iosr-JPBS   Volume-10 ~ Issue-2 ~ March-April 2015

Abstract: Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcuus aureus, (MRSA) is one of the greatly feared strains as it has become resistant to most β- lactam antibiotics due to certain protective enzymes. [1,2]. Alternatively, generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) creates oxidative stress which can be lethal to such cells. Recently, number of chemicals and dyes found to stimulate the production of ROS in bacterial cells [3,4,9]. Malachite green (MG) is an example of nonflourescent and photosensitizer dye that can be targeted to a particular cellular site and generates singlet oxygen radical i.e., ROS which also helps in the sensitization of antibiotic resistant bacteria. In this study different concentration of Malachite green were used (100-1000 ng/ ml) to find the sensitivity of MRSA. 760 ng/ ml of MG was found to be lethal against MRSA.

Keywords: OH radical, Oxidative stress, Malachite green, Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Reactive Oxygen Species.

Abstract: The main objective of the study is to describe the occurrence rates and causality evidence of cancer medication–associated adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and to evaluate Medication Utilization in managing the occurred ADRs.The patient's data was collected using patient data collection forms in inpatient Radiotherapy department. The ADR assessment is done by using WHO causality assessment scale and Naranjo's causality assessment scale. In a total of 536 patients,78% (n=418) experienced adverse drug reactions. Patients with single adverse drug reaction are 43% (n=178) of 418, whereas 23% (n=96) experienced two adverse drug reactions and 9% (n=38)were found to be experiencing more than 2 adverse drug reactions. Alopecia 95% (n=397), Nausea and vomiting 82% (n=343), myelosuppression42.1% (n=176), Skin pigmentation15.3% (n=64), itching11.4% (n=48), Diarrhea11% (n=46), mucositis10.2% (n=43), Constipation6.22% (n=26), cardiotoxicity2% (n=8) are most commonly observed ADRs.Approximately 78% of patients taking chemotherapy experienced adverse drug reactions that are mostly managed by utilizing proper medications, which further elucidate the opportunity for clinical pharmacists to monitor and manage adverse drug reactions cautiously, thereby minimizing the after effects of chemotherapy and improving the patient's outcomes.

Keywords: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs), Medication Utilization, WHO causality assessment, Naranjo's causality assessment scale.

Abstract: Introduction: The importance of extracellular and intracellular magnesium has become gradually recognized during the last century. At the present moment, pathologies as common as diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia are associated with an altered metabolism of magnesium. Aim: Study included diabetics and hypertensives with Acute Myocardial Infarction to compare the levels of cations in these subgroups and also to find out any association of cation disturbances with these metabolic disorders. Materials & Methods: Study was conducted in 75 patients (n=75) admitted to the intensive coronary care unit (ICCU) with chest pain and provisional diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI). All the 75 patients were studied serially on 1st day of admission, 3rd day and 7th day after AMI. Patients without serious disease who were seen in the outpatient departments and healthy volunteers were taken as controls (n=30)..

Abstract: We already know there are many herbal plants around us in our daily life which can cure many diseases. For ex- Horseradish plant (which also known as Moringa– which cure loo from root when it titrated by different along with 7 solvents for ex- Absolute Alcohol, Rectified Spirit, Acetone , Benzene Ether solvent, Petroleum Ether, Water, CuSO4, Phenolphthalein, Isopropyl, Methyl Orange etc.

Keywords- horseradish plant, Ben oil tree, loo, Moringa, Benzene.

Abstract: The exploration of Rakchham- Chhitkul Wildlife Sanctuary present in the Baspa valley (Sangla valley) situated in remote tribal district of Kinnaur in Himachal Pradesh, India revealed the presence of a diverse population of birds consisting of 73 species, belonging to 52 genera, spread over 24 families and 9 orders. The 8.2% species of birds in the area were resident while a large percentage i.e. 91.8% being local or long range migrants. 23.2% birds were local migrants and 49.3% summer visitors. The population of around 19.1% species augmented during summers because of influx of more individuals during summer. Analysis of data revealed that of the 73 species recorded, 23 (31.5%) were very common, 34 (46.6%) common, 14 (19.1%) uncommon and 2 (2.8%) rare to the sanctuary.

