iosr-JDMS   Volume-25 ~ Issue-9 ~ Sep. 2026

Abstract: Back ground and aim: - Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder refers to a cluster of conditions characterized by pain and tenderness in the TMJ or its surrounding tissues, functional limitations of the mandible, or clicking in the TMJ during motion. This study aimed to determine the knowledge of (general dentists , dental specialists and dental students) on temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in Iraq.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a web-based questionnaire distributed to dental students....

Keywords: temporomandibular disorders; Dentists; knowledge; Dental students

[1]. De Rossi SS, Greenberg MS, Liu F, Steinkeler A. Temporomandibular disordersevaluation and management. Med Clin. 2014;98(6):1353–84.
[2]. Koh H, Robinson PG. Occlusal adjustment for treating and preventing temporomandibular joint disorders. J Oral Rehabil. 2004;31:287-92.
[3]. Bair E , Ohrbach R, Fillingim R, Greenspan D, Dubner R, Diatchenko R, Helgeson E, Knott C, Maixner W, Slade G, Multivariable modeling of phenotypic risk factors for first-onset TMD: the OPPERA prospective cohort study. J. Pain 14, T102–15 (2013).
[4]. Durham J ,Al-Baghdadi M, Baad-Hansen L, Breckons J, Goulet P, Lobbezoo F, List T, Michelotti A, Nixdorf D, Peck C, Raphael K, Schiffman J, SteeleG, Story W, Ohrbach R. Self-management programmes in temporomandibular disorders: results from an international Delphi process. J Oral Rehabil 43, 929–936 (2016).
[5]. Von Korff M, Scher AI, Helmick C. United States national pain strategy for population research: concepts, definitions, and pilot data. J Pain. 2016;17(10):1068–1080.

Abstract: Background: Thrombocytopenia is a rare but potentially life-threatening adverse reaction to rifampicin, a cornerstone of first-line antituberculosis therapy. It is attributed to drug-dependent antibodies that bind platelet membrane glycoproteins in the presence of the drug and cause accelerated platelet destruction. It has classically been described with intermittent or interrupted regimens, and is less well characterised during continuous daily therapy......

Key word: Rifampicin; Drug-induced thrombocytopenia; Tuberculosis; Purpura; Case report

[1]. Aster RH, Bougie DW. Drug-induced immune thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(6):580–587. doi:10.1056/NEJMra066469
[2]. George JN, Aster RH. Drug-induced thrombocytopenia: pathogenesis, evaluation, and management. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009;2009:153–158. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2009.1.153
[3]. George JN, Raskob GE, Shah SR, Rizvi MA, Hamilton SA, Osborne S, et al. Drug-induced thrombocytopenia: a systematic review of published case reports. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129(11):886–890. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-129-11_Part_1-199812010-00009
[4]. Blajchman MA, Lowry RC, Pettit JE, Stradling P. Rifampicin-induced immune thrombocytopenia. Br Med J. 1970;3(5713):24–26. doi:10.1136/bmj.3.5713.24
[5]. Poole G, Stradling P, Worlledge S. Potentially serious side effects of high-dose twice-weekly rifampicin. Br Med J. 1971;3(5770):343–347. doi:10.1136/bmj.3.5770.343

Abstract: Chylothorax is a rare condition characterized by the accumulation of chyle within the pleural cavity, secondary to injury of the thoracic duct, with a wide range of possible etiologies. It typically presents as a milky pleural effusion, with a fluid triglyceride level exceeding 1.1 g/L (110 mg/dL) confirming the diagnosis. We report the case of a 42-year-old man, a former smoker, previously treated for pleural tuberculosis in 2001, with no history of thoracic...

