iosr-JDMS   Volume-24 ~ Issue-12 ~ December 2025

Abstract: Background: AI has witnessed significant growth in recent years, with advancements including AI technologies like Gemini, Meta AI, and ChatGPT. While these AI chatbots offer interactive communication, their impact and effectiveness in orthodontic patient education remain largely unexplored.
Aim and Objective: The study aims to assess the effectiveness of three different AI Large Language Models (LLMs) in enhancing patient understanding during orthodontic consultations by comparing baseline knowledge scores and after......

Keywords: AI Chatbots, Orthodontic education, Gemini, Meta AI, ChatGPT

[1]. Proffit WR, Fields HW, Larson B, Sarver DM. Contemporary Orthodontics. 6th ed. Elsevier; 2018.
[2]. Al-Omiri MK, Abu Alhaija ES. Factors affecting patient satisfaction after orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 2006 May;76(3):422-31. doi: 10.1043/0003-3219(2006)076[0422:FAPSAO]2.0.CO;2.
[3]. Sayers MS, Newton JT. Patients' expectations of orthodontic treatment: part 2--findings from a questionnaire survey. J Orthod. 2007 Mar;34(1):25-35. doi: 10.1179/146531207225021888.
[4]. Cheong Joo Ming, Norul Madihah M. Ashaari, Razan Hayani Mohamad Yusoff, Siti Marponga Tolos. Effectiveness Of Verbal, Verbal-Written and Video Instructions on Gingival Health of Patients with Fixed Appliances. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci. 2022;9(4):5282-5287. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.19070/2377-8075-220001058
[5]. Pandey R, Kamble R, Kanani H. Revolutionizing Smiles: Advancing Orthodontics Through Digital Innovation. Cureus. 2024 Jul 8;16(7):e64086. doi: 10.7759/cureus.64086.

Abstract: Background: Lumbosacral Radiculopathy is a syndrome complex caused by compression or irritation of nerve roots in the lower back. Nerve conduction studies (NCS) are electrodiagnostic tests which are noninvasive, objective, and reproducible tool to assess the functional integrity of the nerve root. It can assess both the sensory and motor nerve function. NCV helps in confirmation of radiculopathy and determines the severity grading of axon loss or conduction....

Keywords: NCS can be valuable tool in evaluating subjects with lumbosacral radiculopathy.
Key words: Lumbosacral radiculopathy, Motor Nerve conduction study, Sensory Nerve conduction study, conduction velocity, H – reflex.

[1]. Alexander CE. Lumbosacral radiculopathy [Internet]. U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2023 [cited 2024 Feb 1]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430837/
[2]. Ramani PK, Lui F, Arya K. Nerve conduction studies and electromyography [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan– [updated 2025 Feb 10; cited 2025 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK611987[3].
Ahammed Naseem VH, Usman A, Fasna KA, Mahroosa C, Geethu Das BK, Jija Jose M, Harikrishnan R. Normal upper limb sensory nerve conduction parameters in Northern Kerala population. Int J Acad Med Pharm. 2024;6(2):260-263.
[4]. Berry JA, Elia C, Saini HS, Miulli DE. A Review of Lumbar Radiculopathy, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Cureus. 2019 Oct 17;11(10)
[5]. Tsao BE. The electrodiagnosis of cervical and lumbosacral radiculopathy. Neurol Clin. 2007;25(2):473–94

Abstract: A healthy diet plays a central and irreplaceable role in preserving human health and preventing a wide range of chronic non-communicable diseases such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, some types of cancer, and osteoporosis. These diseases have become major public health challenges worldwide due to their....

[1]. https://www.who.int/ar/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet
[2]. https://www.moh.gov.sa/HealthAwareness/EducationalContent/Food-and-Nutrition/Pages/001.aspx
[3]. https://www.diabetes.org.uk/diabetes-the-basics/diabetes-symptoms
[4]. https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/guide/understanding-diabetes-symptoms
[5]. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension

Abstract: Menopause is a natural transition in a woman's life, often accompanied by vasomotor, psychological, and urogenital symptoms....

[1]. Novak E, Berek JS. Berek & Novak’s Gynecology. 16th Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2019.
[2]. Dutta DC. Textbook Of Gynecology. 7th Ed. Jaypee Brothers; 2016.
[3]. Shaw RW, Soutter WP, Stanton SL. Gynaecology. 4th Ed. Churchill Livingstone; 2011.
[4]. Jeffcoate N. Jeffcoate’s Principles Of Gynaecology. 8th Ed. Jaypee Brothers; 2014.
[5]. Speroff L, Fritz MA. Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology And Infertility. 8th Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011.
[6]. Nelson HD. Menopause. Lancet. 2010;371:760–70

Abstract: Purpose This study evaluates tear function changes in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and examines correlations between hormonal levels, hematologic biomarkers, and dry eye parameters. Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial condition affecting the ocular surface, and its prevalence in PCOS patients remains underexplored. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of tear film instability and inflammation in PCOS....

