iosr-JMCE   Volume-13 ~ Issue-3 ~ May-June 2016

Abstract: High volume fly ash concrete reduces the demand for cement and gives mechanical strength appropriate for normal construction. In the present investigation Portland cement has been replaced up to 60% by Fly ash. Five concrete mixes were designed to determine the effect of fly ash on workability, compressive, tensile and flexural strengths of concrete

Keywords: Fly ash, Portland cement, Strength, High volume, Concrete

[1]. A. Bilodeau, and V.M. Malhotra, High-volume fly ash system: concrete solution for sustainable development. Mater J; 97(1), 2000, 41–8.
[2]. BS1881 - 118, Testing Concrete - Method for determination of flexural strength. British Standards Institute, London, U.K., 1983.
[3]. BS1881 - 103, Testing Concrete - Method for determination of compacting factor. British Standards. Institute, London, U.K, 1993.
[4]. M.A.A. Calverley, The design of British Airports Authority pavements. Int. Conf. On Concrete Pavement Design, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, 1977, pp.97–106.
[5]. Department of Transport, Specification for Road and Bridge Works, H.M. Stationery Office, London, 1976.

Abstract: Decomposing the refused waste & maximum possible degradation of food from canteen of Institutes/organization & other sources would solve the later purpose. Due to increase in population, busy life schedules & haphazard living style of the people, there is drastic change in their food consumption style leading to a large quantity of waste left out. Now a day's practices are being done for solid waste degradation up to 20-25% using Chemicals. It is essential to decompose the waste before that it becomes necessary to degrade that waste to a larger scale using Ayurvedic herbals in proper, effective and economical way..........

Key words: Solid Waste, Organic Waste, Food Waste, Canteen, Ayurvedic, Herbal, Plants, Medicines, Decomposition

[1]. Sharma, S., Shah, K.W., (2005), "Generation and disposal of solid waste in Hoshangabad‟, In: Book of Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Chemistry and Environment, Indore, India, pp. 749–751.

[2]. Shekdar, A. V., Krshnawamy, K. N., Tikekar, V. G., Bhide, A. D., (1992), "Indian urban solid waste management systems – jaded systems in need of resource augmentation. Journal of Waste Management 12 (4), 379–387

[3]. US EPA, (1999): National source reduction characterization report for municipal solid waste in the United States. EPA 530R-99-034, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, D.C.
[4]. Rathi S. (2006). Alternative approaches for better municipal solid waste management in Mumbai, India. Journal of Waste Management 26 (10), 1192–1200.
[5]. Sharholy, M., Ahmad, K., Mahmood, G., Trivedi, R. C., (2005) "Analysis of municipal solid waste management systems in Delhi‟ – a review. In: Book of Proceedings for the second International Congress of Chemistry and Environment, Indore, India, pp. 773–777.

Abstract: Environmental & health issues nowadays represent attracting & increasing attention in our society. Understanding the importance of quality of their surroundings, people are beginning to pay attention towards their consumption patterns and the related potential impacts on the environment and wellbeing of the current as well as future generation However, design and construction of residential buildings is often not conducted with an analysis of the life cycle costs and environmental impacts......

Keywords: Residential building, Carbon Emission, Environmental Life Cycle Assessment

[1]. Venkatarama Reddy, B.V. Jagadish. ―Embodied energy of common and alternative building materials and technologies‖. ENB 2001, 35, 129-137
[2]. ISO 14042 Environmental Management—Life Cycle Assessment—Life Cycle Impact Assessment. International Standards Organization: Brussels, Belgium, 2006.
[3]. Bakhoum E. S., Garas G. L. and Allam M. E. ―Sustainability Analysis of Conventional and Eco-Friendly Materials: A Step towards Green Building‖. vol. 10, no. 2, February 2015. ISSN 1819-6608.
[4]. Antti Säynäjoki, Jukka Heinonen and Seppo Junnila ―Carbon Footprint Assessment of a Residential Development Project‖. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 2, No. 2, April 2011
[5]. Nicolas Harmouche, el at. ―Developing a Carbon Footprint Calculator for Construction Buildings‖. Construction Research Congress 2012 © ASCE 2012

Abstract: In Wind energy, Wind Speed plays important roles for power generation, So the Analysis of wind speed is necessity of this study. The statistical Analysis of Wind Characteristics and wind energy potential in this study ,using a monthly and yearly average wind speed data. The wind energy potential of several locations in Gujarat is received by compiling data from Agricultural Universities of Gujarat and its Agricultural science centre(krishi vigyan Kendra).......