Keywords: Avifauna, residential status, relative abundance, Rakchham Chhitkul Wildlife Sanctuary, District Kinnaur.

Abstract: Recent Study in the tertiary hospital in North India showed that Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus Type -2 is on the increase. To Evaluate the Utilization of Oral hypoglycaemic drugs in Diabetic Type-2, the study was conducted on Patients with established type 2 diabetes (n=360) visiting Out Patient Department. Patients were interviewed and the data obtained was tabulated in Microsoft Excel. In the present study the maximum number of patients suffering from Type 2 DM (51.2%) were males, from age group of 51-60 years. The prevalence of co-morbidities in Diabetic Patients Suffering from Hypertension was 30.56%. Sulphonylureas were the most prescribed oral Hypoglycaemics in 53.2% patients and the combination of Sulphonylureas and Biguanides was most prescribed combination in 33.3% patients.

Abstract: During the present study, about 294 individuals of Mabuya quinquetaeniata (the common name is bean skin, sehlia garraiya), were collected from Qena Governorate. Two species of Acanthocephala were identified. The first species is Oligacanthorhynchus ricinoides belonging to family Oligacanthorhynchidae Petrochenko, 1956. 2 out of 294 were found infected and the prevalence of infection was 0.68%. The second species is Pachysentis ehrenbergi belonging to family Oligacanthorhynchidae Petrochenko, 1956. 16 out of 294 were found infected and the prevalence of infection was 5.4%.

Keywords: Description - acanthocephalan – reptiles - Qena - Governorate.

Abstract: The antiplasmodial activity of crude ethanol extract of Vernonia amygdalina leaf in Plasmodium berghei infected mice was evaluated. A total of 20 mice were randomly distributed into five groups of four mice each. The infected mice were treated immediately after inoculation with 200, 400 and 600mg/kgbw of the extract respectively. Group 4 (Positive control) was treated with standard drug (Chloroquine, 5mg/kgbw) while the group 5 were administered normal-saline. The phytochemical constituents and acute toxicity of the plant extract were determined using standard procedure. The result showed that the extract contained alkaloid, tanin, saponin, glycoside, terpenoid, flavonoid, while the LD50 of the extract was 2236mg/kgbw. The parasite count was observed to decrease dose dependently.

Abstract: We already know there are many herbal plants around us in our daily life which can cure many diseases. For ex- Paederia foetida plant (which also known as – Paederia foetida which cure Jaundice from root when it titrated by different along with 7 solvents for ex- Absolute Alcohol, Rectified Spirit, Acetone , Benzene Ether solvent, Petroleum Ether, Water, CuSO4, Phenolphthalein, Isopropyl, Methyl Orange etc. After heating it increases the power of its enzymes.

Keywords: Paederia foetida plant, Methyl Alcohol, Acetone , Phenolphthalein, Isopropyl , Petroleum Ether etc.

Abstract: The stability of extracted azadirachtin was evaluated under conditions of exposure to Ultraviolet (U) light, Sunlight(S), Fridge (F), and Room temperature(R) for two weeks. Qualitative analysis of extracted azadirachtin was carried out on the sample azadirachtin using Fourier Transform Infra Red, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Thin Layer Chromatography and the results were compared with the standard azadirachtin (reference sample)

Abstract: As, we know that Aloe Vera can cure many diseases. For ex- any type of body pain and many type of soiling in body as, talking from this we see that it is herbal plants for many diseases and we think about headache can about headache and think that can it also cure headache and we find a very good and positive result.

Keywords: Aloe Vera, headache, solvents, enzymic, sulphate etc.

