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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Phylogenetic analysis of 3' region of Helicobacter pylori cagA gene of Lombok isolates and the association with gastric pathology |
| Country | : | Indonesia |
| Authors | : | Zainul Muttaqin || Suharjono || Aulanni'am Aulanni'am |
Abstract: Lombok island is a transitional region beetwen Asian and Australian faunal biodiversity. There has been no previous report on the genotype of Helicobacter pylori in the population. The cagA gene is one of the important virulence factors of H. pylori. The diversity of cagA 3′ regions reflect the phylogenetic relationships among the different H. pylori isolates and their association with clinical outcomes and significant geographical differences among isolates have been reported.
1]. J. Parsonnet, GD. Friedman, DP. Vandersteen, Y. Chang, JH. Vogelman, N. Orentreich, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of gastric carcinoma. New Engl J Med 325, 1991, 1127-31.
[2]. S. Censini, C. Lange, Z. Xiang, JE. Crabtree, P. Ghiara, M. Borodovsky, R. Rappuoli, A. Covacci : cag, a pathogenicity island of Helicobacter pylori, encodes type I-specific and disease associated virulence factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93, 1996, 14648–14653.
[3]. N. Murata-Kamiya, K. Kikuchi, T. Hayashi, H. Higashi, M. Hatakeyama, Helicobacter pylori exploits host membrane phosphatidylserine for delivery, localization, and pathophysiological action of the CagA onco-protein, Cell Host Microbe 7, 2010, 399-411.
[4]. Kwok, T., D. Zabler, S. Urman, M. Rohde, Helicobacter exploits integrin for type IV secretion and kinase activation Nature 449, 2007. 862-866
[5]. S. Yamazaki, A. Yamakawa, Y. Ito et al. The CagA protein of Helicobacter pylori is translocated into epithelial cells and binds to SHP-2 in human gastric mucosa. J Infect Dis 187, 2003. 334–7.
[6]. DR. Bridge and DS. Merrell, 2013. Polymorphism in the Helicobacter pylori CagA and VacA toxins and disease Gut Microbes 4:2, 101–117;
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Biodiversity of Spider at Ralamandal Sanctuary Indore (Madhya Pradesh) India |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Dr.Ravindra Kanhere || Sujeeta Kanare |
Abstract: This study is based on the biodiversity of spider at ralamandal sanctuary Indore. In this study I had found that the sanctuary have great divers region for spider diversity. The spider of ralamandal sanctuary were collected from first week of January 2012 to third week of April 2012, Spider were collected by using active search, beating and pit fall trapping methods. During this study 100 specimens were collected from ralamandal sanctuary Indore.Among these 41 spider specimens belonging to 10 families were recorded from the sanctuary. Family Araneidae represented 16 species, Clubionidae represented 01 species, Erasidae represented 03 species, Gnaphosidae represented 01 species, Miturgidae represented 02 species, Oxyopidae represented 01 species, Salticidae represented 09 species, Theridiidae represented 03 species, Philodromidae represented 03 species and Thomisidae represented 02 species. The study indicates that the ralamandal sanctuary has a great diversity of spider during winter session. Keywords:biodiversity, spider, ralamandal sanctuary
[1]. Blackwall, J. (1865)"discription of recently discovered species and cherecters of a new genus of araneida from the east of central africa"Ann.Mag.Nat.Hist.(3) : 16:336-352.
[2]. Bhandari, R. and P.Gajbe.(2001d) " A study of three new species of spiders of genera chorizopescambridgeLariniasimon and Neosconasimon (Araneae: Araneidea) from madhyapradesh, India" Records of the zoological Survey of India99 (1-4):59-63.
[3]. Blagoev, G. A.(2005) " A contribution to the knowledge of wolf spider (Araneae:Lycosidae) of Albina act Zoological Bulgarica 57: 139-144.
[4]. Bleckmann, H & T Lotz, (1987)" The vertebrate catching behavior of the fishing spider Dolomedes triton (Aranea ,Pisauridae) animal behaviour 35:641-651.
[5]. Cardoso, P.(2005)" Portugal spider checklist online".
