iosr-JMCE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep-Oct 2014

Abstract: The use of hydrogen as a fuel for the internal combustion engine represents an alternative to solve both of the greatest problems related to the use of classic fuels: the limitation of the fossil fuels consumption and the environment pollution. We first describe hydrogen-engine fundamentals by examining the engine-specific properties of hydrogen and topics that are discussed include abnormal combustion (backfire, pre-ignition and knock),emissions of NOx and load control strategies (power output versus NOx tradeoff). Finally, we consider comprehensive overview of the design features of a dedicated hydrogen S.I., Direct-Injection hydrogen fueled internal combustion engine.

[1]. Drell IL, Belles FE. Survey of hydrogen combustion properties.
[2]. Technical Report 1383. National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics, 1958.
[3]. Stockhausen WF, Natkin RJ, Kabat DM, Reams L, Tang X, Hashemi S, et al. Ford P2000 hydrogen engine design and vehicle development program. SAE paper 2002; 2002-01-0240.
[4]. Kondo T, Lio
[5]. Homan HS, DE Boer PCT, McLean WJ.

Abstract: This work deals with fabricating or producing aluminium based metal matrix composite and thenstudying its microstructure and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, impact strength and wear behavior of produced test specimen. In this present study a modest attempt has been made to develop aluminium based MMCs with reinforcing material with an objective to develop a conventional low cast method of producing MMCs and to obtain homogeneous dispersion of reinforced material. To achieve this objective stir casting technique has been adopted. Aluminium Alloy (LM6) and Sic, Fly Ash, Red mud has been chosen as matrix and reinforcing material respectively. Experiment has been conducted by varying weight fraction of Sic, Fly Ash, Redmud. The result shown that the increase in addition of Fly Ash is giving better result when compared with Redmud.

Keywords: Fly Ash (F.A.), Redmud(R.M.), Hybrid Composites, Silicon Carbide, stir casting

[1]. MahendraBoopathi, M., K.P. Arulshri and N. Iyandurai, Evaluation of Mechanical properties of Aluminium alloy 2024 reinforced with Silicon Carbide and Fly ash hybrid metal matrix composites, American Journal of Applied Sciences, 10 (3): 219-229, 2013.
[2]. Mr. Amol D. Sable1, Dr. S. D. Deshmukh,Preparation of metal matrix composites by stir casting method, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, Volume 3, Issue 3, September - December (2012), pp. 404-41.
[3]. Basavaraju.SArasukumar.KDr.ChandrashekharBendigeriDr.C.K.Umesh, Studies on Mechanical Properties and Tribological Characteristics of LM25- Graphite- Silicon Carbide and LM25-Flyash- Silicon Carbide - Hybrid MMC's,International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 1, Issue 1, November 2012.
[4]. H.C. Anilkumar , H.S. Hebbar and K.S. Ravishankar, Mechanical properties of Fly ash reinforced Aluminium alloy(Al6061) composites,International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering (IJMME), Vol.6 (2011), No.1, 41-45.
[5]. Shanmughasundara, R. Subramanian and G. Prabhu, Some Studies on Aluminium – Fly ash Composites Fabricated by Two Step Stir Casting Method,European Journal of Scientific Research,ISSN 1450-216X Vol.63 No.2 (2011), pp.204-218.

Abstract: Natural gas is a convenient, clean and cheap energy source. It has many applications including as fuel for power generation, industrial and home heating and as a chemical feedstock. It is usually transported in the liquid form because of the tremendous reduction in volume, when liquefied 600m3 of natural gas reduce into 1m3.LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) is carried at -163°C and slightly above atmospheric pressure. All the special features of LNG carriers arise from the need to carry cargo at such a low temperature of -163°C. When the tanks are not full, the motion of the ship caused by the wind and waves result in the movement of LNG within the tanks. These movements (sloshing) can severely damage the containment system of the LNG tanker. The present research aims to check the structural stability of a spherical LNG tanker (Kvaerner Moss spherical tank) considering the sloshing effect with different LNG filling levels.