Keywords: Energy Potential, Extraploted, wind energy, weibull distribution

[1]. S Shtrakov,Probability Methods For Wind Energy Assessment,Journal of Applied Electromagnetism,JAE,Vol.12,No.2,2010
[2]. A Ibrahim,Dr.M Saeed,Wind Energy Potential In Garmyan Zone,Diyaia Journal For Pure Sciences,Vol.6 No.02,April 2010
[3]. M Albuhairi,Assessment And Analysis Of Wind Power Density In Taiz-Republic Of Yemen,Ass.Univ.Environ.Res.Vol.9 No.2,October 2006

Abstract: Increase in energy demand as well as environmental considerations such as ozone layer depletion forces the human being to think over the safe alternatives for refrigerants used in air conditioning systems. In this paper, waste exhaust gases of truck engine is used to cool the air .here the air conditioning system is based on Reversed Brayton cycle. The use of air as refrigerant overcomes the all environmental disadvantages of refrigerant like R12, R22, etc.......

Keywords: Turbocharger, COP.

[1]. Arora, C P. (2000). Refrigeration and air conditioning. West Patel Nagar: Tata McGraw‐Hill Publishing Company Limited.
[2]. Bhatti, M.S, 1999,"Evolution of Automation Air Conditioning," ASHRAE Journal, 30-49, September.
[3]. Christopher J. Forster, "Development Of An Air‐Cycle Environmental Control System For AutomotiveApplications" December 2009
[4]. Hosnoz, M., & Direk, M. (2006). "Performance evaluation of an integrated automotive air conditioning and heat pump system". Energy Conversion & Management, 47, 545‐559.
[5]. Jenelle Pope "Analysis of Turbocharger System for a Diesel Engine" Dec 2009

Abstract: This paper investigates the effect of silica fume (SF) content on the compressive strength of concrete at high elevated temperatures .Effects of key variables such as (SF) content , several high temperatures and the exposure time to heat were studied .An experimental program was conducted to achieve the required objects. 60 cubes were tested under axial compressive loads.......

Keywords: silica fume – elevated temperatures and compressive strength.

[1]. Bahar Demirel and Oguzhan Kelestemur effect of elevated temperature on the mechanical properties of concrete produced with finely ground pumice and silica fume .Fire Safety Journal , 45(6-8) , November – December 2010 , pp. 385-391
[2]. ACI committee 363 guide for the use of silica fume in concrete , American Concrete Institute , Detroit (1994)
[3]. V.M. Malhotra fly ash , slag, silica fume ,and rice – husk ash in concrete : a review , Concrete Int , 15(1993), pp.23-28 , View Record in Scopus l Citing articles (68)
[4]. K.D. Hertz Danish investigations on silica fume concretes at elevated temperatures , ACI Mater J , 89 (4) (1992) , pp. 345 – 347 , View Record in Scopus l Citing articles (67)
[5]. Hertz KD. Heat – induced explosion of dense concretes . Report No. 166 , Institute of Bulding Design , Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby ; 1984.

Abstract: Art structures are the integral parts of transportation structures. Art structures were built as reinforced concrete (RC) generally. In this study, three different structures which were RC bridge, culverts and retaining walls were selected. The amount of concrete used in each of these structures was calculated based on the quantity of materials. Cost calculations for each art structure were made for different concrete classes. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of concrete class on the cost of art structures in transportation structures. Calculations have been made for each concrete class which was selected as C20, C25, C30, C35, C40 and C45.......

