iosr-JDMS   Volume-24 ~ Issue-12 ~ December 2025

Abstract: Background: The global mpox epidemic in 2022 converted this previously endemic disease into a pressing global one. The virus’s surprising reach outside Africa exposed crucial knowledge gaps. This review assimilates global evidence on induction of evolving epidemiology, distinctive clinical spectrum, diagnostic advancement and management methods in case of mpox. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science based on the PRISMA 2020 guidelines to identify studies published from January 2013 to December 2024. We considered observational and clinical study types reporting.....

Keywords: Antivirals, Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Global health, Monkeypox virus, Vaccination

[1] Lim, Eleanor Y., James Whitehorn, and Lucy Rivett. "Monkeypox: a review of the 2022 outbreak." British medical bulletin 145.1 (2023): 17-29.
[2] Alakunle, Emmanuel, et al. "A comprehensive review of monkeypox virus and mpox characteristics." Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 14 (2024): 1360586.
[3] Thornhill, John P., et al. "Monkeypox virus infection in humans across 16 countries—April–June 2022." New England Journal of Medicine 387.8 (2022): 679-691.
[4] Ahmed, Sirwan Khalid, et al. "The global human monkeypox outbreak in 2022: An overview." International Journal of Surgery 104 (2022): 106794.
[5] Yadav, Rajesh, et al. "Mpox 2022 to 2025 Update: A Comprehensive Review on Its Complications, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment." Viruses 17.6 (2025): 753.

Abstract: Introduction: Tuberculosis is one of the leading contagious and infectious disease, causing mortality and morbidity in India caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB involves many different sites. Tubercular lymphadenitis (TBLN) is one of the most common causes of lymph node enlargement in developing countries. FNAC has a very important role to diagnose TBLN. Aim and Objective: Study was done to correlate various cyto-morphological findings in lymph node aspirate with AFB positivity in ZN staining....

Keywords: AFB, Cytomorphology, Necrosis, ZN staining

[1]. Organization, W. H. (2019). Global Tuberculosis Report 2019. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/329368
[2]. Kumar A. Lymph node tuberculosis. In: Sharma SK, Mohan A, editors.Tuberculosis. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers;2009. p. 397-409.
[3]. WHO (2017). Global Tuberculosis Report 2017. Geneva: WHO press. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259366/9789241565516-eng.pdf
[4]. Organization, W. H. (2024). Global tuberculosis report 2024. World Health Organization.https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024.
[5]. Shubha AB, Sapna H, Dinesh RB. Tuberculosis lymphadenitis presenting a diagnostic dilemma - A case report. Int J Dent Clin 2010;2:48-52.

Abstract: Background: Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition marked by challenges in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. Recent research points to metabolic and nutritional issues in children with ASD, such as iron deficiency, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. This study aimed to assess the frequency of iron deficiency, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemiag....

Keywords: Iron deficiency, Hypercholesterolemia, Hypertriglyceridemia, Autistic spectrum disorder, Children

[1] Manzi, B, Loizzo, AL, Giana, G & Curatolo, P 2008, ‘Autism and metabolic diseases’, Journal of Neurology, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 307-314.
[2] American Psychiatric Association 1994, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn.,
[3] Allsopp, MY, Rice, C, Karapurkar, T, Doernberg, N, Boyle, C & Murphy, C 2003, ‘Prevalence of autism in a US metropolitan area’, The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 289, no. 1, pp. 49-55.
[4] Kanner, 1943, ‘Autistic disturbances of affective contact’, Nervous Child, vol. 2, pp. 217–250.
[5] Bloom, ED, Lord, C, Zwaigenbaum, L, Courchesne, E, Dager, SR, Schmitz, C, Schultz, RT, Crawley, J & Young, LJ 2006, ‘The developmental neurobiology of autism spectrum disorder’, The Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 26, no. 26, pp. 6897-6906

Abstract: Introduction: Cervical cancer remains a major public health concern, particularly in developing countries, where access to early detection and treatment is limited. Radiotherapy, often combined with chemotherapy, is a cornerstone in the management of locally advanced cervical cancer. This study investigates the effectiveness of probiotics in reducing the...