Keywords: LNG, Sloshing, LNG tanker, Moss Spherical tank, ANSYS, Sloshing frequency, Sloshing height

[1] Hale Saglam, Ulrikke Brandt, and Britta Wodecki, LNG Carriers, Marine Structural Engineering, 2012
[2] Ling Hou, Fangcheng Li and Chunliang, A Numerical Study of liquid sloshing in a two-dimensional tank under external excitations, Engineering College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang,2012
[3] Q.W. Ma, Wen Yang Duan, J. Zhou, Xing Zheng, S. Yan, Numerical study on impact pressure due to violent sloshing waves, School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, City University, London, UK, 2009
[4] Jangh W. Kim, Kunho Kim, Peter S. Kim and Yung S. Shin, Sloshing ship motion coupling effect for the Sloshing Impact Load on the LNG Containment System, American Bureau of Shipping Houston, Texas, USA, 2005
[5] Anders Wadahl ,Per Christiansen, LNG FPSO Based on Spherical Tanks, Offshore Technology Conference,2002
[6] A.J Gavin, Design and construction aspects of containment systems for the carriage of liquefied gases in ships, Lloyds register technical association, 1978-79

Abstract: Design and simulation of the chassis of any automobile for validation against crash and its consequences is the major area of research done by the designers in the automobile industry today. It is common for off road vehicles to encounter large obstacles including trees and rocks. The structure must be designed well enough to ensure that these loads do not cause damage that immobilize the vehicle. Generally the chassis design is made considering standardized impact loads and constraints. But the problem with such simulation is that, it does not consider the effect of inertia of individual components, thus leading to failure at mount supports. A complete dynamic analysis considering all the components of the vehicle should be done, but it is not a simple task even for the automotive companies. So an approximate model is developed using different elements in ANSYS APDL and a transient multi-body analysis is carried out to check for failure in the roll cage due to inertia of major components.

Keywords: COMBIN14, Inertia, MASS21, MPC184, Multi-body analysis, PIPE289, Roll-cage, Transient

[1]. Frederico Silva, Tiago Ribeiro, Fernando Neves and Carla Anflor, Dynamic analysis of an off-road vehicle, 21st Brazilian Congress of Mechanical Engineering October 24-28, 2011, Natal, RN, Brazil.
[2]. S.N.Mahathi, K.Sreekanth Reddy, Simulation of Roll cage of an All-Terrain Vehicle Attributing Differential Finite Element, IOSR, e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 11, Issue 2 Ver. VII (Mar- Apr. 2014).
[3]. Goering, Carroll E., Marvin L Stone, David W. Smith, and Paul K. Turnquist. 2003. "Chassis mechanics". Chapter 14 in "Off-Road Vehicle Engineering Principles", 383-420. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASAE. © American Society of Agricultural Engineers.
[4]. Anthony Taylor Owens, Marc Daniel Jarmulowicz and Peter Jones, Structural Considerations of a Baja SAE Frame, SAE TECHNICAL PAPER SERIES, 2006-01-3626, December 5-7, 2006.
[5]. Thanneru Raghu Krishna Prasad, Goutham Solasa, Nariganani SD Satyadeep, G.Suresh Babu, "Static Analysis and Optimisation of Chassis and Suspension of an All-Terrain Vehicle". International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-2, Issue-5, June 2013

Abstract: The output of a solar panel depends on various factors and one of them is the tilt angle of the panel. Though small changes in the tilt angle might not cause great difference in the output of a panel but when we talk about huge solar photovoltaic plants, even a small difference in solar tilt may result in loss of hundreds of kilowatt. This paper focuses on optimizing the tilt angle for fixed support panels at VIT University (Vellore, India). The paper lays more focus on weighted average calculation of tilt angle rather than calculation of simple average. The graphical and analytical calculations as well as Simulink analysis gives an accurate tilt angle of 19.5640o instead of 17.7093o which is found by simple averaging method in MATLAB. Though this 2 degrees difference would not matter for small plants but for plants with more than 5 MW capacity, this optimization of 2 degrees can help save a lot of energy.

Keywords: weighted average, zenith angle, declination angle, MATLAB Simulink, optimum solar tilt angle, solar azimuth angle.