Keywords: Bitlis, Ahlat, rapid assessment, RC

[1]. Bayoğlu, S. (1997). Orman Transport Tesisleri ve Taşıtlan (Orman Yolları). İstanbul Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi Yayın No: 3969/434, ISBN 975-404-430-9, İstanbul.
[2]. Erdaş, O., (1997). Orman Yolları. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi, Yayın no:187/25, 188/26, Cilt I-II, Trabzon.
[3]. Işık, E., Kaya, C., Tapancı, T., (2015). Effects of Material Strength on Structural Performance for the Irregularity Structure. International Journal of Novel Research in Civil Structural and Earth Sciences, 2(2), 23-28
[4]. TS500, (2000). Betonarme Yapıların Hesap ve Yapım Kuralları. Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara
[5]. Özgan, E.,Uzunoğlu, M.,M., Subaşı,S., 2007. Okul Binalarında Büyük Onarım Maliyetlerinin İncelenmesi ve Maliyet Tahmini. Uluslararası Deprem Sempozyumu, 2007, Kocaeli, 5s.

Abstract: Gas turbines (GTs) are commonly used in the power generation field. In some applications, it is the preferred option due to its compactness and low weight. Site conditions especially ambient temperature has a strong influence on the gas turbine performance. The gas turbines power plant that is currently under operation in northern kingdom of Saudi Arabia consists of 7 gas turbine of 25MW each. In this area, during summer season, the ambient temperature may reach 50 °C when peak demand occurred, resulting in lower power output and consequently, the problem of electricity black-out occurs unless power demand is decreased........

Keywords: Gas turbines power plants, power loss, hot climates, and analysis

[1]. Meherwan,P,B, 2002‖Gas turbine engineering handbook‖ the boyce consultancy, Fellow, American society of mechanical engineer and Institute of Diesel and gas turbine engineers, UK.
[2]. FIAT, TTG, TG20 Gas turbine training manual.
[3]. Frank J. Brooks ‖GE Gas Turbine Performance Characteristics‖ GE Power Systems, Schenectady, NY, GER-3567H.
[4]. General electric training manual , GEK 111323, 2005
[5]. NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy. Available from: /http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/sse.

Abstract: The function of a cylinder is to retain the working fluid and to guide the piston. The cylinders are usually made of cast iron or cast steel. Since the cylinder has to withstand high temperature due to the combustion of fuel, therefore, some arrangement must be provided to cool the cylinder. The single cylinder engines (such as scooters and motorcycles) are generally air cooled. They are provided with fins around the cylinder. The multi-cylinder engines (such as cars) are provided with water jackets around the cylinders to cool it.IC engine is the most important part in power generation........

Keywords: Optimization, Design, Weight, Heat Transfer analysis, IC Engine

[1] Dimitov L(2001), "Principle of mechanical engineering design".
[2] Mcvey(1955), "material in engine design".
[3] A text book on Machine Design, V.Bandari- TMH publishers.
[4] A text on machine design by SMD Jallaludin, Anuradha publications.
[5] Design of machine elements by pandya and shah.

Abstract: The aim of the current study is to identify and assess the most significant risk factors affecting the construction of public projects in Jordan and their probability of occurrence, impact and total effect. A questionnaire survey was carried out and a total of 53 risk factors were identified and categorized into four groups. These are technical related (19 factors), management related (12 factors), financial and market related (13 factors) and political, social and environmental related (9 factors). Total number of participants contributed to the survey was 108 distributed as 36 clients, 32 consultants and 40 contractors involve in the implementation of public works projects.........

Keywords: Risk factors, management, construction project, public works, Jordan

[1] Project Management Institute, Guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK® Guide),5th ed. (Newtown Square: Project Management Institute, 2008).
[2] L.S. Pheng and Q.T. Chuan, Environmental factors and work performance of project managers in the construction industry. International Journal Project Management, 24(1), 2006, 4–37.
[3] P.K. Dey and S.O. Ogunlana, Selection and application of risk management tools and techniques for build-operate-transfer projects. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 104(4), 2004, 334–346.

