IOSR-JAP   Volume-17 ~ Issue-4 ~ Jul. – Aug. 2025

ABSTRACT: In this article, the physical significance of the 1st order coherence in respect of the classical and quantum world is discussed with due example of Young’s double slit experiment. Mathematical equations governing these phenomenon are established. The corresponding correlation functions in the classical and quantum analogue are discussed.

Keywords: Quantum state; superposition; Young’s double slit experiment; Coherence

[1]. Born, M., Wolf, E.: Principles of Optics 7th edition. (1999)
[2]. Born, M., Wolf, E.: Principles of optics: electromagnetic theory of propagation, interference and diffraction of light. Elsevier (2013)
[3]. Ghatak, A., Thyagarajan, K., Ghatak, A., Thyagarajan, K.: Basic optics. In: Introduction to fiber optics (2013)
[4]. Glauber, R.J.: The quantum theory of optical coherence. Phys. Rev. 130, 2529 (1963)
[5]. Luo, S., Sun, Y.: Quantum coherence versus quantum uncertainty. Phys. Rev. A. 96, 22130 (2017)

ABSTRACT: The quantum three body problem generally has its own complexities and is difficult to solve. It requires rigorous steps and iterations to find the solution. We often encounter three body system in various branches of physics including Nuclear Physics, Particle, Atomic, Molecular physics, and condensed matter. The underlying physics involved is quite complicated. Faddeev in 1961 made a successful attempt and formulated theory of three particle scattering in a rather.....

Keywords: Scattering length; Efimov states; three body system

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[6]. Xu Zhang et. al Phys. Rev. C 108, 044304(2023

ABSTRACT: This investigation began with an aim to understand the behaviour of entropy of black holes across various spacetime dimensions. Unexpectedly, the process led to the derivation of a generalized entropy formula that not only conforms to classical results in 4D but also follows consistent principles from quantum field theory and higher-dimensional gravity. We explore the thermodynamic structure of black holes in N - dimensional spacetimes, propose a new entropy law sensitive to dimensional parity (even vs. odd) based on intuition and mathematical reasoning, and examine its implications........

[1]. Hawking, Stephen W. “Particle Creation by Black Holes.” Communications in Mathematical Physics 43, no. 3 (1975): 199–220.
[2]. Guan, Lingyan, Xianzhe Tang, Jialing Tian, and Jiayi Wu. “The Principle and State-of-Art Approach for Black Hole Detection.” Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2364 (2022): 012053.
[3]. Emparan, Roberto, and Harvey S. Reall. “Black Holes in Higher Dimensions.” Liv- ing Reviews in Relativity (2008).
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[5]. Sen, Ashoke. “Logarithmic Corrections to Schwarzschild and Other Non-Extremal Black Hole Entropy in Different Dimensions.” Journal of High Energy Physics (2013).

ABSTRACT: The classical interpretation of 2nd order coherence is studied by considering the four-point correlation function in case of two-photon interference. Mathematical equations governing these phenomenon are established. The parametric down-conversion for the generation of two entangled photons is discussed.

Keywords: Correlation; Temporal Coherence; vacuum mode; Polarization; Two-photon interference; entanglement; idler frequency.

[1]. Ghatak, A.K., Thyagarajan, K.: Optical Electronics. (1989)
[2]. Glauber, R.J.: The quantum theory of optical coherence. Phys. Rev. 130, 2529 (1963)
[3]. Luo, S., Sun, Y.: Quantum coherence versus quantum uncertainty. Phys. Rev. A. 96, 22130 (2017)
[4]. Rarity, J.G., Tapster, P.R., Jakeman, E., Larchuk, T., Campos, R.A., Teich, M.C., Saleh, B.E.A.: Two-photon interference in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 1348 (1990)
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ABSTRACT: The point spread function (PSF) of an optical system apodized with a Hanning amplitude filter, featuring a central circular obscuration (ε = 0.4 & 0.5), is analyzed in the presence of primary spherical aberration and defocus. The primary objective is to enhance the intensity in the central lobe, suppress the side lobes, and reduce the radius of the first dark ring. It is observed that when the apodization parameter is set to β=1, the central maximum intensity increases, and the radius of the first dark ring is minimized, even under significant spherical aberration and defocus.

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ABSTRACT: The formation of straight-edge images by an optical system with a circular aperture apodized using Bartlett filters has been studied. One of the most common problems in coherent imaging systems is edge ringing. As the apodization parameter increases from 0 to 1, the severity of edge ringing reduces, and the edge gradient becomes smoother, but this comes at the cost of increased edge shift. Notably, when the Bartlett amplitude filter is applied with an apodization value of β = 1, and the system is affected by primary spherical aberration and defocus, edge ringing is almost completely eliminated.