[1]. T. Pavlović, Z. Pavlović, L. Pantić, Lj. Kostić, "DETERMINING OPTIMUM TILT ANGLES AND ORIENTATIONS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS IN NIŠ, SERBIA", Contemporary Materials I−2 (2010)
[2]. PI Cooper, "The absorption of radiation in solar stills", Solar Energy, Volume 12, 1969
[3]. Formula of Angle of Declination for elliptical orbits: ELEG620: Solar Electric Systems University of Delaware, ECE Spring 2008C. Honsberg.
[4]. M. Narendra Kumar, Kuldip Singh, K. S. R. Anjaneyulu, "Solar Power Analysis Based on Tracking Simulation", International Electrical Engineering Journal (IEEJ), Vol. 5 (2014)
[5]. Reda, I., Andreas, A. (2004). "Solar Position Algorithm for Solar Radiation Applications". Solar Energy (Elsevier) 76 (5): 577–589. Bibcode:2004SoEn...76..577R. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2003.12.003. ISSN 0038-092X
[6]. M. Benghanem, "Optimization of tilt angle for solar panel: Case study for Madinah, Saudi Arabia", ELSEVIER, Applied Energy 88 (2011) 1427–1433

Abstract: Vegetable oils and animal fats (triglycerides) were the first liquid fuels used in the rise of civilization, and now again are a potential source of alternate diesel fuel. They are 20 times as viscous as diesel fuel, however, and so form carbon deposits on diesel cylinders and injectors. They are also typically %3-$S/gallon, and so are too expensive to compete economically with diesel today. A number of solutions have been proposed for these problems, including transesterification, dilution, pyrolysis and Microemulsification The viscosity can be lowered by transesterification of the triglycerides with methanol or ethanol to form fatty acid esters. This cleaves the fat molecule and removes the glycerine, yielding a viscosity comparable to that of diesel. The heat of combustion is 95% of that for conventional diesel (on a volume basis). They have a Cetane number of 50-80 (compared to 42 for diesel). The cost of the fuel can be reduced by using waste vegetable cooking oils. There are 350 million gallons of waste vegetable oil produced annually in the U.S.A., and various quantities available in other countries. We have developed a process for making the esters from waste vegetable oils and we call the fuel "M-Diesel". The oil is reacted with sodium hydroxide dissolved in methanol. A sufficient quantity of alkali is used to neutralize the fatty acids in the waste oil plus 0.3% excess. A batch of 300 gallons was made for testing. We have tested the fuel in a Denver public bus and find power comparable to that of diesel. A 30% blend with diesel reduced smoke opacity to 60% of that from diesel, while neat M-Diesel reduced the opacity to 26% of that of diesel.

Keywords: Diesel fuel, waste cooking oils, transesterification, catalysts, diesel emissions

[1] J. J. Bruwer, B. v. D. Boshoff, F. J. C. Hugo, L. M. du Plessis, J. Fuls, C. Hawkins, A. N. van der Walt and A. Engelbrecht, Sunflower seed oil as an extender for diesel fuel in agricultural tractors. Symposium for South African Institute of Agricultural Engineers, Pretoria (1980).
[2] R. A. Faxaalare and C. R. Smith (Eds), Beyond the Energy Crisis-Opportunity and ChalIenge. Vol. III. Third International Conference on Energy Use Management. Pergamon Press, Oxford (1981).
[3] J. Fuls and F. J. C. Hugo, On-farm preparation of sunflower oil esters for fuel. _D_V . 1595-1602 in Ref. 2 (1981).
[4] C. S. Hawkins, J. Fuls and F. J. C. Hugo, Laboratory procedures for investigating some fuel properties of sunflower oil esters in diesel engines. pp. 161 l-1617 in Ref. 2 (1981).
[5] K. R. Kaufman, M. Jiejewski, M. Morohl and A. E. Jones, Sunflower oil and methyl ester as fuels for diesel engines. pp. 1635-1643 in Ref. 2 (1981).

Abstract: Compact heat exchangers are one of the vital components in micro level turbo machinery engineering systems. The compact heat exchanger is used as recuperators or intercooler. Due to its high volume goodness and light weight, the cross-corrugated surface heat exchanger is a promising alternate for application to an advanced intercooled-cycle gas turbine engine. This paper presents a study of heat transfer and frictional characteristics of a corrugated compact heat exchanger. In the present study CFD is used to perform a quantitative assessment of the thermal performance of cross corrugated heat exchanger with various alterations such as different pitch-height ratio and different corrugation angle. The turbulence model is used for all the simulation. At the first stage with constant Reynolds number, and then with higher Reynolds number have taken into account. Found the variations of parameters with geometries. Finally select best suitable geometry of heat exchanger for the recuperators of micro turbine ranges from 5-100 kW.