Abstract: Present day modern industries are very energy intensive one. In various manufacturing and process plants large amount of residual heat is being wasted. For example in a steel plant cooling of newly casted or rolled bars is involved, in a cement process plant cooling of clinker evolve large amount of residual heat etc. Although the heat available from these sources is of low grade quality and conventional energy conversion process proves to be insufficient, however by the application of thermoelectric generator this low grade energy can be converted into high grade electrical energy.......

Keywords: Thermoelectric, Seebeck effect, figure of merit, thermocouple, high grade energy, thermoelectric module

[1]. Z.H. Dughaish, Lead telluride as a thermoelectric material for thermoelectric power generation ARTICLE in PHYSICA B
CONDENSED MATTER · SEPTEMBER 2002
[2]. Saniya LeBlanc, Thermoelectric generators: Linking material properties and systems engineering for waste heat recovery
applications published in Elsevier, November 2014
[3]. Quantum mechanics for engineer by Leon Van Dommelen
[4]. Cai Zhao-kun, Fan Ping, Zheng Zhuang-hao, Liu Peng-juan, Chen Tian-bao, Cai Xing-min, Luo Jing-ting, Liang Guang-xing,
Zhang Dong-ping, Thermoelectric properties and micro-structure characteristics of annealed N-type bismuth telluride thin film,
ARTICLE in APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE · SEPTEMBER 2013

Abstract: Winglets have become popular additions to high speed aircraft wanting to increase fuel efficiency by reducing drag from wingtip vortices. Numerical studies have been carried out to investigate the best aerodynamic performance of a subsonic aircraft wing at various cant angles of winglets. This analytical study includes NACA653218airfoil section coordinates for the wing design and the winglet with the blended design. In this Paper, a numerical validation procedure by FLUENT ®6.3.26, computational fluid dynamics software with The Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model is described for determination and estimation aerodynamic characteristics for three dimensional subsonic rectangular wing (with NACA65-218airfoil section).........

Keywords: Blended,winglet, Induce drag, Lift, Vortices, Aircraft.

[1] Yates,J. E. , and Donaldson, C., "Fundamental Study of Drag and an Assessment of Conventional Drag-Due-To-Lift Reduction Devices", NASA Contract Rep 4004, 1986
[2] Whitcomb, R. T., "A Design Approach and Selected Wind-Tunnel Results at High Subsonic Speeds for Wing-Tip Mounted Winglets", NASA N D-8260, 1976
[3] Whitcomb, R. T., "Methods for Reducing Aerodynamic Drag", NASA Conference Publication 2211, Proceedings of Dryden Symposium, California 1981
[4] Maughmer, M. D., Timothy, S. S., and Willits, S. M., "The Design and Testing of a Winglet Airfoil for Low-Speed Aircraft", AIAA Paper 2001-2478, 2001

Abstract: In this study we made an attempt to prepare nickel (Ni) coated aluminium (Al)via electroless deposition technique for the formation of a thin metallic nickel film coating on pure sintered aluminium substrate which was developed by powder metallurgy route.The metal film of nickel was deposited on the metal surface of aluminium from an aqueous electrolytic solution of nickel chloride as a source ofnickel. This electroless deposition process involves without additional external electrode or any electric current passingthrough it.The surface structure of sintered aluminium is changed as a consequence of several........

Keywords: Sintered aluminium, Electrolesscoating, XRD, SEM, Porosity, Vickers micro-hardness.