[1]. T. Asakura And T. Araki, “Apodization In Coherent Image Formation,” Optik, Vol. 46, No. 4, Pp. 365–375, 1976
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ABSTRACT: Efimov effect is the onset of infinite bound states in three body system provided two- body barely bind the binary subsystem. In the year 1970 Efimov discovered this remarkable phenomena in the three particle system. Due to its universal nature it can manifest in any quantum mechanical three body system provided the necessary conditions for its occurrence are achieved. In the present article we propose the three body approach to study Efimov states in light 2n halo nuclei.

Key Word: EFIMOV STATES,HALO NUCLEI,SCATTERING LENGTH

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ABSTRACT: This comprehensive study evaluated the dosimetric and clinical outcomes of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT), intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) in the treatment of localized prostate cancer. The analysis included 13 intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients (PSA levels 4-15 ng/mL, clinical stages T2a-T2c) who underwent treatment planning using five-field and seven-field 3D-CRT, five-field and seven-field IMRT, and single-arc VMAT (RapidArc) techniques. Detailed dosimetric.......

Keywords: Prostate cancer, VMAT, IMRT, 3D-CRT, dosimetric analysis, PTV coverage, rectal sparing, cost-effectiveness, radiotherapy planning, treatment techniques.

[1] Tanaka K, Sato H, Watanabe Y. Advanced VMAT Techniques For Prostate Cancer In Japanese Patients: A Multicenter Analysis. ISOR J Radiat Oncol. 2023;12(3):45-60.[2] Yamada S, Nakamura T. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Of Modern Radiotherapy Techniques In Tokyo Metropolitan Hospitals. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2022;52(8):789-801.
[3] ESTRO Guidelines Committee. Prostate Cancer Radiotherapy: 2023 Clinical Practice Guidelines. Radiother Oncol. 2023;178:109-120.
[4] Kobayashi T, Suzuki M, Yamamoto H. Comparative Analysis Of 3D-CRT In Elderly Japanese Prostate Cancer Patients. ISOR J Radiat Oncol. 2021;10(2):33-44.
[5] Hashimoto M, Et Al. Organ Sparing In Prostate VMAT: Japanese Single-Institution Experience. Med Phys Jpn. 2022;18(4):112-125.

ABSTRACT: This prospective multi-institutional study evaluated 10 MV Flattening Filter-Free (FFF) versus conventional Flattening Filter (FF) VMAT for localized prostate cancer (T1c-T2c, n=13) using paired plans with identical RTOG-0815 constraints (72 Gy/30 fx) and Monte Carlo dose calculation. Comprehensive quality assurance confirmed gamma pass rates >95% (3%/2mm). Results demonstrated FFF's superiority: significantly......

[1] Podder TK, Et Al. Flattening Filter-Free Beams In Prostate VMAT... Med Phys. 2021;48(5):2301-2310. Doi:10.1002/Mp.14892
[2] Michalski JM, Et Al. Dose-Volume Effects For Postoperative Rectal Toxicity... Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2020;107(2):302-308. Doi:10.1016/J.Ijrobp.2020.02.025
[3] Palma G, Et Al. Operational Efficiency Of FFF Beams... Radiother Oncol. 2022;164:45-52. Doi:10.1016/J.Radonc.2021.11.015
[4] Ibrahim Haggag, Et Al. VMAT Vs. IMRT Vs. 3D-CRT In Prostate Cancer... Practice ,Accepted For Publication ISOR-JAP. 2025
[5] Murray LJ, Et Al. Radiation-Induced Toxicity Reduction Using FFF Beams... Clin Oncol. 2023;35(2):E78-E86.
Doi:10.1016/J.Clon.2022.12.004

ABSTRACT: The origin of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs), particularly those exceeding 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟖 eV, remains one of the most compelling questions in astroparticle physics. In this study, we investigate the potential of the supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy M87 (M87*) as a candidate source of UHECRs. We perform a comparative analysis of three particle acceleration mechanisms—(i) the Goldreich–Julian (GJ) potential model, (ii) relativistic......

Keywords: Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs); Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN); M87*; Supermassive Black Hole; Relativistic Jets; Goldreich–Julian Potential; Blandford–Znajek Mechanism; Relativistic Shock Acceleration; Particle Acceleration; Magnetospheric Physics; Hillas Criterion; Astro particle Physics; Event Horizon Telescope (EHT)

[1] R. D. Blandford And R. L. Znajek, “Electromagnetic Extraction Of Energy From Kerr Black Holes,” Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., Vol. 179, Pp. 433–456, 1977.
[2] P. Goldreich And W. H. Julian, “Pulsar Electrodynamics,” Astrophys. J., Vol. 157, Pp. 869–880, 1969.
[3] A. M. Hillas, “The Origin Of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays,” Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., Vol. 22, Pp. 425–444, 1984.
[4] F. M. Rieger, “Active Galactic Nuclei As Potential Sources Of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays,” Universe, Vol. 8, No. 11, P. 607, 2022. Mdpi
[5] S. S. Kimura, K. Murase, And P. Mészáros, “Ultrahigh-Energy Cosmic-Ray Nuclei From Black Hole Jets: Recycling Galactic Cosmic Rays Through Shear Acceleration,” Phys. Rev. D, Vol. 97, 023026, 2018. Epj-Conferences.Org