Keywords: Probiotics, Radiation-Induced Diarrhea, Cervical Cancer, Bleeding

[1]. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–49.
[2]. Torre LA, Islami F, Siegel RL, Ward EM, Jemal A. Global cancer in women: burden and trends. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2017;26(4):444–57.
[3]. Hansen EK, Roach M III. Handbook of Evidence-Based Radiation Oncology. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2018.
[4]. Hamdy FC, Donovan JL, Lane JA, Mason M, Metcalfe C, Holding P, et al. Active monitoring, radical prostatectomy and radical radiotherapy in PSA-detected clinically localised prostate cancer: the ProtecT three-arm RCT. Health Technol Assess. 2020;24(37):1–176.
[5]. McGough C, Baldwin C, Frost G, Andreyev HJ. Role of nutritional intervention in patients treated with radiotherapy for pelvic malignancy. Br J Cancer. 2004;90(12):2278–87

Abstract: Introduction: Distal femur fractures are complex injuries that pose significant challenges in achieving stable fixation and early functional recovery, particularly in adults with comminuted patterns or osteoporotic bone. Various surgical options, including Locking Compression Plates (LCP) and Intramedullary Nails (IMN), are available. This study aimed to compare LCP and IMN fixation in adult distal femur fractures.
Methods: This...

Keywords: Implant Failure, Distal Femur Fractures, Locking Compression Plate, Intramedullary Nail

[1]. Martinet O, Cordey J, Harder Y, Maier A, Bühler M, Barraud GE. The epidemiology of fractures of the distal femur. Injury. 2000 Sep 1;31:62-94.
[2]. Kim J, Kang SB, Nam K, Rhee SH, Won JW, Han HS. Retrograde intramedullary nailing for distal femur fracture with osteoporosis. Clinics in orthopaedic surgery. 2012 Nov 16;4(4):307.
[3]. Henderson CE, Lujan TJ, Kuhl LL, Bottlang M, Fitzpatrick DC, Marsh JL. 2010 Mid-America Orthopaedic Association Physician in Training Award: Healing complications are common after locked plating for distal femur fractures. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research®. 2011 Jun;469(6):1757-65.
[4]. Rodriguez EK, Boulton C, Weaver MJ, Herder LM, Morgan JH, Chacko AT, Appleton PT, Zurakowski D, Vrahas MS. Predictive factors of distal femoral fracture nonunion after lateral locked plating: a retrospective multicenter case-control study of 283 fractures. Injury. 2014 Mar 1;45(3):554-9.
[5]. Oh JW, Min HS, Yoon SH. Factors affecting the results of distal femoral fractures treated by retrograde intramedullary nailing. Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery. 2009 Nov;23(11):1312

Abstract: Background: Skin diseases are highly prevalent worldwide and contribute substantially to disability, particularly among older adults. Environmental, hygienic, and lifestyle factors, including housing conditions, bathing and cleansing practices, contact with animals, and sun exposure, are known to influence the occurrence of common infectious and inflammatory dermatoses. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and clinical pattern of common skin disorders and to assess their association with environmental, hygienic, and lifestyle factors among the rural elderly population...

Keywords:Skin Disorders, Geriatric Dermatology, Rural Elderly, Environmental and Hygienic Factors

[1]. Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, Bolliger IW, Dellavalle RP, Margolis DJ, Marks R, Naldi L, Weinstock MA, Wulf SK, Michaud C. The global burden of skin disease in 2010: an analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions. Journal of investigative dermatology. 2014 Jun 1;134(6):1527-34.
[2]. Seth D, Cheldize K, Brown D, Freeman EE. Global burden of skin disease: inequities and innovations. Current dermatology reports. 2017 Sep;6(3):204-10.
[3]. Yakupu A, Aimaier R, Yuan B, Chen B, Cheng J, Zhao Y, Peng Y, Dong J, Lu S. The burden of skin and subcutaneous diseases: findings from the global burden of disease study 2019. Frontiers in public health. 2023 Apr 17;11:1145513.
[4]. Hollestein LM, Nijsten T. An insight into the global burden of skin diseases. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2014 Jun 1;134(6):1499-501.
[5]. Al-Nuaimi Y, Sherratt MJ, Griffiths CE. Skin health in older age. Maturitas. 2014 Nov 1;79(3):256-64