[1]. March WA, Moore VM, Willson KJ, Et Al. The Prevalence Of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome In A Community Sample Assessed Under Contrasting Diagnostic Criteria. Hum Reprod 2009;25:544–551.
[2]. Franks S, Mccarthy MI, Hardy K. Development Of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Involvement Of Genetic And Environmental Factors. Int J Androl 2006;29:278–285.
[3]. Wenner MM, Taylor HS, Stachenfeld NS. Androgens Influence Microvascular Dilation In PCOS Through ET-A And ET-B Receptors. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013;305:E818–E825.
[4]. Sprung VS, Cuthbertson DJ, Pugh CJ, Et Al. Nitric Oxide-Mediated Cutaneous Microvascular Function Is Impaired In Polycystic Ovary Syndrome But Can Be Improved By Exercise Training. J Physiol 2013;591:1475–1487.
[5]. Burchall GF, Piva TJ, Linden MD, Et Al. Comprehensive Assessment Of The Hemostatic System In Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Semin Thromb Hemost 2016;42:55–62.

Abstract: Supraclavicular block- often termed the “spinal anaesthesia of the arm” is a reliable alternative to general anaesthesia for upper limb surgery offering stable hemodynamics, strong analgesia, muscle relaxation, and reduced postoperative pain, vasospasm, and edema. • Ultrasound guidance enhances its safety and accuracy by visualizing anatomical variants, neurovascular structures, and real-time anaesthetic spread - significantly lowering risks of pneumothorax, vascular puncture, and nerve injury.....

[1]. Novak E, Berek JS. Berek & Novak’s Gynecology. 16th Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2019.
[2]. Dutta DC. Textbook Of Gynecology. 7th Ed. Jaypee Brothers; 2016.
[3]. Shaw RW, Soutter WP, Stanton SL. Gynaecology. 4th Ed. Churchill Livingstone; 2011.
[4]. Jeffcoate N. Jeffcoate’s Principles Of Gynaecology. 8th Ed. Jaypee Brothers; 2014.
[5]. Speroff L, Fritz MA. Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology And Infertility. 8th Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011.
[6]. Nelson HD. Menopause. Lancet. 2010;371:760–70

Abstract: Background: The forming tooth is enclosed within a bony crypt, and its dimensions change in response to tooth’s positional shifts during different phases of eruption. The amount of space within the alveolar bone available for tooth initiation plays a crucial role in determining its development timing. By examining the association between the crypt-to-calcified tooth area ratio and chronological age, an age prediction regression model can be formulated.
Materials and Methods: This research employed a cross-sectional design, analyzing a randomly drawn retrospective sample...

Key Word: Bony tooth crypt, Mandibular second molar, Crypt to tooth ratio, Age estimation by Cypt to tooth ratio.

[1]. Nolla CM. The Development Of Permanent Teeth. J. Dent. Child.1960;27:254–266.
[2]. Maber M, Liversidge HM, Hector MP. Accuracy Of Age Estimation Of Radiographic Methods Using Developing Teeth. Forensic Sci. Int.2006;159(1):S68–S73.
[3]. Boughner JC, Dean MC. Does Space In Jaw Influence The Timing Of Molar Crown Initiation? A Model Using Baboons (Papio Anubis) And Great Apes(Pan Troglodytes, Pan Paniscus). J Hum Evol. 2004;46(3):255-277.
[4]. Mincer HH, Harris EF, Berryman HE. The A.B.F.O. Study Of Third Molar Development And Its Use As An Estimator Of Chronological Age. J Forensic Sci.1993;38(2):379–390.
[5]. Moorrees CFA, Fanning EA, Hunt EE. Age Variation Of Formation Stages For Ten Permanent Teeth. J Dent Res.1963;42(6):1490–1502

Abstract: Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disorder that predominantly affects small peripheral joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and functional impairment. Chronic systemic inflammation in RA contributes to insulin resistance, predisposing patients to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Coexistence of these two conditions complicates disease management and adversely impacts quality of life. The Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) is a pain assessment tool commonly used in healthcare settings to measure pain intensity. The Disease activity score 28 (DAS 28 score) enable us to assess the disease status in RA patients.
Objectives:...

Key Word: Rheumatoid arthritis, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Disease Activity Score (DAS-28), Pain perception, Numerical Rating Scale, Inflammation

[1]. Marwaha, Drishti1; Kumar, N. Ajith1; Sreelakshmi, Charakkulam Vijay2; Priyadarshan, Dhevarsh2; Surendran, Sandeep3. Knowledge About Rheumatoid Arthritis Among Senior Undergraduate Medical Students Of A Medical College In South India. Indian Journal Of Rheumatology 18(Suppl 1):P S81-S87, December 2023.
[2]. Shekh MR, Ahmed N, Kumar V. A Review Of The Occurrence Of Rheumatoid Arthritis And Potential Treatments Through Medicinal Plants From An Indian Perspective. Curr Rheumatol Rev. 2023 Nov 28. Doi: 10.2174/0115733971268416231116184056. Epub Ahead Of Print. PMID: 38018201.
[3]. Singh H, Arora S, Tanwar V, Kalra A, Sukhija G, Govil N. The Validity And Sensitivity Of Rheumatoid Arthritis Pain Scale On A Different Ethnic Group From Indian Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Arch Rheumatol 2020;35(1):90-96.
[4]. Maranini B, Bortoluzzi A, Silvagni E, Govoni M. Focus On Sex And Gender: What We Need To Know In The Management Of Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Pers Med. 2022 Mar 20;12(3):499.
[5]. Bhattacharya R, Chowdhury S, Hossain Md, Banerjee A. A Cross Sectional Study On Prevalence Of Prediabetes And Diabetes In Patients Of Rheumatoid Arthritis Attending Rheumatology Clinic In A Tertiary Care Centre In Eastern India. International Organization Of Scientific Research- Journal Of Dental And Medical Sciences. 2023; 22(12): 19-26