[6]. Carico, J.E. (1973) " Thenearctic species of the geneusdolomedes (Aranedea : Pisauridae) ,Bulletin. Museum of comparative zoology 144: 435-488.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Validation of Anti-Tuberculosis Activity and Identification of Leads in Alstonia Scholaris L. (R.Br.) |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Nimmi Haridas || Sreekumar S || Biju C.K |
Abstract: The anti-tuberculosis activity of Alstonia scholaris was evaluated through in silico method and identified potential lead molecules against the target proteins viz. the filamentous temperature sensitive protein (FtsZ) and Decaprenyl phosphoryl-beta D ribofuranose 2 epimerase (DprE1). The three dimensional (3D) structures of these proteins were retrieved from Protein Data Bank (PDB). A total of 152 phytochemicals present in A. scholaris were used as ligand molecules. The canonical SMILES of 70 phytochemicals were downloaded from open access chemical databases and others were drawn using ChemSketch. The 3D structure in .pdb format of all ligand molecules were generated using CORINA. The structural details of protein molecules were analyzed using Protparam and active site were detected using Q-Site finder.
[1]. G. Nerlich, C. J. Haas, A. Zink, U. Szeimies, and H. G. Hagedorn, Molecular evidence for tuberculosis in an ancient Egyptian mummy. The Lancet, 350(9088), 1997, 1404. [2]. I. Smith, Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis and molecular determinants of virulence. Clinical microbiology reviews, 16(3), 2003, 463-496. [3]. R. Nair, T. Kalariya and S. Chanda, Antibacterial activity of some selected Indian medicinal flora. Turk J Biol, 29, 2005, 41-47. [4]. V. Arya, A review on anti-tubercular plants, Int J Phar Tech Res, 3, 2011, 872-880. [5]. S. Sreekumar, N. C. Nisha, C. K. Biju, and P. N. Krishnan, Identification of potential lead compounds against cobra venom in Rauvolfia serpentine (L.) Benth. Ex Kurz. Through molecular docking, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development,6(08), 2014, 032-043.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | A survey of six different water bodies in Port Harcourt municipality for larval stages of dipteran vectors. |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | Akpodiete O.N || Aigodion F.I |
Abstract: Species identification, relative abundance, local distribution, seasonal abundance and similarity index of immature dipteran vectors were investigated from June, 2011 to May, 2012 in six water bodies located in Port Harcourt and Obio/Akpor local government areas of Rivers State. A standard dipping method described by Service, 1971, was used to sample the six aquatic habitats located in two local government areas for dipteran larvae. In summary, 400ml plastic dipper was used to collect water from randomly selected points on the river. Dipping was done in five replicates and the contents sieved in a filter net.
[1] Ali A (1991). Perspectives on management of pestiferous Chironomidae: (Diptera), anemerging global problem. The Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 7: 260-281.
[2] Awolola TS, Oduola AO, Obansa JB, Chikwura NJ, Unyimadu JP (2007).Anopheles gambiaes.s. breeding in polluted water bodies in urban Lagos, southwestern Nigeria. Journal of VectorBorne Diseases.44: 241-244.
[3] Bay EC (1993). Chironomid (Diptera:Chironomidae) larval occurrence and transport in amunicipal water system. The Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 9:275-284.
[4] Bong LJ, Zairi J (2009). Temporal changes in the abundance of Musca domesticaLinn (Diptera:Muscidae) in poultry farms in Penang, Malaysia. Tropical Biomedicine,26(2):140-148
[5] Braks MAH, Leal WS, Carde RT (2007). Oviposition responses of gravid female Culexquinquefasciatusto egg rafts and low doses of oviposition pheromone under semifield conditions.Journal of Chemical Ecology.33: 567-578.
[6] Broza M, Ganez H, Halpen M, Kashi Y (2005). Adult non-biting midges: Possible windborne carriers of Vibrocholerae non- O1 non-O139. Environmental Microbiology, 7:576-585.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Bmi1a Gene Expression of Gamma-Irradiation on Zebrafish Embryos |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Anandhi Manickam || Ranjithkumar Ganeshan || Natarajan Thillainathan || Ramkumar Rajendiran || Perumal Pachiappan |
Abstract: Bmi1 is an oncogene, which occurs in almost all human cancer and 50% of all tumors exhibit variations in its gene expression level. To further assessment of bmi1gene pathway involving in cancer, we have exploited the zebrafish which is a powerful vertebrate model system used to analyze the expression level during embryogenesis.
[1]. Adam C, Larno V, Giraudo m, Barillet S, Gania Y, Devaux A, 2007.