Abstract: Background ans Aim: Spinal anaesthesia with local anaesthetics alone has limited duration.Adjuvants like fentanyl and dexmedetomidine enhance block characteristics and prolong analgesia. This study compared the efficacy of fentanyl versus dexmedetomidine as adjuvants to intrathecal hyperbaric levobupivacaine.
Methods: A prospective, comparative, randomized study was conducted on 40 ASA I-II patients aged 18-60 years undergoing...

Keywords:Levobupivacaine, Dexmedetomidine, Fentanyl, Spinal anaesthesia, Lower limb surgery

[1]. Rastogi K, Bharti AK, Singh Y, Ranjan P. Comparison Of Dexmedetomidine And Fentanyl As Adjuvants To Intrathecal Levobupivacaine In Lower Segment Cesarean Section: A Prospective, Randomized Double Blind Study. Anaesth Pain Intensive Care. 2020;24(4):383-8.
[2]. Sun S, Wang J, Bao N, Chen Y, Wang J. Comparison Of Dexmedetomidine And Fentanyl As Local Anesthetic Adjuvants In Spinal Anesthesia: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis Of Randomized Controlled Trials. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017;11:3413-24.
[3]. Neha S, Rai KS, Maurya I, Maurya GR. Comparison Of Intrathecal Dexmedetomidine Vs Fentanyl As Adjuvants To Hyperbaric Levobupivacaine In Infraumbilical Surgeries Under Spinal Anaesthesia. J Life Sci Biotechnol Pharma Res. 2024;13:482-90.
[4]. Kang GS, Arora N, Ahmad S, Deswal N, Saha N. A Comparison Of Intrathecal Dexmedetomidine And Fentanyl As An Adjuvant To 0.5% Levobupivacaine In The Lower Limb Surgeries: A Randomized Double Blind Study. Int J Adv Integ Med Sci. 2022;7(2):10-13.
[5]. Abdallah FW, Brull R. Facilitatory Effects Of Perineural Dexmedetomidine On Neuraxial And Peripheral Nerve Block: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2013;110(6):915-25.

Abstract: Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is increasingly recognized as a contributing factor in functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), particularly irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, its clinical significance remains controversial due to limitations in diagnostic methods and heterogeneity across studies. This narrative review summarizes current evidence regarding the relationship between SIBO and FGIDs, discusses pathophysiological mechanisms, and explores therapeutic strategies targeting small bowel dysbiosis. No original data were collected for this article

[1]. Pimentel M, Saad Rj, Long Md, Rao Ssc. Acg Clinical Guideline: Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020;115(2):165–178.
[2]. Ghoshal Uc, Shukla R, Ghoshal U. Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth And Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Bridge Between Functional Organic Dichotomy. Gut Liver. 2017;11(2):196–208.
[3]. Rezaie A, Buresi M, Lembo A, Et Al. Hydrogen And Methane-Based Breath Testing In Gastrointestinal Disorders: The North American Consensus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(5):775–784.
[4]. Shah Sc, Day Lw, Somsouk M, Sewell Jl. Meta-Analysis: Antibiotic Therapy For Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;38(8):925–934.
[5]. Quigley Emm. The Spectrum Of Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2019;21(1):3.

Abstract: Background: The airway is assumed to play a role in dentofacial development. It was observed that there is a correlation between patients with normal nasorespiratory functions and different malocclusions and airway dimensions. Upper airway assessment is particularly important in the daily work of orthodontists, pediatric dentists, ENT specialists, speech therapists etc. A narrow upper airway is associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). It can be determined..

