iosr-JRME   Volume-16 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep. – Oct. 2026

Abstract: Outcome-Based Education (OBE) has emerged as a transformative, performance-based framework in global engineering education. By emphasizing higher-order cognitive skills and professional competencies, OBE necessitates a fundamental shift in traditional pedagogical approaches—particularly in curriculum design, content delivery, and assessment methodologies. In alignment with this paradigm shift, the AICTE Examination Reform Policy (November 2018) advocates for comprehensive assessment reforms. The policy delineates specific competencies and performance indicators for each Program Outcome (PO), providing a structured interpretation of their intended....

Keywords: Outcome Based Education (OBE), Performance Indicators (PIs), Course Outcomes (COs), Program Outcomes (POs), Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs), Bloom’s taxonomy, Rubrics, Surveys

[1]. AICTE – Examination Reform Policy, November 2018 -
https://www.aicte-india.org/sites/default/files/ExaminationReforms.pdf
[2]. National Board of Accreditation Self Assessment Report (SAR) Format Undergraduate Engineering Program (Tier –II) June 2015 -
https://www.nbaind.org/Files/sar-ug-t-ii-final-ver-06.pdf
[3]. Evaluation Guidelines with indicative exhibits/context to be Observed/Assessed SAR Tier –
II(UG Engineering) First Time Accreditation -
https://www.nbaind.org/files/evaluation-guidelines-tier-ii-v0.pdf
[4]. H. Jayasree, G. Kanaka Durga, “An Approach to Establish Correlation of Courses to POs & PSOs and Attainment of COs, POs & PSOs”, IOSR-Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME), vol. 8, no. 5, Sep-Oct 2018, pp. 60-71 e-ISSN: 2320–7388, p-ISSN:2320–737X DOI: 10.9790/7388-0805026071

Abstract: Leadership is essential to the success and sustainability of educational institutions and organizations. It holds even greater significance in 21st-century educational institutions, where character, values, and holistic development are shaped. Modern educational leaders face diverse challenges stemming from globalization, artificiale....

Keywords: Bhagavad Gita, Contemporary Education, Evolving Dimensions, Philosophical Teachings, Leadership

[1]. Adair, J. (1988). Effective Leadership. London: Pan Books.
[2]. Dasgupta, S. (1963). A History of Indian Philosophy (Vol. 1). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[3]. Hiriyanna, M. (1994). Outlines of Indian Philosophy. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
[4]. Lal, R. B. (1970). The Gita in the Light of Modern Science. Bombay: Somaiya Publications.
[5]. Macdonell, A. (2004). A History of Sanskrit Literature. Kessinger Publishing.

Abstract: Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have rapidly evolved from glucose-lowering agents to cornerstone therapies in heart failure (HF) management, offering cardioprotective and renoprotective benefits independent of glycemic control. This review consolidates evidence from major clinical trials, including DAPA‑HF, EMPEROR‑Reduced, EMPEROR‑Preserved, and DELIVER, comparing the efficacy and safety of agents such as dapagliflozin and empagliflozin across different HF phenotypes. SGLT2 inhibitors exert their therapeutic benefits...

Keywords: SGLT2 inhibitors; Heart failure; Dapagliflozin; Empagliflozin; HFrEF; HFpEF; Cardiovascular outcomes; Renal protection; Natriuresis; Cardioprotection.

[1]. Comparative review and efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors in heart failure:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40324721/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168822725002335https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRC
[2]. HEARTFAILURE.125.012794Suggested structure and recent reviews on SGLT2 inhibitors in HF:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10172076/https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.119.013389https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2025.1543153
[3]. /fullMechanism of action of SGLT2 inhibitors in cardiometabolic disease and HF:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8484236/https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.02.004https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2024.1494882/full
[4]. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction overview and therapeutic advances:https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2023/09/19/16/59/mechanisms-of-benefitshttps://academic.oup.com/pmj/article/99/1176/1052/7097869https://www.thecardiologyadvisor.com/features/sglt2-inhibitor-use-in-heart-failurey

Abstract: Students’ unrest resulting in loss of life, disruption of learning and destruction of the school property, among other effects is still witnessed despite the provision of guidance and counselling services in public schools. The study sought to determine the relationship between location of guidance and counselling office and effectiveness of guidance and counselling services. The study employed a descriptive research design. The target population was 61 respondents, 31 principals and 31 heads of departments. A sample of 10 principals and 10 heads of departments guidance...