Keywords: chylothorax; lymphangiectasia; retroperitoneal lymphangiectasia; pleural effusion; chyle; thoracic duct; mr lymphangiography; pleural tuberculosis

[1]. McGrath EE, Blades Z, Anderson PB: Chylothorax: aetiology, diagnosis and therapeutic options. Respir Med. 2010, 104:1-8.
[2]. Staats BA, Ellefson RD, Budahn LL, et al.: The lipoprotein profile of chylous and nonchylous pleural effusions. Mayo Clin Proc. 1980, 55:700-704.[3].
Maldonado F, Hawkins FJ, Daniels CE, et al.: Pleural fluid characteristics of chylothorax. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009, 84:129-133.
[4]. Doerr CH, Allen MS, Nichols FC, et al.: Etiology of chylothorax in 203 patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005, 80:867-870.
[5]. Browse NL, Allen DR, Wilson NM: Management of chylothorax. Br J Surg. 1997, 84:1711-1716.
[6]. Valentine VG, Raffin TA: The management of chylothorax. Chest. 1992, 102:586-591

Abstract: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease characterized by persistent synovial inflammation, progressive structural joint damage, and severe physical disability. Beyond its somatic manifestations, RA imposes a substantial psychological toll, with affective disorders—specifically major depressive....

Keywords: Rheumatoid arthritis, Central sensitization, Neuroinflammation, Pain catastrophizing, Cognitive behavioural therapy, Collaborative care

[1]. Anyfanti, P., Triantafyllou, A., Panagopoulos, P., Triantafyllou, G., Theodoridis, X., Kost рассе, C., & Douma, S. (2014). Association of anxiety and depression with clinical disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 19(6), 689–697. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2013.866504
[2]. Bjelland, I., Dahl, A. A., Haug, T. T., & Neckelmann, D. (2002). The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: An updated literature review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 52(2), 69–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3999(01)00296-3
[3]. Capuron, L., & Miller, A. H. (2011). Immune system to brain signaling: Neuropsychopharmacological implications. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 130(2), 226–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.01.014
[4]. Capuron, L., Neurauter, G., Musselman, D. L., Lawson, D. H., Nemeroff, C. B., Fuchs, D., & Miller, A. H. (2003). Interferon-alpha-induced changes in tryptophan metabolism: Relationship to depression and cytokine levels. Biological Psychiatry, 54(9), 906–914. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00173-2
[5]. Cordingley, L., Prajapati, R., Plant, D., Maskell, I., Morgan, C., Ali, F. R., Morgan, A. W., Wilson, A. G., & Barton, A. (2014). Impact of psychological factors on subjective disease activity assessments in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care & Research, 66(6), 861–868. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.22238

Abstract: Background: Pus, which is white to yellow fluid usually consist of dead neutrophils, necrotic tissue, cellular waste and the infecting microorganism. It is usually formed when the pathogenic microorganism causes infections in skin and soft tissues, may be due to trauma, burn or surgical procedures. It is usually confined in an abscess which may develop anywhere in the body. Aerobic as well as anaerobic, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria have......

Key Word: Pus Sample, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae.

[1]. Hailu D, Mekonnen D, Derbie A, Mulu W, Abera B. Pathogenic bacteria profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of ear infection at Bahir Dar Regional Health Research Laboratory Center, Ethiopia. Springerplus. 2016 Apr 16;5:466.
[2]. Rai, S., et al. "Bacteriological Profile and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Bacteria Isolated from Pus/Wound Swab Samples from Children Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal. Int J Microbiol. 2017;2017:1-7
[3]. Shewly SR, Ane MHA, Zerin T, Hossain MA. Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacterial Isolates from Pus Specimens Collected from a General Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Int J Res Sci Innov. 2021 Jul;8(7):62-66.
[4]. Kumar M, et al. Bacterial profile and antibiogram of pus isolates in a tertiary care hospital. IOSR J Dent Med Sci. 2020;19(5 Ser 15):9-14
[5]. Biradar A, Farooqui J, Kothari A. Aerobic bacteriological profile with antibiogram of pus isolates. Indian J Microbiol Res. 2016;3(3):245-249.

Abstract: Endodontic pain is a multifactorial experience influenced by inflammatory, neural, procedural, and psychological factors. Chronic stress and anxiety may modify nociceptive processing, contributing to increased pain anticipation, perception, and persistence. This narrative review aimed to analyze current evidence regarding the influence of chronic stress and anxiety on endodontic pain and its clinical management. The findings indicate that pulpal and periapical inflammation activates trigeminal nociceptive pathways, while prolonged stress may alter....