[1]. Kaur S, Rai S, Sinha A, Ranjan V, Mishra D, Panjwani S. A Lateral Cephalogram Study For Evaluation Of Pharyngeal Airway Space And Its Relation To Neck Circumference And Body Mass Index To Determine Predictors Of Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Journal Of Indian Academy Of Oral Medicine And Radiology. 2015 Jan 1;27(1):2-8.
[2]. Hsu WE, Wu TY. Comparison Of Upper Airway Measurement By Lateral Cephalogram In Upright Position And CBCT In Supine Position. Journal Of Dental Sciences. 2019 Jun 1;14(2):185-91.
[3]. Pirilä-Parkkinen K, Löppönen H, Nieminen P, Tolonen U, Pääkkö E, Pirttiniemi P. Validity Of Upper Airway Assessment In Children: A Clinical, Cephalometric, And MRI Study. The Angle Orthodontist. 2011 May 1;81(3):433-9.
[4]. Zinsly SD, Moraes LC, Moura PD, Ursi W. Assessment Of Pharyngeal Airway Space Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography. Dental Press Journal Of Orthodontics. 2010; 15:150-8.
[5]. Alfawzan AA. Assessment Of Airway Dimensions In Skeletal Class I Malocclusion Patients With Various Vertical Facial Patterns: A Cephalometric Study In A Sample Of The Saudi Population. Journal Of Orthodontic Science. 2020;9.

Abstract: Background: Late-onset intrauterine growth restriction happens when a baby grows more slowly inside the womb after the 32nd week of pregnancy.
This happens because the placenta, which provides nourishment to the baby, isn't working properly. Although this type ofn...

Keywords:Late-onset IUGR, Doppler velocimetry, estimated fetal weight, cerebroplacental ratio, NICU admission, perinatal outcome, placental insufficiency.

[1]. Cochran WD, Lee KG. Assessment Of The Newborn. Manual Of Neonatal Care. 5 Th Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams And Wilkins; 2004.
[2]. Fetal Growth Disorders. In Williams Obstetrics. 24th Ed. New York, NY: Mc Graw Hill; 2013:872-890.
[3]. Alberry M, Soothill P. Management Of Growth Restriction. Archives Disease And Childhood, Fetal And Neonatal Edition. 2007;72(1):F62-F7
[4]. Lees, C.; Marlow, N.; Arabin, B.; Bilardo, C.M.; Brezinka, C.; Derks, J.B.; Duvekot, J.; Frusca, T.; Diemert, A.; Ferrazzi, E.; Et Al. Perinatal Morbidity And Mortality In Early-Onset Fetal Growth Restriction: Cohort Outcomes Of The Trial Of Randomised Umbilical And Fetal Flow In Europe (TRUFFLE). Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 2013, 42, 400–408.
[5]. Gardosi, J.; Giddings, S.; Buller, S.; Southam, M.; Williams, M. Preventing Stillbirths Through Improved Antenatal Recognition Of Pregnancies At Risk Due To Fetal Growth Restriction. Public Health 2014, 128, 698–702

Abstract: A healthy diet plays a central and irreplaceable role in preserving human health and preventing a wide range of chronic non-communicable diseases such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, some types of cancer, and osteoporosis. These diseases have become major public health challenges worldwide due to their increasing prevalence, high mortality rates, and the significant economic burden they impose on healthcare systems. Numerous scientific studies have shown that unhealthy dietary habits — such as excessive consumption of processed....

[1]. Https://Www.Who.Int/Ar/News-Room/Fact-Sheets/Detail/Healthy-Diet
[2]. Https://Www.Moh.Gov.Sa/Healthawareness/Educationalcontent/Food-And-Nutrition/Pages/001.Aspx
[3]. Https://Www.Diabetes.Org.Uk/Diabetes-The-Basics/Diabetes-Symptoms
[4]. Https://Www.Webmd.Com/Diabetes/Guide/Understanding-Diabetes-Symptoms
[5]. Https://Www.Who.Int/News-Room/Fact-Sheets/Detail/Hypertension

Abstract: This cross-sectional study investigated factors associated with delayed health seeking behavior among sexual assault survivors presenting to the Adult Rape Clinic at Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals in Harare, Zimbabwe, to understand barriers to early reporting within the crucial 72-hour window. The study utilized the Health Belief Model as a theoretical framework. The objectives were to identify barriers, explore characteristics related to delayed reporting, and make recommendations for improvement. In a sample of 45 survivors recruited...