ABSTRACT: Einstein’s Spacetime is relative and inextricably interwoven into what has become known as the space-time continuum. It is also a solution of Einstein’s Field Equations. In fact, Einstein’s Spacetime is the potential energy of an object or event. Like any other property of the object or event, it is the image of Wu Unit Length of Wu’s Pairs (building blocks of the universe) reflecting the local gravitational field and aging of the universe. In contrast, Wu’s Spacetime is a single unit measurement system which contains Wu’s Spacetime Units composed of exponents of Wu......

Keywords: Spacetime, Special Relativity, General Relativity, Field Equation, Wu’s Spacetime, Yangton and Yington, Wu’s Pairs, Principle of Equilibrium, Principle of Parallelism, Principle of Correspondence, Wu’s Spacetime Equation, Wu’s Spacetime Shrinkage Theory, Wu’s Spacetime Transformation, Gravitational Redshift, Cosmological Redshift, Gravitational Time Dilation, Hubble’s Law, Universe Expansion, Deflection of Light, Absolute Light Speed, Anisotropic Light Speed, Gravitational Waves, Perihelion Precession of Mercury.

[1] Einstein A. (1916), Relativity: The Special And General Theory (Translation 1920), New York: H. Holt And Company.
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[3] Edward T. H. Wu. “Time, Space, Gravity And Spacetime Based On Yangton & Yington Theory, And Spacetime Shrinkage Versus Universe Expansion”. American Journal Of Modern Physics. Vol. 5, No. 4, 2016, Pp. 58-64. Doi: 10.11648/J.Ajmp.20160504.13.
[4] Edward T. H. Wu. “Wu’s Spacetime Transformation And Wu’s Spacetime Field Equation.” IOSR Journal Of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), 15(2), 2023, Pp. 39-49.
[5] Edward T. H. Wu "Wu’s Spacetime Field Equation Based On Yangton And Yington Theory.” IOSR Journal Of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), Vol. 10, No. 2, 2018, Pp. 13-21.

ABSTRACT: Nitrogen-doped graphene (N-doped graphene) has gained substantial interest in recent years due to its markedly improved physical, chemical, biological, and materials-related properties compared to pristine graphene. This advancement has opened a promising frontier in the realm of two-dimensional materials science and technology. From a chemical and materials science perspective, this article/ research reviews the latest developments in N-doped graphene, covering common synthesis techniques involving temperature variations, as well as key characterization methods. Additionally, current challenges and future prospects are explored. The review aims to offer valuable insights that may guide future innovations and real-world applications of N-doped graphene..

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[2]. K.K.H. De Silva et.al, Chemical reduction of graphene oxide using green reductants Carbon 119 (2017) 190e199.
[3]. Meng Du et.al, Synthesis of nitrogen-doped reduced grapheme oxide directly from nitrogen-doped graphene oxide as a high-performance lithium ion battery anode, RSC Adv., 2014, 4, 42412.
[4]. Santosh K et.al, N- doped porous reduced graphene oxide as an efficient electrode material for high performance flexible solid –state supercapacitor, applied materials today.
[5]. Gunawan Witjaksono et.al , Effect of Nitrogen Doping on the Optical Bandgap and Electrical Conductivity of Nitrogen-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide Molecules 2021, 26, 6424

ABSTRACT: Iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized through a green synthesis method with Dalbergia sissoo leaf extract being used as a reducing/stabilizing agent. The method presented an eco-friendly, straightforward way to synthesize iron oxide nanoparticles. We explored the influence of key factors in the synthesis, including precursor concentration of 0.1 – 1.0 mM, pH (6 to 9), reaction time (12 to 48 hours), and temperature (25 - 60 °C). We noted the production of a black color during the emergence of the nanoparticles throughout the reaction. This confirmed that iron oxide nanoparticles had formed. UV-Vis spectroscopy indicated that we had created iron oxide nanoparticles.......

Keywords: Box–Behnken Design, Dalbergia sissoo, green synthesis, Iron oxide nanoparticles, Response Surface Methodology, UV–Vis spectroscopy,

[1]. Ali, A., Zafar, H., Zia, M., Haq, I. U., Phull, A. R., Ali, J. S., & Hussain, A. (2016). Synthesis, characterization, applications, and challenges of iron oxide nanoparticles. Nanotechnology, Science and Applications, 9, 49–67. https://doi.org/10.2147/nsa.s99986
[2]. Ashrafi-Saiedlou, S., Rasouli-Sadaghiani, M., Fattahi, M., & Ghosta, Y. (2025). Biosynthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles fabricated using cell-free supernatant of Pseudomonas fluorescens for antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and photocatalytic applications. Scientific Reports, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-84974-0
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