Abstract:Macro-morphological, microscopic,chemo microscopic and quantitative determinations were made on the roots of A. mexicana Linn. Morphologically the roots are variable in size (7-32cm), cylindrical in shape, grey-brown in colour with short fracture and the fracture surface is rough. The results of microscopic studies revealed the presence non-lignified fibres, xylem vessels made up of annular, spiral, scalariform, and reticulate type, prismed calcium oxalates, starch grains and laticifers which is articulated anastomizing. Chemomicros copicparameters shows that cellulose, lignin, tannins, calcium oxalate crystals and starch grains to be present. Quantitative physical determinant of the roots such as moisture contents (10.0% w/w), ash value (2.5% w/w), acid-insoluble ash (5.0% w/w), alcohol soluble extractive (11.0 % w/w) and water soluble extractive (27.0% w/w) value were obtained. These findings could be important in the preparation and identification of the monograph of the plant.
Key words: macroscopy, microscopy, chemomicroscopy, physical quantities, Argemone mexicana Linn

Abstract: Giant African snail (Archachatina maginata) is of high medicinal value, it haemolymph has been used in folk medicine for the treatment of liver disorders, whooping cough, anaemia, constipation, restore vitality and stop bleeding. In tune with this effect, the objective set for the present study is to identify the bioactive constituents of A. marginata haemolymph in order to understand the nature of the principle component responsible for its medicinal property. The haemolymph was extracted from the snail (A. maginata) and subjected to Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis using a GC-MS (Model: QP2010 PLUS SHIMADZU, JAPAN) comprising a AOC-20i auto-sampler and gas-chromatograph interfaced to a mass spectrometer. GC–MS analysis provided of seven peaks.

Abstract: Furosemide remains to be one of the most widely used therapies in pediatric and neonatal intensivecare and is a drug of choice in the long-term management of cardiac, pulmonary, and kidney diseases in children.Quantitation of furosemide in neonates and small children require the availability of highly sensitive assays in small volume of sample. Here, we developed a highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method utilizing dried blood spots for determination of furosemide in small volumes of human whole blood (30μl).A 3 mm disc was punched from each DBS and extracted with methanol basified with ammonia containing diclofenacas internal standard (IS). Chromatographic separation was carried out on ZORBAX SB C18 (100*4.6*3.5) column using a isocratic mobile phase mixture containing acetonitrile/0.2% acetic acid(70:30, V/V) at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min. Detection involved a TSQ vantage in the negative ion mode. The assay was validated over the concentration range of 2.5-1250 ng/mL. Intra and interassay precision values (% CV) were less than 11.0% while the accuracy was within ±15%. Furosemide is stable in the DBS samples at room temperature and in freezer at -40 ± 100C for at least 60 days.

Key words: Dried blood spot, Furosemide, Hematocrit, LC-MS/MS, Pediatric

Abstract:The review of literature showed that cinnoline derivatives were found to elicit many pharmacological
actions like anti-hypertensive, antithrombotic, antihistamine, antileukemic, CNS activity, anti tumor,
antibacterial and antisecretory activity.
Imidazole can be found in many other drugs such as dacarbazine, metronidazole, cimetidine, flumazenil,
thyroliberin, methimazole, pilocarpine and etomidate which are used as antineoplastic antibiotic, antiulcerative,
benzodiazepine antagonist, prohormone, antihyperthyroid, muscarinic receptor.

Abstract: An investigation was carried out here on physiochemical and microbiological assessment of lagoon water collected from different sampling stations where waste disposal is at large scale. A total of seven water samples were collected from three sample stations, Victoria Island, Okobaba saw mill and Makoko for analysis purpose. The pH, salinity (mg/L), dissolved oxygen (mg/L), temperature, biochemical oxygen demand (mg/L), acidity (mg/LCaCO3) and alkalinity (mg/LCaCO3) of the collected water samples were in the range of 7.21-7.72, 8.18-189.2, 2.20-5.12, 26.8-27.5, 0.89-3.12, 28-100 and 152-328 respectively. The Total bacterial count of water samples were in the range of 1.7x103-1.9x107 in nutrient agar whereas the TBC values were the range of 8.7x102 – 1.8x105.