[2]. Alkema MJ, Wiegant J, Raap AK, Berns A, Van Lohuizen M. 1993. Characterization and chromosomal localization of the human proto- oncogene BMI-1. Hum Mol Genet 2: 1509-1603.
[3]. Charles B, Kimmel WW, Ballard, Kimmel BU and Thomas F. Stages of embryonic development of the zebrafish. Dev. Dyn. 1996; 203:255-310.
[4]. Chowdhury M, Mihara K, Yasunaga S, Ohtaki M and Takihara Y. Expression of Polycomb-group (PcG) protein BMI-1 predicts prognosis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 2007; 21:1116-1122.
[5]. Detrich HW III, Westerfield M, and Zon LI. Overview of the zebrafish system. Methods Cell Biol. 1999; 59: 3-10.
[6]. Geoffrey A, Geiger, Sharon E, Parker, Andrew P et al. Kao zebrafish as a ''Biosensor''? Effects of ionizing radiation and amifostine on embryonic viability and development. Cancer Res. 2006; 66:8172-8181.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Studies On Growth And Survival Rate Of Pearl Freshwater Mussel Lamellidens Marginalis During The Culture In A Pond |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Nirmala Natarajan || R. Susithira |
Abstract: The culture of Pearl Freshwater Mussel in a pond have been studied for a period of one year (from July 2014 to June 2015) with the data on growth and survival factors and discussed with reference to similar work. During one year, the instantaneous and relative growth rate, and survival rate (%) for the pearl mussels were evaluated. A total of 864 Lamellidens marginalis were collected and the growth (shell length, width, height, weight, tissue weight and total weight) and survival of pearl mussels were measured and recorded on a monthly basis throughout the study.
[1] E.D. Lacrane, The length weight relationship and seasonal cycle in gonad weight and condition in perch (Perca fluviatilis ), J. Animal Eco. 20 (2), 1951, 201-219. [2] R. Seed, Factors influencing shell shape in Mytilus edulis L. Journal of Marine Biological Association of United Kingdom 48, 1968, 561-584. [3] K.M. Wilbur and G. Owen, Growth. In: Physiology of mollusca, (Ed.) K. M. Wilbur and C.M. Yonge, 1,:211-242.Academic Press,NewYork. 1964. [4] Nagabhushanam R. and V. S. Lomte., Biochemical studies in freshwater mussels, Parreysia corrugata. Hydrobiologia 37(3-4), 1971, 545-552.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial/Antifungal Activities of Ginkgo biloba Extract EGb 761 |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | Martha P. Ibrahim || Abdulmumin A. Nuhu |
Abstract:Ginkgo biloba possesses a variety of biological and pharmacological activities. The present study was carried out to evaluate the phytochemical components and antimicrobial activities of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761). Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, steroids, terpenes, flavonoids and saponins in the extract. The extract was examined for antimicrobial activity using Agar diffusion method. It was effective against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Geotrichum candidum. The zone of growth inhibition ranged from 22-27 mm with variable MIC, and MBC/MFC values. These results support the use of the Ginkgo biloba extract as herbal medicine for the treatment of various diseases.
Keywords: Ginkgo biloba, EGb 761, phytochemical screening, pharmacological activities, antimicrobial activity, herbal medicine.
[1]. Hossam S.E, Mono H.B. (2013). Comparison of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Ginkgo biloba and Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) from Egypt. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici cluj-Napoca, 41(1): 126-135.
[2]. Taylor, J.L.S., Rabe, T.M.E, Gaw, L.J., Jager, A.K. and Van-staden, J. (2001). Towards the Scientific Validation of Traditional Medicinal plants. plants regulation, 34: 23-37.
[3]. Nuhu A. A. (2013). Spirulina (Arthrospira): An Important Source of Nutritional and Medicinal Compounds. Journal of Marine Biology, 2013: 1-8.
[4]. Watson D.P., Chinn J.T, Clay H.F., Brewbaker F. (1965). Hawaiian Plumerias. University of Hawaii co-operative extension service, circular 410, pp. 1-20.