[1]. Torralba JM, Costa CE and Velasco F., P/M aluminum matrix composites: an overview, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 133 (1- 2), 2003, 203-206. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/S0924-0136(02)00234-0.
[2]. Dewidar MM, Yoon H-C and Lim JK., Mechanical properties of metals for biomedical applications using powder metallurgy process: a review, Metals and Materials International, 12 (3), 2006, 193-206. http://dx.doi. org/10.1007/BF03027531.
[3]. J.C. Rajaguru, C. Au and M. Duke, Study of electroless nickel plating on PerFactoryTM rapid prototype model, Journal of achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, 55(2), 2012, 782-789.
[4]. X. Tang, C. Bi, C. Han, B. Zhang, A new palladium free surface activation process for Ni electroless plating on ABS plastic, Material Letters, 63, 2009, 840-842.
[5]. H. Adachi, K. Taki, S. Nagamine and A. Yusa, M. Ohshima, Supercritical carbon dioxide assisted electroless plating on thermoplastic polymers, The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 49, 2009, 265-270.

Abstract: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are considered as the largest integration of modern technology which have enormous potential for both military special operations & civil applications. UAVs are often preferred for missions that are too "dull, dirty, and dangerous". Its efficiency & success depends on factors such as performance, maintenance costs, design etc. This Paper aims to optimize the design of the wing of a medium size surveillance type UAV, by carrying out both analytical and computational analysis of aerodynamic and structural loads & also to study various materials and techniques for the fabrication of the designed wing. During the study, an attempt was made to familiarize with the theoretical aerodynamics, aircraft structural design methodologies and historical trends in wing design........

Keywords: Solidworks, simulation, airfoil, design, wing, control surface etc.

[1]. Reg austin, UAVS Design, Development and Deployment, P-34, , Introduction to UAS
[2]. Daniel P. Raymer , "Aircraft design: A conceptual approach", Thickness Ratio historical trend , Fig 4.14, Fourth Edition, Pg 51, 2006
[3]. John D. Anderson Jr, "Aircraft Performance and Design", Tata McGraw-Hill Edition 2010.
[4]. Mohammad Sadrey, "Chapter 5 Wing Design", July 27, 2013
[5]. Ajoy Kumar Kundu, "Aircraft design", 2010

Abstract: New bio lubricant was produced by introducing Zinc-Dialkyl-Dithiophosphate (ZDDP) into commercialized Pongamia oil. ZDDP is added which lowers the kinematic viscosity and reduces the density. The newly developed bio lubricant oil was tested with a Cannon fenske viscometer for viscosity test and with hydrometer for density test while Pongamia oil with 2 wt% ZDDP showed least kinematic........

Keywords: Pongamia, ZDDP, Bio-lubricant

[1]. O. A. Emmanuel, & O. J Mudiakeoghene, "The use of antioxidants in vegetable oils – A review," African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(25), pp. 4836 - 4842, 2008
[2]. S. Nadia, S. Jumat, Y. Emad , & A. Mudhaffar, "Biolubricant basestocks from chemically modified plant oils: ricinoleic acid based tetraesters", Chemistry Central Journal, 7(128), pp. 1-13, 2013
[3]. Muhamad Azwar Azhari, Quratul Nadia Suffian, Nur Rashid Mat Nuri, "The Effect of Zinc Dialkyldithiophosphate Addition to Corn Oil in Supression of Oxidation as Enhancement for Biolubricant: A Review", Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol 9, No 9, 1447 – 1449, 2014
[4]. M. Masabumi, S. Hiroyasu, S. Akihito and K. Osamu, "Prevention of oxidative degradation of ZnDTP by micro capsulation and verification of its antiwear performance", Tribology International. 41, 1097-1102, 2008.

Abstract: All over the world the use of petroleum products has been increased tremendously. As we know that the diesel vehicle population is growing at an alarming rate. The emission caused by these fossils combustion in IC engines has been led to air pollution, greenhouse effect and also ozone layer thinning. The search for reduction of exhaust emissions from the exhaust gases of IC engines has been underway for the past three decades. The exhaust emissions will irritate skin, eyes, nose, and throat and also leads to bronchitis asthma with continuous expose with this atmosphere in the long run........