Keywords: Chronic stress; Dental anxiety; Endodontic pain; Pain perception; Root canal treatment..

[1]. Pak JG, White SN. Pain prevalence and severity before, during, and after root canal treatment: A systematic review. Journal of Endodontics. 2011;37(4):429–438. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2010.12.016.
[2]. Falatah AM, Almalki RS, Al-Qahtani AS, Aljumaah BO, Almihdar WK, Almutairi AS. Comprehensive strategies in endodontic pain management: An integrative narrative review. Cureus. 2023;15(12):e50371. doi:10.7759/cureus.50371.
[3]. Alroomy R, Kim D, Hochberg R, Chubak J, Rosenberg PA, Malek M. Factors influencing pain and anxiety before endodontic treatment: A cross-sectional study amongst American individuals. European Endodontic Journal. 2020;5(3):199–204. doi:10.14744/eej.2020.17363.
[4]. de Farias ZBBM, Campello CP, da Silveira MMF, Moraes SLD, Vasconcelos BCE, Pellizzer EP. The influence of anxiety on pain perception and its repercussion on endodontic treatment: A systematic review. Clinical Oral Investigations. 2023;27(10):5709–5718. doi:10.1007/s00784-023-05181-1.
[5]. Knezevic E, Nenic K, Milanovic V, Knezevic NN. The role of cortisol in chronic stress, neurodegenerative diseases, and psychological disorders. Cells. 2023;12(23):2726. doi:10.3390/cells12232726.

Abstract: Background: Tobacco use during adolescence is a major public health concern. Early initiation increases the risk of long-term dependence and disease. Smokeless tobacco use is deeply embedded in the sociocultural practices particularly in Northeast India. However, data on adolescent tobacco use in Assam remain limited. This study assessed tobacco...

Keywords: Adolescent tobacco use; Smokeless tobacco; Parental influence; Global Youth Tobacco Survey; Assam

[1]. International Institute for Population Sciences, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS-4), India, 2019: National Fact Sheet and Report. New Delhi: MoHFW; 2021.
[2]. Directorate of Health Services, Government of Mizoram. Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS-4) State Findings, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh, 2019. Aizawl: DHS; 2022.
[3]. Rao S, Aghi MB, Alexander A, et al. Prevalence of tobacco use among the children in the age group of 13-15 years in Sikkim after 5 years of prohibitory legislation. Indian J Cancer. 2009;46(Suppl 1):29-32.
[4]. Gupta A, Grover S, Sakrawal K, Kumar A, Meena S, Rathore M, Kumawat P. Prevalence, patterns, and predictors of tobacco consumption among adolescents: an observational study from a rural area of Rajasthan. Indian J Community Med. 2023;48(5):748-54.
[5]. Gangurde S, Shivale S, Rathod H, Verma P, Madamanchi D, Mahajan A, et al. Exploring the determinants of tobacco usage among adolescents: a cross-sectional study in western Maharashtra. Cureus. 2024;16(8):e66755..

Abstract: Background: Frenal attachments are folds of mucous membrane that connect the lips to the alveolar mucosa and underlying periosteum. Aberrant positioning of the maxillary and mandibular frenum may contribute to mucogingival problems, midline diastema, plaque accumulation, gingival recession and recurrence following treatment. Early identification of the type of frenal attachment may therefore help prevent complications.
Aim: To assess the prevalence of maxillary and mandibular frenal attachments and their association with age, gender and...

Keywords: Frenal attachment; labial frenum; Placek Mirko classification; Sewerin classification; oral hygiene; OHI-S; gingival recession