[5]. Nuhu A. A. (2014). Ginkgo biloba:"A living fossil" with modern day phytomedicinal applications. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 4(03): 096-103.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Effect of Chitosan on Physical on Physical status of Mammals and in vivo Antimicrobial Effect on Pathogenic Bacteria |
| Country | : | Bangladesh |
| Authors | : | Sazin Islam || Sharmin Akter || Md. Mohbub Alam || Md. Mizanur Rahman || Md. Golam Sorwar || Suvamoy Datta |
Abstract: The shells as raw materials were extracted from shrimp (Metapenous Monoceros) to extract chitosan in this experiment. Demineralizations process was carrieded out by 4% HCl at room temperature in the ratio of 1:14(w/v). The deproteinization process was initiated by 5% NaOH at 90°C for 24 hours with a solvent to solid ratio of 12:1(v/w). Removal of acetyl groups from the chitin was achieved by using 70% NaOH solution with a solid to solvent ratio of 1:14 (w/v) at room temperature for 72 hours. Extracted chitosan was soluble in 1% acetic acid. Rabbit were treated with extracted chitosan to determine in vivo effects.
[1]. Allan, G G., Fox, J. R., & Kong, N. (1978) A critical evaluation of the potential sources of chitin and chitosan, In R. A. A. Muzzarelli and E. R. Pariser (ed.), Proceedings of the First International Conference on Chitin/Chitosan. MIT Sea Grant Report MITSG, 78(3):64-78.
[2]. Chang, M. L. W. (1983) Dietary pectic: effect on metabolic processes in rats. American Chemical Society Symposium Series, 214:143-154.
[3]. Edwards, C. (1990) Mechanisms of action on dietary fibre on small intestinal absorption and motility. In New Developments in Dietary Fibre, 67:95-104.
[4]. Furda. F. (1990) Interaction of dietary fibre with lipids-mechanistic theories and their limitations, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 23:84-87.
[5]. Fling, E. (1994) Food hydrocolloids: structures, properties, and functions, International Food Science, 3:71–6.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Teratological Effects Of Retinoids On Liver Of Swiss Albino Mice |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Dr Rashmi Sharma || Ashok Gupta |
Abstract:The specific branch of developmental biology which deals with abnormalities caused as a result of failure of normal pattern of development is referred as teratogenesis.Retinoids are essential for spermatogenesis, oogenesis, placental development, foetal morphogenesis and growth. The role of vitamin A in vision is well known . Active derivative of vitamin A (Retinoids ) play an important and multiple role in Mammalian development and homeostasis (Sapin, et.al. 1997, Dup et al 1997). These essential dietary compounds are needed in very small quantities, they are not synthesized by the animals and are obtained from external sources in the form of β carotene (C40H56). In cells of intestine β carotene is converted into vitamin A alcohol and is transported by blood to liver where it is esterfied and stored as vitamin A palmitate. RA is not stored in liver but is derived from retinal and it is biologically the most potent form of vitamin A. Vitamins are organic compounds which are devided into 2 categories
I Fat soluble (A, D, E, K) and
II water soluble (B and C).
[1]. Coblan , S.Q.(1953):Excessive intake of Vit A as a cause of congenital anomalies in Rat. Science 117:535-536.
[2]. Coblan , S.Q. (1954):Congenital anomalies in rat produced by excessive intake of vit A during pregnancy. Pediatrics. 13 556-557.
[3]. Dickman , E.D. and Smith, S.M. (1996) Selective regulation of cardiomyocyte expression and cardiac morphogenesis by RA dev dynamics 206(1):39-48.
[4]. Effendy. I., (1996): Differential irritant skin responses to topical RA and sodium layryl sulphate alone and in crossover design British J. of Dermatology 134: 420-430. (Abstract).
[5]. Elmzar, M.M.A.(1996). Pattern of Retinoid induced teratogenic effect. Possible relationship with relative selectivity for nuclear retinoid receptors RAR-alpha,RAR-beta and RAR gama. Teratology 53(3):158-167.(Abstract).
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Axial and Radial Variations in Wood Density and Moisture Of The Trunk of Afzelia africana Sm. ex Pers. |
| Country | : | Nigeria. |
| Authors | : | Otoide, J. E. |
Abstract: Variations in the wood density (kg/m3) and moisture content (%) of the trunk of a fully grown specie of Afzelia africana were assessed along the radial and axial axes following recommended standard procedures. The average wood density of the trunk of the specie was assessed to be 697.34 ± 0.20 (Base), 690.78 ± 0.10 (Middle) and 740.15 ± 0.40 (Top) while the average moisture content was assessed to be 55.38 ± 0.40 (Base), 56.57 ± 0.20 (Middle) and 65.25 ± 0.10 (Top) along the axial axes respectively. There were no significant variations (P≤0.05) in both the wood density and percentage moisture between the base and the middle of the trunk. However, significant variations (P≤0.05) existed in the wood density and the percentage moisture content of this specie between the middle and top portions of the trunk. Consequently, both the wood density and percentage moisture of the trunk were high (i.e. > 540kg/m3 and > 30% respectively.) and increased with the height of the tree. On the other hand, the wood density decreased from the core to the outer portions of the trunk both at the the base, middle and top positions.