Keywords: Diesel, Performance, Emissions, Biofuel, Rape seed oil

[1]. Alan C. Hansen, Qin Zhang and Peter W. L. Lyne, "Ethanol–diesel fuel blends a review", Bioresource Technology, Volume 96, Issue 3, February 2005, Pages 277-285.
[2]. Dr.HiregoudarYerrennagoudar, Manjunatha K, et.al. "Performance & emission of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Ethanol"International Journal of Engineering Science and innovative Technology (IJESIT),(ISSN 2319 – 5967) (Online)) Volume No.3, Issue No.4, July2014) [3]. NevenVoca,BorisVarga,TajanaKricka, DuskaCuric, VanjaJurisic and Ana Matin, "Progress in ethanol production from corn kernel by applying cooking pre-treatment" BioresourceTechnologyVolume 100, Issue 10, May 2009, Pages 2712-2718.
[4]. Avinash Kumar Agarwal, "Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines" Renewable Energy, 27 November 2006

Abstract: Drag is a mechanical force generated by a solid object moving through a fluid. For drag to be generated, the solid body must be in contact with the fluid. Drag is generated by the difference in velocity between the solid object and the fluid. Drag acts in the direction opposite to the direction of motion of the body. Microbubbles is a drag reduction device that reduces skin friction of a solid body moving in water by injecting small bubbles into the turbulent boundary layer developing on the solid body........

Keywords: Drag, Microbubbles, Net power saving, Skin friction

[1] McCormick, M.E. and Bhattacharyya, R., 1973, "Drag Reduction of a Submersible Hull by Electrolysis", Naval Engineers Journal, Vol.85, No.2, pp. 11-16.
[2] C. Merkle,. and S. Deutsch:"Drag Reduction in Liquid Boundary Layers by Gas Injection", Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics vol.123, AIAA.

[3] Guin M.M., Kato, H., Maeda, M., and Miyanaga, M., 1996, "Reduction of Skin Friction by Microbubbles and Its Relation with Near-WallBubble Concentration in a Channel", Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 241-254.
[4] Takahashi,T. et al.,1997,"Streamwise Distribution of the Skin Friction Reduction by Microbubbles", J. of the Society of Naval Architects of Japan, vol.182, pp.1-8.
[5] Y. Kodama,et al.,:"Experimental study on microbubbles and their applicability to ships for skin friction reduction.", International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow21 ,2000.

Abstract: In the present work, Aluminum alloy A356-TiB2 In-situ MMCs have been successfully synthesized and fabricated different pouring temperatures with permanent and sand mould conditions through chemical reactions between Aluminium, Titanium and Boron bearing salts and to test in terms of mechanical property (i.e. Tensile) and numerical simulation by Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The observation of SEM micrographs shows particle distribution of the TiB2 and it appears in hexagonal shape in Al matrix........

Keywords: In-situ, Al/TiB2, Finite Element Analysis, Tensile strength

[1]. DJ. Lloyd,Particle reinforced aluminium and magnesium matrix composites, Int Mater Rev 1994; 39(1):1–21.
[2]. J.V. Wood, P. Davies, J.L.F. Kellie, Properties of reactively cast aluminium-TiB2 alloys, Materials Science and Technology, 9 (1993), 833-840.
[3]. K. Niranjan, P.R.Lakshminarayanan, Dry sliding behavior of in situ Al/TiB2composites, Materials and Design 2013; 47: 167–173.
[4]. C.Mallikarjuna, S.M. Shashidhara, The precipitation of TiB2 in aluminum alloy melts from the exothermic reaction of K2TiF6 and KBF4 halide salts and evaluation of its mechanical properties [C], World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science, San Francisco, USA, 2007: 978−988.
[5]. S.C. Tjong, Z.Y. Ma1, Microstructural and mechanical characteristics of in situ metal matrix composites, Materials Science and Engineering, Reports, 29 (2000), 49-113.