Keywords: Corrugated surface, CFD, Heat exchanger, Recuperator

[1] London AL, Shah RK, Offset rectangular plate fin surfaces- heat transfer and flow friction characteristics. ASME J Eng Power 90, 1968,218–228.
[2] Yue-Tzu yang, Numerical simulation of fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics in channel with V corrugated plates, Springer, Heat mass transfer 46, 2010, 437-445.
[3] Wenfen Gao, Wenxian Lin,Tao Liu, Analytical and experimental studies on the thermal performance of cross-corrugated and flat-plate solar air heater, Elsevier, Applied energy, 84, 2007, 425-441
[4] J. Stasiek, Experimental studies of heat transfer and fluid flow across corrugated-undulated heat exchanger surface, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 41 (6–7), 1998, 899–914.
[5] J. Stasiek, Investigation of flow and heat transfer in corrugated passagesses-1. Experimental results, Elsevier, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, vol.39, 1., 1996, PP149-164.

Abstract: A water balance model for efficient water management in canal command area is developed to provide demand-based water release strategies for reducing the gap between canal supplies and demands and to help irrigation engineers, agronomics and agro-meteorologist in planning, operation and management of irrigation system efficiently. The Patna canal network of the Sone Irrigation Project in India is used as a case study. This study estimates the demand at the head of the distributaries of the canal network in advance for each irrigation cycle using historical weather data, weather forecast and crop & soil conditions. This simulation combined with strong agronomic knowledge and judgment provides a powerful impact on the overall water management strategy to be adopted in the command area of the irrigation project.

Keywords: Canal supplies and demand, Evapotranspiration, Irrigation, Rainfall, Rice, Water balance model, Water management.

[1]. Allen R G, Pereira L S, Dirk R, Martin S . Crop Evapotranspiration; Guidelines for computing crop water requirements, FAO Irrigation and Drainage, Rome, 1998; Paper No-56.
[2]. Biswas A K, considerations for sustainable irrigation development in Asia, Water Resource Dev.1994, 10(4) p 457-474.
[3]. Burt C M and Gartrell G, Irrigation Canal-Simulation Model Usage, Journal of irrigation and Drainage Engg, ASCE 1993 Vol.119 No. 4 July/Aug p 631-636.
[4]. Dantane N G, Effective rainfall in irrigated agriculture, Irrigation and Drainage paper No 25, FAO Rome Italy, 1974.
[5]. Ghahramn B, Sepaskhah A R, Optimal allocation of water from a single purpose reservoir to an irrigation project with predetermined multiple cropping patterns, journal of irrigation Sc. 2002, 21 p 127-137.

Abstract: Aluminium alloys have extensive application in industries. The range of physical properties that can be imparted to them is remarkable. Mixing of Silicon to aluminium tends to increase its strength to weight ratio and wear resistance, and tends to decrease its density and coefficient of thermal expansion. In the present work Al-Si alloy cylindrical pin is produced through powder metallurgy process and experimentation is made to determine the mechanical & tribological properties of five alloy samples i.e. Al-9wt%Si, Al-12wt%Si, Al-14wt%Si Al-17wt%Si and Al-21wt%Si.A composition analysis is done in the testing laboratory to verify the weight% of Silicon & Aluminium in the Al-Si alloy. Density test is done by measuring mass & volume of the alloy samples. Hardness of the alloy samples is measured by taking four indentations with the help of Brinell hardness testing machine and calculating its hardness number. Porosity of the samples is evaluated by considering the density of the sintered component (γp) &the density of the solid alloy material (γs). Wear tests is conducted using a pin on-disc type wear testing machine (DUCOM wear and friction monitor) and taking sliding velocity and applied load as the parameters.

keywords: Aluminium; Silicon; powder metallurgy; Hardness; Wear; Fractional Porosity; Sliding Velocity

[1]. Gaber A., Gaffar M.A., Mostafa M.S., Abo Zeid E.F. ; Precipitation kinetics of Al–1.12 Mg2Si–0.35 Si and Al–1.07 Mg2Si–0.33 Cu alloys, J. Alloys Compd., Vol. 429 (2007), pp. 167-175.
[2]. Davis J. R., Aluminum and aluminum alloys, J. R. Davis & Associates, ASM International. Handbook Committee, pp 3-8.
[3]. http://www.keytometals.com/Article80.htm, retrieved on 16th April 2011.\
[4]. Murray J.L., McAlister A.J.; ASM Handbook Volume 3: Alloy Phase Diagrams.
[5]. M. Gupta, S. Ling, J. Alloys Compd. 287 (1999) 284–294.
[6]. S.P. Nikanorova,∗, M.P. Volkova, V.N. Gurina, Yu.A. Burenkova, L.I. Derkachenkoa,B.K. Kardasheva, L.L. Regelb, W.R. WilcoxbStructural and mechanical properties of Al–Si alloys obtained by fast cooling of a levitated meltelsevier/Materials Science