Keywords:Adult Rape Clinic, Delayed Health Seeking Behavior, Sexual Assault

[1]. Mashamba-Thompson, T.P., Sartorius, B., Drain, P.K., & Sartorius, K., Geographic And Economic Factors Hindering Survivors’ Access To Healthcare Facilities Globally, Social Science & Medicine, 186, 2017, 10–19.
[2]. Smith, S., & Brown, J., Barriers To Healthcare Access Among Women Exposed To Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review, Journal Of Interpersonal Violence, 30(12), 2015, 2034–2052.
[3]. Kearns, M.C., Withers, M.C., & Peterson, Z.D., Sexual Assault Help-Seeking And Disclosure: A Review And Assessment Of The Literature, Violence And Victims, 33(4), 2018, 655–676.
[4]. Jones, L., Means, B., Maxwell, C., & Mitchell, R., Understanding Delayed Reporting Among Survivors Of Intimate Partner Violence, Journal Of Family Violence, 35(3), 2020, 245–259.
[5]. Campbell, R., Dworkin, E., & Cabral, G., An Ecological Model Of The Impact Of Sexual Assault On Women’s Mental Health, Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 19(4), 2018, 418–431.

Abstract: Female reproductive physiology is highly sensitive to a complex interplay of environmental exposures and lifestyle-related determinants. This study aims to examine how modern environmental factors—such as air pollution, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, dietary contaminants, and occupational hazards—along with lifestyle components including nutrition, physical activity, stress, sleep quality, and substance use, collectively influence female reproductive health and gynecologic outcomes. A narrative review methodology was adopted, drawing from...

Keywords:Environmental exposures; Lifestyle factors; Female reproductive physiology; Gynecologic health; Endocrine disruption; Menstrual and fertility outcomes

[1]. Stavridis K, Karagianni A, Kandaraki E, et al. Bisphenol-A and female fertility: an update of existing evidence. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2022;20:92. PMC[2].
Yang J, Kang E, Chen D, et al. The impact of microplastics on female reproduction and development: evidence from animal and human studies. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023;30:xxxx–xxxx. PMC
[3]. Dubey I, Sharma A, Gupta N. Developmental and reproductive toxic effects of exposure to microplastics and nanoplastics: a review. Front Toxicol. 2022;4:901798. Frontiers
[4]. Tricotteaux-Zarqaoui S, Leclercq S, Martin A. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals exposure and female fertility: mechanisms and human evidence. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024;15:11672798. PMC

Abstract: Background: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, leading to morbidity including foot ulceration and lower limb amputation. Early detection is critical, yet conventional screening tools vary in accuracy.
Aim of the study: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of conventional screening tools (128Hz Tuning fork, 10g-Monofilament and...

Keywords:Diabetic peripheral neuropathy, Biothesiometer, Tuning fork, Monofilament, Nerve conduction study

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[2]. Mørkrid K, Ali L, Hussain A. Risk factors and prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A study of type 2 diabetic outpatients in Bangladesh. International journal of diabetes in developing countries. 2010 Jan;30(1):11.
[3]. Darivemula S, Nagoor K, Patan SK, Reddy NB, Deepthi CS, Chittooru CS. Prevalence and its associated determinants of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in individuals having type-2 diabetes mellitus in rural South India. Indian journal of community medicine. 2019 Apr 1;44(2):88-91.
[4]. Hicks CW, Selvin E. Epidemiology of peripheral neuropathy and lower extremity disease in diabetes. Current diabetes reports. 2019 Oct;19(10):86.
[5]. Schaper NC, Van Netten JJ, Apelqvist J, Bus SA, Fitridge R, Game F, Monteiro‐Soares M, Senneville E, IWGDF Editorial Board. Practical guidelines on the prevention and management of diabetes‐related foot disease (IWGDF 2023 update). Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews. 2024 Mar;40(3): e3657.