Abstract: Background: Colorectal cancer is the second most common cancer in Malaysia. Immunochemical faecal occult blood test (iFOBT) is the preferred method to screen for colorectal cancer and is readily available at all clinics in Malaysia. Individuals with positive iFOBT result are referred to tertiary hospital for a colonoscopy and further management. Aim: To determine the efficacy of immunochemical faecal occult blood test (iFOBT) as a screening tool for colorectal cancer in Hospital Sri Aman, Sarawak......

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Abstract: Background: Reconstruction of head and neck cancer is a critical aspect of functional and cosmetic rehabilitation. It was the purpose of this research to contrast regional versus free flap procedures based on demographic variables, tumor information, surgical information, results, and cost-effectiveness.
Methods: A comparative study was conducted from 2020 to 2025 at three tertiary centers in Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total of 100 patients undergoing reconstruction were equally divided into regional flap (n=50) and free flap (n=50) groups. Data on demographics.....

Keywords: Orofacial reconstruction, regional flap, free flap, head and neck cancer, cost-effectiveness

[1]. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2018;68(6):394–424.
[2]. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2021;71(3):209–49.
[3]. Talukdhar SK, Alam S, Bari MA, Sharmin S, Shams MJ, David AB. Clinicopathological Profile of Head and Neck Cancer Patients in a University Hospital, Bangladesh. Bangladesh Medical Journal. 2021 Jan 31;50(1):23–6..

Abstract: Introduction: Segmental fractures of the tibia and fibula represent a severe form of long bone injury, often resulting from high-energy trauma such as road traffic accidents or falls from height. These fractures are frequently associated with significant soft tissue damage, bone loss, and infection risk, making their management particularly challenging. This study aims to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes of patients with segmental fractures of the tibia and fibula managed with the Ilizarov external fixator under C-arm guidance.......

Keywords: Tibia, Fibula, ILIZAROV Method, C-Arm, Segmental Fracture

[1]. TP R. AO principles of fracture management. Thieme [Internet]. 2000
[2]. Brinker MR. Nonunions: evaluation and treatment. Skeletal trauma: basic science, management, and reconstruction [Internet]. 2003
[3]. Giannoudis PV, Papakostidis C, Roberts C. A review of the management of open fractures of the tibia and femur. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume. 2006;88(3):281–9.
[4]. Barei DP, Nork SE, Mills WJ, Henley MB, Benirschke SK. Complications associated with internal fixation of high-energy bicondylar tibial plateau fractures utilizing a two-incision technique. Journal of orthopaedic trauma. 2004;18(10):649–57.
[5]. Kariya A, Jain P, Patond K, Mundra A. Outcome and complications of distal tibia fractures treated with intramedullary nails versus minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis and the role of fibula fixation. European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology. 2020;30:1487–98...

Abstract: Background: The pectoralis major myocutaneous (PMMC) flap is a consistent workhorse for orofacial reconstruction, especially in developing countries. This study assesses the outcomes of PMMC flap reconstruction for complicated orofacial deformities. Methods: Retrospective observational examination of 75 adult patients with PMMC flap reconstruction for orofacial defect was conducted......

Keywords: PMMC flap, Orofacial reconstruction, Complications, Functional outcomes

[1]. Hanasono MM, Friel MT, Klem C, Hsu PW, Robb GL, Weber RS. Impact of reconstructive microsurgery in patients with advanced oral cavity cancers. Head Neck. 2009;31(10):1289-96.
[2]. Ariyan S. The pectoralis major myocutaneous flap. A versatile flap for reconstruction in the head and neck. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1979;63(1):73-81.
[3]. Shah JP, Haribhakti V, Loree TR, Sutaria P. Complications of the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap in head and neck reconstruction. Am J Surg. 1990;160(4):352-5.
[4]. Kroll SS, Goepfert H, Jones M, Guillamondegui O, King G. Analysis of complications in 168 pectoralis major myocutaneous flaps used for head and neck reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg. 1991;27(2):93-8.
[5]. Vartanian JG, Carvalho AL, Carvalho SM, Mizobe L, Magrin J, Kowalski LP. Pectoralis major and other myofascial/myocutaneous flaps in head and neck cancer reconstruction: experience with 437 cases at a single institution. Head Neck. 2004;26(12):1018-23..

Abstract: Background: Inguinal hernias are among the most common diseases that need surgery, affecting approximately 27% of men and 3% of women in their lifetime. Recurrence still remains an issue despite the advances in modern surgery. The present study aimed to identify risk factors associated with the formation of inguinal hernias and predictors of recurrence after surgery......

[1]. Kingsnorth A, LeBlanc K. Hernias: inguinal and incisional. Lancet. 2003;362(9395):1561-71.
[2]. Fitzgibbons RJ, Forse RA. Clinical practice. Groin hernias in adults. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(8):756-63.
[3]. Jenkins JT, O'Dwyer PJ. Inguinal hernias. BMJ. 2008;336(7638):269-72.
[4]. Ruhl CE, Everhart JE. Risk factors for inguinal hernia among adults in the US population. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165(10):1154-61.
[5]. Köckerling F, Simons MP, Luijk P, Vermeule J, Menon A, Harlaar JJ, et al. The benefits of laparoscopic versus open mesh repair for inguinal hernia: a systematic review. Hernia. 2018;22(4):623-36.