Keywords: Guidance and Counselling, Effectiveness in guidance and counselling services, location of Guidance and counselling office

[1]. Chemutai, B. ., Onkware, K. ., & Iteyo, C. (2020). Nature of Student Unrest in Secondary Schools in Kericho County Kenya. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention, 7(11), 6293–6307. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v7i011.04
[2]. Cheruiyot, D. K., & Orodho, J. A. (2015). Guidance and Counselling: What Is the Level of Human and Physical Resource Preparedness in Providing Effective Services in Secondary Schools in Bureti Sub County, Kericho County, Kenya. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(23), 132-143.
[3]. Dellinger, B. (2010). Healing environments. In C. McCullough (Ed.). Evidence-based design for healthcare facilities. Indianapolis, IN: Sigma Theta Tau International.
[4]. Egbo, A. C. (2013). The Role of Guidance and Counselling in Effective Teaching and Learning in Schools: The Nigerian Perspective. The European Conference on Education, Official Conference Proceeding 0392. Retrieved from http://iafor.org/archives/offprints/ece2013 offprints/ECE2013_0392.pdf.

Abstract: The Government of India introduced NEP 2020 for overhauling the education system in relation to the general prevailing conditions. Its central purpose is on the overall growth of the posterity of the country. It plans to bring changes in every field of teacher education to come across the current challenges of classroom rising from the education system. It highlights the necessitate for superior educator preparation to enhance academic performances and promoting for a more embedded and comprehensive approach. For this, the National Council for Teacher Education...

Keywords: Teacher education, ITEP, NEP 2020, 21st century, Education system, Prospective Teacher

[1]. Alam, MD. A. (2024). Transforming Teacher Education: The Impact of NEP 2020 on ITEP Implementation. Indian e- Journal on Teacher Education (iejte), 475-483.
[2]. Devi, U. N. & Konwar, J. (2025). Integrated Teacher Education Programme (ITEP): The Paradigm Shift of Teacher Education in India. International Journal of Scientific Research in Modern Science and Technology, 4(11), 1-10. DOI:https://doi.org/10.59828/ijsrmst.v4i11.388.
[3]. Rini Mandal; Dr Jayanta Mete; Ratna Mondal Biswas (2025). ITEP In India: Problems and Prospects Under nep 2020. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 10(5), 2940-2946.
https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25may 1596
[4]. Safuvan, M. (2025). Reimagining Teacher Education: The Role of ITEP In Shaping Future- Ready Educators. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT), 13(9), c798-c802.
[5]. Sahoo, D. & Sahoo,D.P. (2024). A Study on the Opinion of B. Ed. Student Teachrs, towards Integrated Teacher Education Programme (ITEP). International Journal of All Research and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), 12(6),1060-1066.

Abstract: This article examines the conditions under which social media use may contribute to intellectual impoverishment, understood not as a decline in intelligence but as a situated weakening of sustained attention, elaborative memory encoding, deep reading, and critical judgment. A qualitative, interdisciplinary critical narrative review was conducted through English and Portuguese searches, explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria, and a final corpus of 47 documents, comprising experiments, meta-analyses and systematic reviews, literature reviews, observational and population studies, institutional reports, legal texts, and conceptual works. The review was carried....

Keywords: social media; attention; memory; deep reading; critical thinking.

[1]. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. Health advisory on social media use in adolescence. Washington, DC: APA, 2023. Available at: https://www.apa.org/topics/social-media-internet/health-advisory-adolescent-social-media-use. Accessed: August 2, 2026.
[2]. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. Potential risks of content, features, and functions: the science of how social media affects youth. Washington, DC: APA, 2024. Available at: https://www.apa.org/topics/social-media-internet/youth-social-media-2024. Accessed: August 2, 2026.
[3]. BAKSHY, Eytan; MESSING, Solomon; ADAMIC, Lada A. Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. Science, Washington, DC, vol. 348, no. 6239, p. 1130-1132, 2015. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1160. Accessed: August 2, 2026.