Abstract: The application of a new pulse driven-type electromagnetic control expansion valve to an R744 cycle is proposed and the characteristics of the valve are theoretically evaluated and experimentally inspected in this paper. In this theoretical estimation, the structure of the valve is simulated using elements such as ducts, a pin hole, a groove and an orifice. The pressure drops caused by each element that make up the valve are estimated individually. The V-shaped groove and its entrance and exit interfaces create the majority of the overall resultant pressure drop. Especially, the influence of the machining tolerance is also estimated because the elements that make up the valve are very fine. Then, the validity of this estimation is verified by an experiment. The experiment is conducted by constructing a refrigerator cycle. The theoretically estimated pressure drop agrees with the experimental results even through the two-phase refrigerant fluid flow field. As a result, it was shown that the electromagnetic control expansion valve proposed in this paper can control the pressure drop in a way suitable for satisfying cooling demand. Also, the theoretical estimation proposed in this paper may be able to be applied for the estimation of the pressure drop of the expansion valve.

Keywords: Electric expansion valve, Electromagnetic control, Refrigerator, Pulse drive, CO2(R744)

[1] C. Baek, J. Heo, J. Jung, H. Cho and Y. Kim, Optimal control of the gas-cooler pressure of a CO2 heat pump using EEV opening and
outdoor fan speed in the cooling mode, International Journal of Refrigeration, 36(4), 2013, 1276-1284.
[2] A. S. Pamitran, K. I. Choi, J. T. Oh and H. K. Oh , Two-phase pressure drop during CO2 vaporization in horizontal smooth
minichannels, International Journal of Refrigeration, 31(8), 2008, 1375-1383.
[3] R. Revellin and J. R. Thome, Adiabatic two-phase frictional pressure drops in microchannels, Experimental Thermal and Fluid
Science, 31, 2007, 673-685.
[4] J. Pettersen, Flow vaporization of CO2 in microchannel tubes, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 28(2-3), 2004, 111-121.
[5] A. Cavallini, D. Del Col and L. Rossetto, Heat transfer and pressure drop of natural refrigerants in minichannels, International
Journal of Refrigeration, 36(2), 2013, 287-300

Abstract: The Al-Ca-Mg alloys containing varying amount of Mg are used to study the effect of Mg addition on their microstructure and deformation behavior at varying strain rate (0.01/s, 0.1/s, 1/s). The material is prepared using stir casting technique. The yield stress, flow stress and elastic limit are measured from the true stress–strain graph. The strain rate sensitivity and strain-hardening exponent were also determined for each material at different strain rates. The elastic limit decreases with increases in strain rate. The strain rate sensitivity m is found to be negative at a flow strain and invariant to the strain rate. Its microstructure reveals that the microstructural characteristics changes with Mg addition. The variation of microstructural features primarily leading to the variation of deformation behavior.

Key words: Compressive deformation; Strain-hardening exponent; strain rate sensitivity; Plastic strength coefficient; Strain rate; Mg-content

[1]. Davis J. R. (1999). Corrosion of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys (#06787G), ASM International, Philadelphia, USA, p 1-4.
[2]. D.P.Mondal, Nidhi Jha, Anshul Badkul, S.Das, M.S.Yadav, Prabhash Jain."Effect of calcium addition on the microstructure and compressive deformation behavior 7178 aluminum alloy" Material and Design 32(2011) 2803-2812.
[3]. R.C. Picu,, G. Vincze, F. Ozturk, J.J. Gracio, F. Barlat, A.M. Maniatty, "Strain rate sensitivity of the commercial aluminum alloy AA5182-O" Materials Science and Engineering A 390 (2005) 334–343.
[4]. Miller WS, Heinz A, Haszler A, Keidel C, Moldenhauer S, Benedictus R. Recent development in aluminium alloys for aerospace applications. Mater Sci Eng A 2000; 280:102–7.
[5]. Strake EA, Staley JT. Applications of modern aluminium alloys to aircraft. Progress Aerospace Sci 1999; 32:131–72.
[6]. Froes FH. Advanced metals for aerospace and automotive use. Mater Sci Eng A 1994; 184:119–33.