Abstract: The paper presents an Excel-based computer model for assessing the effect of suction-line heat exchangers (SLHXs) on the performance of vapour-compression refrigerant systems. The paper verifies the model by comparing it's results with previous analyses that used the more established REFPROP and CoolPack software. The model is then used to compare the effect of SLHXs on the performance of six refrigerants as suitable alternatives for refrigerant R-22 in air-conditioning applications.........

Keywords: Refrigerant R-22, alternative refrigerants, suction-line heat exchanger, computer simulation

[1] B.O. Bolaji, D.O. Komolafe, F.O. Ajayi and E. Akinnibosun, Performance Assessment of Three Eco-Friendly Hydro-Fluorocarbon and Hydrocarbon Refrigerant Mixtures as R-22 Alternatives in Refrigeration Systems, Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 23 (8), 2015, 1677-1684

[2] B.O. Bolaji, Z. Huan, Francis O. Borokinni, Energy Performance of Eco-friendly R152a and R600a Refrigerants as Alternative to R134a in Vapour Compression Refrigeration System, ANUL XXI, NR. 1, 2014, 354-367
[3] B.O. Bolaji, Theoretical analysis of the energy performance of three low global warming potential hydro-fluorocarbon refrigerants as R134a alternatives in refrigeration systems, Proc IMechE Part A: J Power and Energy, Vol 228 (1), 2014, 56–63
[4] M. Ghodbane, An Investigation of R152a and Hydrocarbon Refrigerants in Mobile Air Conditioning, SAE TECHNICALPAPER SERIESY. International Congress and Exposition, Detroit, Michigan, March 1-4, 1999

Abstract: In this paper, the numerical homogenization technique and morphological analysis are used in order to compute in microscale of porous materials. The computational effective elastic properties homogenization is based on a 3D random material with cylindrical pores. Periodic boundary conditions are applied on the representative volume element (RVE) of microstructures, for effective elastic properties modeling by finite element method. The integral range is introduced for morphological characterization[1].........

Keywords: Porous materials, Representative volume element, Homogenization technique, Statistical-Numerical approaches, Finite element method.

[1]. Kanit, T., Forest, S., Galliet, I., Mounoury, V. and Jeulin, D., "Determination of the size of the representative volume element for random composites: statistical and numerical approach", Int. J. Solids Struct., Vol. 40, pp. 3647-3679, 2003
[2]. Ichitsubo, T., Tane, M., Ogi, H., Hirao, M., Ikeda, T. and Nakajima, H., "Anisotropic elastic constants of lotus-type porous copper: Measurements and micromechanics modeling", Acta. Mater., Vol. 50, pp. 4105-4115, 2002.
[3]. Ashby, M.F., Evans, A., Fleck, N.A., Gibson, L.J., Hutchinson, J.W. and Wadley, H.N.G., "Metal Foams: A Design Guide", Butterworth-Heinemann, Burlington, 2000.
[4]. Nakajima, H., "Fabrication, properties and applications of porous materials with directional pores", Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, Vol. 86, pp. 884-899, 2010.
[5]. Gitman, I.M., Askes, H. and Sluys, L.J., "Representative volume: Existence and size determination", Eng. Fract. Mech., Vol. 74, pp. 2518-2534, 2007.

Abstract: The numerical analysis with dual boundary element method for shape optimal design in two-dimensional linear elastic structures is proposed. The design objective is to minimize the structural compliance, subject to an area constraint. Sensitivities of objective and constraint functions, derived by means of Lagrangean approach and the material derivative concept with an adjoint variable technique, are computed through analytical expressions that arise from optimality conditions..........

Keywords: dual boundary element, shape optimization, feasible directions, pyopt software

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[4]. Choi, K.K., Haug, E.J., Hou, J.W., Sohoni, V.N., 1983, "Pshenichny'sLinearization Method for Mechanical System Optimization",
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[5]. Haug, E.J., Choi, K.K., Hou, J.W., Yoo, Y.M., 1984, "A Variational Method for Shape Optimal Design of Elastic Structures", in
New Directions in Optimal Structural Design, E. Atreket al. (Eds.), Wiley, New York, 1984, pp. 105–137.