[1]. Panhshin, A. J and C. Dezeeuw. (1980): Textbook of Wood Technology. McGraw-Hill Inc; N. York. 1:1-705.
[2]. Otoide, J. E. (2013): Wood Density and Fibre Composition of the Stem of Adansonia digitata Linn. Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences.32B(1):21-27
[3]. Winandy, J. E. (1994): Wood Properties. Encyclopaedia of Agricultural Science. 4:549-561.
[4]. Chudnoff, M. (1980): Tropical timbers of the world. USDA Forest Service, Agricultural Handbook, Washington D.C, United States. 607:826.
[5]. ATIBI (Association Technique Internationale des Bois Tropicaux)(1986). Tropical timber atlas: Part 1- Africa. ATIBT, Paris France. Pp.208.
[6]. Gerard, J and D. Louppe.(2011): Afzelia Africana Sm. ex pers. (Internet) Record from PROTA 4U. Lemmens, R.H.M.J, Louppe, D and Oteng Amoako, A.A. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa/Resources Vegetales del´ Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Certain Aspects Of Teratological Effects Of Retinoids On Skin Of Swiss Albino Mice. |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Dr Rashmi Sharma || Ashok Gupta |
Abstract: Teratology is a branch of Embryology that deals with abnormal development . The development of an organism is a complex process of embryogenesis involved cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and organogenesis. Many agents interfering the development process can cause malformations in the embryo. The study of these congenital abnormalities is called teratology and agents which are responsible for causing these malformations are called teratogens. Susceptibility to teratogens depends on the genotype of the organism, including species as well as strain differences. Etienne Geoffrey Saint Hilaire and his son in 1820 started experiments on chick embryo by disturbing its environment in different ways at different embryonic stages.
[1]. Coblan , S.Q.(1953):Excessive intake of Vit A as a cause of congenital anomalies in Rat. Science 117:535-536.
[2]. Coblan , S.Q. (1954):Congenital anomalies in rat produced by excessive intake of vit A during pregnancy. Pediatrics. 13 556-557.
[3]. Dickman , E.D. and Smith, S.M. (1996) Selective regulation of cardiomyocyte expression and cardiac morphogenesis by RA dev dynamics 206(1):39-48.
[4]. Effendy. I., (1996): Differential irritant skin responses to topical RA and sodium layryl sulphate alone and in crossover design British J. of Dermatology 134: 420-430. (Abstract).
[5]. Elmzar, M.M.A.(1996). Pattern of Retinoid induced teratogenic effect. Possible relationship with relative selectivity for nuclear retinoid receptors RAR-alpha,RAR-beta and RAR gama. Teratology 53(3):158-167.(Abstract).
[6]. Fisher, G.J. and Voiegwwa, J.J. (1996): molecular mechanisms of retinoid actions in skin,FASEB J.10(9).1002-1013.
[7]. Giroud, R. and Martinet,(1954): Fertes du Polasis chezl embryos de rat per hypervitaminose A., Comp.Rend.Soc.Biol.148:1742-1743.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Phytochemical Investigation And Evaluation Of Larvicidal Property Of Leaf Extracts Of Hyptissuaveolens (L.) Poit Against Aedesaegypti (Linn.) (Diptera; Culicidae) |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | OkontaEleje Oboma || Odoh Estella Uchenna || Chukwube Vincent || Okafor Sunday Nwankwo || Ezugwu Christopher Obodike |
Abstract: A dried powdered leaf of Hyptissuaveolens was analyzed for its phytochemical constituents. The constituents present include carbohydrates, tannin, hydrogen cyanide, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, terpenoids and alkaloids.The Larvicidal assay was carried out and graphs of percentage mortality of the three extracts were plotted. The LC50 values of chloroform, ethylacetate and ethanol extracts of Hyptissuaveolens against fourth instar larvae of Aedesaegyptis were 204.76, 45.57 and 282.89 respectively. Maximum larvicidal activity was observed in the ethyl acetate extract followed by chloroform and ethanol extract. No mortality was observed in the control. The ethyl acetate extract has the highest percentage mortality followed by the chloroform while the ethanol extract has the least activity according to WHO standard. The Larvicidal activity of most plants can be traced to the presence of these bioactive constituents.