Abstract: Educational supervision is a critical mechanism for improving the quality of teaching and learning. However, traditional supervision models centred on classroom visits and evaluative monitoring often suffer from limited frequency, discontinuity, and delayed feedback. This article analyses and synthesises the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in educational supervision and proposes a pathway for shifting from monitoring-oriented supervision...

Keywords: Educational Supervision; Artificial Intelligence; Professional Coaching; Human-Centred Leadership; Teacher Development

[1]. Ahmad, S. F., Alam, M. M., Rahmat, M. K., Mubarik, M. S., & Hyder, S. I. (2022). Academic and
administrative role of artificial intelligence in education. Sustainability, 14(3), 1101.
[2]. Chinnawon, T. (2021). AI and the future of Thai education: Challenges and trends. Journal of Educational Research, 16(2), 88–101.
[3]. Glickman, C. D., Gordon, S. P., & Ross-Gordon, J. M. (2018). SuperVision and instructional leadership: A developmental approach (10th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
[4]. Hengphok, C. (2023). AI and the future gap in education. National Institute of Development Administration.
[5]. Himmakas, W. (2023). A literature review on the use of AI in education (Research report). National Research Council of Thailand

Abstract: Background: The school constitutes an important space for the social, emotional, and educational development of students. In this context, experiences related to racial identity and the feeling of belonging can influence how students establish relationships with the institution, with teachers, with their peers, and with the learning processes. This study aimed to analyze the scientific production regarding the contributions of racial and ethnic belonging to the protection and well-being of students in the school environment.
Materials and Methods: This...

Keywords: Racial Identity; School Belonging; Health; Well-being; Education.

[1]. Aguilar, G., et al. (2025). Ethnic-racial identity, discrimination experiences, and academic adjustment among Colombian adolescents. Comparative Education Review, 68(4).
[2]. Cerda-Smith, J., Yust, P., & Mulvey, K. L. (2025). Longitudinal associations between critical consciousness, school racial climate, and belonging in school. Applied Developmental Science, 29(4), 328–344.
[3]. Dupont-Reyes, M. J., Villatoro, A. P., Phelan, J. C., & Painter, K. (2021). Estimating school race/ethnic enrollment effects on student mental health: Density and diversity as a risk or protective factor. Ethnicity & Disease, 31(2), 205–216. https://doi.org/10.18865/ed.31.2.205
[4]. Goodwin, A. K. B., Chen, G. L., & Long, A. C. J. (2021). Mental health, well-being, and help-seeking in schools among Black adolescents: The role of discrimination in high-achieving academic settings. Psychology in the Schools, 58, 1690–1707. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22523
[5]. Graham, S., Kogachi, K., & Morales-Chicas, J. (2022). Do I fit in? Race/ethnicity and feelings of belonging in school. Educational Psychology Review, 34(4), 2015–2042

Abstract: Background: Leadership, technology, and pedagogical innovation constitute interrelated dimensions in the context of the transformations affecting school management and contemporary educational practices. Understanding how these elements are articulated contributes to the analysis of the challenges faced by educational institutions in organizing transformation processes and developing pedagogical practices aligned with current educational demands. The general objective of this article is to analyze the relationship between leadership, technology...

Keywords: leadership; technology; pedagogical innovation; school management

[1]. ALMEIDA, M. E. B. Tecnologias digitais na educação: práticas pedagógicas e formação dos professores. São Paulo: Cortez, 2020.
[2]. ARAÚJO, A. R. R. de; MARÇAL, J.; SOUZA, A. M. M. de. O impacto das tecnologias digitais na gestão educacional: desafios e oportunidades para os gestores escolares. Cuadernos de Educación y Desarrollo, [S. l.], v. 17, n. 7, p. e8842, 2025. https://doi.org/10.55905/cuadv17n7-028.
[3]. CASAGRANDE, R. J. A Liderança Escolar na Gestão Educacional: Conceitos, Modelos e Implicações para a Prática Pedagógica. Revista Campo da História, v. 10, n. 2, 2025. ISSN 2526-3943. https://doi.org/10.55906/rcdhv10n2-001.