[1]. Rijal AH, Humagain M, Lamichhane S, Ghimire P, Thapa S. Prevalence of maxillary and mandibular frenal attachment and its association with age, gender, and oral Hygiene status in Nepalese population seeking dental treatment. International Journal of Dentistry. 2024;2024(1):4870253.
[2]. Dahal D, Niroula, Humagain M. Maxillary labial frenulum attachment among patients visiting a tertiary level hospital of Nepal. Journal of Kathmandu Medical College. 2022;11(2):90–94.
[3]. Priyanka M, Sruthi R, Ramakrishnan T, Emmadi P, Ambalavanan N. An overview of frenal attachments. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology. 2013;17(1):12–15.
[4]. Prakash Pai G, Dayakar MM, Aishwarya Krishnadas. Comparative Analysis of Frenal Attachment Among Kerala and Karnataka Population: A Placek’s and Sewerins Classification Study. IJDSCR. 2024;6(4):34–42.
[5]. Rajani ER, Biswas PP, Emmatty R. Prevalence of variations in morphology and attachment of maxillary labial frenum in various skeletal patterns—a cross-sectional study. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology. 2018;22(3):257–262

Abstract: Medical emergencies arising in the dental operatory, while statistically uncommon, carry disproportionate consequences when they occur, and orthodontic practices are not exempt from this risk given the ageing and increasingly medically complex population now seeking orthodontic care. This narrative review synthesises contemporary evidence on the epidemiology, prevention, recognition, and management of medical emergencies in dental and orthodontic practice, and outlines the drugs, equipment, and training standards required for adequate preparedness...

Keywords: medical emergencies; orthodontic practice; basic life support; emergency drugs; anaphylaxis; syncope; dental education; patient safety

[1]. Shivaprasad, Rani P, Mishra M, Pandey V. Medical emergencies in a dental setting: when not to panic!!! J Multi Dent Res. 2025;11(2):76-80.
[2]. Amiri Bavandpour M, Livas C, Jonkman REG. Management of medical emergencies in orthodontic practice. Prog Orthod. 2020;21:25.
[3]. Alolayan AB, Othman AA, Bakkari AA, Hafiz AM, Alanazi AM, Alroithi AM, et al. How prepared are dental students to manage medical emergencies, a cross-sectional survey from Saudi Arabia. Front Med. 2026;12:1715028.
[4]. Little JW, Falace DA, Rhodus NL, et al. Little and Falace's Dental Management of the Medically Compromised Patient. 8th ed. St Louis: Elsevier; 2012.
[5]. Scully C. Scully's Medical Problems in Dentistry. 7th ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier; 2015.

Abstract: Background: Cephalometric analysis is a cornerstone of orthodontic diagnosis, yet manual landmark identification is time-consuming and subject to intra- and inter-examiner variability. Over the past decade, deep:....

Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Cephalometry; Deep learning; Orthodontic diagnosis; Convolutional neural networks; Cone-beam computed tomography; Clinical decision support.

[1]. Bichu YM, Hansa I, Bichu AY, Premjani P, Flores-Mir C, Vaid NR. Applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning in orthodontics: a scoping review. Prog Orthod. 2021;22(1):18. doi:10.1186/s40510-021-00361-9
[2]. Khanagar SB, Al-Ehaideb A, Vishwanathaiah S, Maganur PC, Patil S, Naik S, Baeshen HA, Sarode SS. Scope and performance of artificial intelligence technology in orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning, and clinical decision-making — a systematic review. J Dent Sci. 2021;16(1):482-492. doi:10.1016/j.jds.2020.05.022
[3]. Gracea RS, Winderickx N, Vanheers M, Hendrickx J, Preda F, Shujaat S, Cadenas de Llano-Pérula M, Jacobs R. Artificial intelligence for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning: a scoping review. J Dent. 2025;152:105442. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105442
[4]. Schwendicke F, Chaurasia A, Arsiwala L, Lee JH, Elhennawy K, Jost-Brinkmann PG, Demarco F, Krois J. Deep learning for cephalometric landmark detection: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2021;25(7):4299-4309. doi:10.1007/s00784-021-03990-w.

Abstract: Background. Minimally invasive ureteric reimplantation is an accepted alternative to open surgery for children with vesicoureteric reflux needing definitive correction. The main techniques are laparoscopic extravesical reimplantation and transvesicoscopic reimplantation, but single-centre comparative data are limited. We compared the peri-operative and clinical outcomes of the two methods. Methods. A retrospective review was conducted on children who underwent minimally invasive ureteric reimplantation.....