Abstract: Ergonomics is the science of human fit. It decreases fatigue and discomfort through product design. Its aim is to achieve co-ordination between man and machine. Application of ergonomics in the design of office furniture, by taking into consideration, how the products can be designed to fit the people that are using them. This thesis includes the problems faced by the students of Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh, while using the tabloid chair, designed earlier. Our objective is to identify ergonomic problems and the effects of using the tabloid chair that was design earlier. A survey was conducted on 100 students who took part in the previous tabloid chair design and have used the tabloid chair that was designed earlier for at least one hour at a time. This survey mainly focuses on the discomfort of the users. The results show that 14, 16 & 23 of the users felt discomfort at their neck, lower back & shoulder respectively. A new design was proposed for tabloid chair, by analyzing the survey results and using anthropometric data taken from 150 students who took part in the previous study. So the users may not face further problems. Taking cost of materials and other factors into consideration a tabloid chair was fabricated using ergonomics design concepts. Then, a comparison was done between the fabricated tabloid chair and the existing tabloid chair, which is shown in the final chapter.

Keywords: Ergonomics, Design, Anthropometric data, Cost

[1] "A Benefits Study of Ergonomically Designed Chairs with Direct Labor Employees" was done by John C. Peek, 1992.
[2] "Improving Design of Chair with Flip Table" (Analysis and Ergonomics), conducted by Mohd. Fahmi Bin Ismail, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaysia, Pahang.
[3] Nor Faizul Hayati bt Amir, faculty of manufacturing engineering, Technical University of Malaysia, Malacca, on "Design Improvement of Portable Writing Chair for Both Right and Left Handed Users".
[4] "Designing an Ergonomic Chair for a VDT Workstation" in the Department of industrial and production engineering, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh by Md. AbulKalam Azad and Muhammad Selim Reza.
[5] "Application of ergonomics in designing computer chair and comparative analysis between two leading chair manufacturers" by Gazi Muhammad Sharif Hossain and Shajal Chandra Biswash Student of Industrial and Production Engineering, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh.

Abstract: The application of a new pulse driven-type electromagnetic control expansion valve to an R744 cycle is proposed and the characteristics of the valve are experimentally examined in this paper. First, the structure of the valve is simulated by elements such as ducts, a pin hole, a groove and an orifice. The pressure drops caused by each element that makes up a valve are estimated individually, and summed up to discern the total pressure drop. Especially, the influence of the machining tolerance is estimated because the parts that make up the valve are very fine. Then an experiment for the pressure drop measurement is conducted by constructing a refrigerator cycle. The experimental results are then compared to theoretically estimated results. Both results show similar tendencies of a similar order against the mass flow rate, even though a refrigerant has a very complicated gas-liquid two-phase fluid flow. The pressure drop can be controlled by an electromagnetic control valve for the designated range. As a result, it was shown that the pulse driven-type electromagnetic control expansion valve proposed in this paper can be applied to control the pressure drop in a way suitable for fulfilling cooling demand.

Keywords: Electric expansion valve, Electromagnetic control, Refrigerator, Pulse drive, CO2(R744

[1] G. W. Swift, Thermoacoustic engines, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 84(4), 1988, 1145-1180.
[2] Y. Kitaide, N. Maruyama, Y. Iwasaki, M. Saito, K. Takiguchi, S. Ishida, T. Tsuchiya, Y. Yamagami and M. Hirota, Characteristics of
Thermoacoustic Sound Generator and Its Application to Refrigerator, Proc. of 11th International Energy Conversion Engineering
Conference 2013, Paper No. AIAA 2013-3811, 2013, 1-11.
[3] N. Maruyama, Y. Iwasaki, M. Saito, Y. Kitaide, M. Hirota, K. Takiguchi, S. Ishida, T. Tsuchya and Y. Yamagami, Principal
characteristics of thermoacoustic refrigerator, Proc. of The Fifth International Conference on Science, Technology and Innovation for
Sustainable Well-Being, Paper No. MME20, 2013, CD-ROM, 1-6.
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Thermoacoustic Refrigerator with a Sound Generator, Proc. of 12th International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference 2014,
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