Key words: Hyptissuaveolens, larvicidal activity, leaf extracts, Aedesaegyptis
[1]. Ramirez-Lepe, M and Ramirez-Suero, M; (2012). Biological control of mosquito Larva by Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Israelensis p 239-264.
[2]. Chandra, G, Bhaltacharjee, I, Chalterjee, S N and Gosh A (2008), Mosquito control by lavivorous fish. Indian J. Med Res 127: 13-27.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | A Prospective Study on Prescription Pattern and Quality Of Life in Epilepsy Patients at a Private Corporate Hospital |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | S. Sriram S M.Pharm.,PhD || Asokan K MD DM || Thomas P Cherian |
Abstract: A Prospective Study was conducted in Neurology Department on Prescription Pattern and Quality of Life in Epilepsy Patients at a Private Corporate Hospital in Coimbatore, India. A total of 214 cases were found, of which 83 patients were interviewed. The analysis of the results of the study conducted for a period of nine months revealed that there were 127 (59%) male patients and 87 (41%) female patients, where more number of maleswas aged between 50 and 59 years.The drug most prescribed is injection Fosolin (Fosphenytoin) given to 82 patients (38.3%), followed by tablet Frisium (Clobazam) given to 68 patients (31.7%). The quality of life of 83 patients was assessed using epilepsy specific questionnaire QOLIE-31-P. Higher score indicate better quality and lower score reflect poor quality of life.The difference in the mean values of each subscale with gender and age was observed.
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[2]. Patricia O Shafer and Joseph I Sirven. Epilepsy Statistics. Epilepsy Foundation 2013. 523-527
[3]. Sridharan R. Epidemiology of Epilepsy. Current Science 2012; 82 (6). 664-70.
[4]. JEC. Epilepsy prevalence, incidence and other statistics 2011. 2-12.
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[7]. Dieter Schmidt. Efficacy of New Antiepileptic Drugs; American Epilepsy Society 2011; 11(1). 876-878
[8]. PrahbhjotMalhi and PratibhaSinghi, Correlates of Quality of Life with Epilepsy; Indian Journal of Pediatrics 2005; Volume 72. 131-135.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | A Review: Effect of Permeation Enhancers on the Penetration Mechanism of Transdermal Gel |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Sarabjeet Singh || Kamal Saroha || Himanshi |
Abstract: Transdermal systems are non-invasive, convenient, and inexpensive and can be self-administered. They can provide sustained plasma concentration profile for long periods of time. The systems can greatly improve patient compliance through avoidance of first-past metabolism, improved bioavailability, reduction of systemic side effects and dosing schedule. In the past three decades, transdermal drug delivery has been developed to the stage where transdermal systems become a feasible way of delivering clinically effective drugs particularly those drugs with significant first-pass effect of the liver that can prematurely metabolize drugs. The advantages of this type of drug delivery include targeting specific areas of the body and decreasing the amount of drug necessary for effect as compared to drugs taken orally. KeyWords: Transdermal
[1]. Trottet L, Merly C, Mirza M, Davis AF. Effect of finite doses of propylene glycol on enhancement of in vitro percutaneous permeation of loperamide hydrochloride. Int J Pharm. 2004; 2(4):213-219.
[2]. Bhoyar N. Recent advances in novel drug delivery system through gels: review. Journal of pharmacy and allied health sciences. 2012; 2(2): 21-39.
[3]. Padma Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems Influencing Factors, Study Methods and Therapeutic Applications. Int J Pharm. 2012; 2(2): 366-374.
[4]. Ryan DG and Peterson TA. Myths about transdermal drug delivery. Drug Del. Tech. 2003; 3(4): 1-7.
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[6]. Goyal S. Novel Anti-Inflammatory Topical Herbal Gels Containing Withania somniferaand Boswellia serrata. International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archives. 2011; 2(4):1087-1094.
[7]. Shingade. Review on: Recent Trend on Transdermal Drug Delivery System.Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics. 2012; 2(1):66-75.