[1]. Peters CA, Skoog SJ, Arant BS Jr, Copp HL, Elder JS, Hudson RG, et al. Summary of the AUA guideline on management of primary vesicoureteral reflux in children. J Urol 2010;184:1134–44.
[2]. Tekgül S, Riedmiller H, Hoebeke P, Kočvara R, Nijman RJ, Radmayr C, et al. EAU guidelines on vesicoureteral reflux in children. Eur Urol 2012;62:534–42.
[3]. Elder JS, Peters CA, Arant BS Jr, Ewalt DH, Hawtrey CE, Hurwitz RS, et al. Paediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Guidelines Panel summary report on the management of primary vesicoureteral reflux in children. J Urol 1997;157:1846–51.
[4]. Lakshmanan Y, Fung LC. Laparoscopic extravesicular ureteral reimplantation for vesicoureteral reflux: Recent technical advances. J Endourol 2000;14:589–93.
[5]. Riquelme M, Aranda A, Rodriguez C. Laparoscopic extravesical transperitoneal approach for vesicoureteral reflux. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2006;16:312–6.

Abstract: Prosthetic dentistry is an important branch of dental medicine, whose main goal is the rehabilitation of patients with partial or complete tooth loss. Classic acrylic materials are widely used in the fabrication of dentures, but in certain patients they can cause allergic reactions due to the presence of potentially allergenic components. For this reason, non-allergenic acrylic materials have been developed as a safer alternative with improved biocompatibility and reduced risk of irritation of the oral mucosa.
This paper analyzes...

Keywords: prosthetic dentistry, non-allergenic acrylic, denture, capillaries, biocompatibility, aesthetics

[1]. Shillingburg HT, Sather DA, Wilson EL, Cain JR, Mitchell DL, Blanco LJ. Fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics. 4th ed. Quintessence Publishing; 2012.
[2]. Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials. 12th ed. Elsevier; 2013.
[3]. Craig RG, Powers JM. Restorative dental materials. 14th ed. Mosby; 2018.
[4]. Phoenix RD, Cagna DR, DeFreest CF. Stewart's clinical removable partial prosthodontics. 4th ed. Quintessence Publishing; 2014.
[5]. Rosenstiel SF, Land MF, Fujimoto J. Contemporary fixed prosthodontics. 5th ed. Mosby; 2015.

Abstract: Background: Endodontically treated teeth often require definitive coronal restoration to restore function and prevent further structural damage. Conventional post-and-core crowns have been widely used; however, endocrowns have emerged as a conservative alternative that preserves remaining tooth structure and utilizes adhesive retention. The present study was conducted to compare the clinical performance of endocrown restorations with...

Keywords: Endocrown, post-and-core crown, endodontically treated teeth, clinical performance, restoration survival, fracture resistance

[1]. Qiu S, Long Z, Chen M, et al. Finite Element Analysis of Endodontically Treated Mandibular Second Molars With Variable Root Morphologies: Endocrown vs. Post-And-Core Crown Restorations. Australian Endodontic Journal. 2026;52(1):24–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/aej.70019
[2]. Fraga S, Balbinot GS, Quadros BG, et al. Mechanical behavior of endocrown vs. post-and-crown: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Brazilian Dental Journal. 2025/2026;36:e256632. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-644020256632
[3]. Natarajan K, Dhaded NS, Joshi SB, Chougule S, Machave P. Rehabilitation of a Grossly Decayed Premolar with a Custom Modified Fibre Post and Zirconia Crown. Oral Sphere J. Dent. Health Sci. 2025;1(3):178-183. doi: https://doi.org/10.63150/osjdhs.2025.16
[4]. Gadhe MM, Mehmood N, Mukherjee M, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Fracture Resistance in Endodontically Treated Posterior Teeth Restored With Endocrowns Versus Conventional Post and Core Followed by a Full Crown: An In Vitro Study. Cureus. 2026;18(3):e105868. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.105868
[5]. Mously HA, Naguib GH, Abougazia AO, et al. Anterior Endocrowns as an Alternative to Core Crown Restorations: A Systematic Review. International Dental Journal. 2025;75(1):59–74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.identj.2024.07.1216.