iosr-JDMS   Volume-25 ~ Issue-7 ~ July 2026

Abstract: Dental implants have become a cornerstone of modern prosthodontics, providing a predictable and long-term solution for the replacement of missing teeth. Since Brånemark’s discovery of osseointegration, implantology has evolved through significant advances in materials science, surface technology, and digital integration. This review provides a comprehensive overview of dental implant systems, including their biological basis, clinical applications, surface modifications, and biomechanical principles. Complications, maintenance protocols, and future innovations such as nanotechnology, computer-guided surgery, and regenerative implantology are also discussed.....

Keywords: Dental implants, osseointegration, titanium, surface modification, implant complications, digital dentistry, nanotechnology, zirconia implants.

[1]. Atwood DA. Reduction Of Residual Ridges: A Major Oral Disease Entity. J Prosthet Dent. 1971;26(3):266–279.
[2]. Misch CE. Contemporary Implant Dentistry. 3rd Ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2008.
[3]. Buser D, Sennerby L, De Bruyn H. Modern Implant Dentistry Based On Osseointegration: 50 Years Of Progress, Current Trends, And Open Questions. Periodontol 2000. 2017;73(1):7–21.
[4]. Brånemark PI, Hansson BO, Adell R, Et Al. Osseointegrated Implants In The Treatment Of The Edentulous Jaw. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Suppl. 1977;16:1–132.
[5]. Albrektsson T, Zarb G, Worthington P, Eriksson AR. The Long-Term Efficacy Of Currently Used Dental Implants: A Review And Proposed Criteria Of Success. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1986;1(1):11–25.

Abstract: Effective postoperative pain management in pediatric surgical patients is essential for enhanced recovery and patient comfort. Regional anesthesia techniques play an important role in multimodal analgesia. Although paravertebral blocks provide effective analgesia for abdominal surgeries, concerns regarding complications such as pleural puncture and spinal nerve injury have led to the exploration of safer alternatives. The ultrasound-guided retrolaminar block (RLB) has emerged as a promising regional anesthetic technique with a favorable safety profile.....

Keywords: Retrolaminar block, Pediatric anesthesia, Postoperative analgesia, Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia, Abdominal surgery.

[1]. Pfeiffer G, Oppitz N, Schöne S, Heine IR, Höhne M, Koltermann C. Analgesia Of The Axilla Using A Paravertebral Catheter In The Lamina Technique. Anaesthesist. 2006;55(4):423–427.
[2]. Karmakar MK. Thoracic Paravertebral Block. Anesthesiology. 2001;95(3):771–780.
[3]. Elsharkawy H, Pawa A, Mariano ER. Interfascial Plane Blocks: Back To Basics. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018;43(4):341–346.
[4]. Chin KJ, Adhikary S, Sarwani N, Forero M. The Analgesic Efficacy Of Fascial Plane Blocks. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2017;30(5):691–697.
[5]. Zeballos JL, Voscopoulos C, Kapottos M, Janfaza D, Vlassakov K. Ultrasound-Guided Retrolaminar Paravertebral Block. Anaesthesia. 2013;68(6):649–651.

Abstract: To compare IV Ondansetron vs IV Ondansetron and IV Dexamethasone in preventing post operative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

[1]. Dhawale RN, More S, Chauhan S, Tarkase AS, Deshmukh S. Comparison Of Ondansetron And Combination Of Ondansetron And Dexamethasone On Preventing PONV In Patients Undergoing Surgery Under General Anaesthesia. Medpulse Int J Anesthesiol. 2020 Apr;14(1):32-6. Doi:10.26611/10151418.
[2]. Revathy AM, Vasantha OT, Rudra Mol R. Comparison Of Ondansetron Versus Dexamethasone For Preventing Postoperative Nausea And Vomiting In Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: An Observational Study. Int J Health Sci Res. 2024 Jan;14(1):291-7. Doi:10.52403/Ijhsr.20240137.
[3]. Chattopadhyay S, Biswas A, Ferdows SS, Bhowmik DK, Dey S, Biswas B. Comparison Of Ondansetron, Dexamethasone And Ondansetron Plus Dexamethasone For The Prevention Of Postoperative Nausea And Vomiting After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. Indian J Clin Anaesth. 2016;3(3):459-63. Doi:10.5958/2394-4994.2016.00078.0.
[4]. Qasemi F, Aini T, Ali W, Dost W, Rasully MQ, Anwari M, Dost W, Zaheer R, Dost R, Talpur AS. The Effectiveness Of Ondansetron And Dexamethasone In Preventing Postoperative Nausea And Vomiting After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. Cureus. 2023 Apr 11;15(4):E37419. Doi:10.7759/Cureus.37419.
[5]. Kalasree M, Vasantha Kumar K, Hari Baskar V, Nagaraj P, Manoharan A, Prabhu T. A Comparative Study Of The Efficacy Of Ondansetron, Dexamethasone, And Ondansetron–Dexamethasone Combination For Postoperative Nausea And Vomiting Prophylaxis In Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Surgeries. Eur J Cardiovasc Med. 2024 Nov;14(6):54–59.

Abstract: Background: Soft tissue tumours (STTs) are mesenchymal neoplasms with diverse histological lines of differentiation and overlapping clinical, radiological and morphological features. Regional epidemiological data from southern Karnataka, particularly using the recent World Health Organization (WHO) classification, remain limited. Aim: To study the histopathological spectrum of soft tissue tumours according to the recent WHO classification and to evaluate their age, sex and anatomical site distribution at a tertiary care centre.....

Keywords: Soft tissue tumours; Histopathology; WHO classification; Immunohistochemistry; FNCLCC grading.

[1]. WHO Classification Of Tumours Editorial Board. Soft Tissue And Bone Tumours. WHO Classification Of Tumours, 5th Ed., Vol. 3. Lyon: International Agency For Research On Cancer; 2020.
[2]. Fletcher CDM, Bridge JA, Hogendoorn PCW, Mertens F, Editors. WHO Classification Of Tumours Of Soft Tissue And Bone. 4th Ed. Lyon: IARC Press; 2013.
[3]. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Thun MJ. Cancer Statistics, 2007. CA Cancer J Clin. 2007;57(1):43–66.
[4]. Wibmer C, Leithner A, Zielonke N, Sperl M, Windhager R. Increasing Incidence Rates Of Soft Tissue Sarcomas? A Population-Based Epidemiologic Study And Literature Review. Ann Oncol. 2010;21(5):1106–11.
[5]. Mastrangelo G, Coindre JM, Ducimetière F, Dei Tos AP, Fadda E, Blay JY, Et Al. Incidence Of Soft Tissue Sarcoma And Beyond: A Population-Based Prospective Study In Three European Regions. Cancer. 2012;118(21):5339–48.

Abstract: Background: Osseointegration failure and peri-implant infection remain the two principal causes of long-term dental implant complications. Conventional titanium surfaces, although mechanically reliable, are biologically inert and do not intrinsically resist bacterial colonization, which predisposes to peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis. Since the early 2010s, nanotechnology has progressively been applied to titanium implant surfaces in an effort to overcome.....

Keywords: dental implants; nanotechnology; antimicrobial coating; osseointegration; peri-implantitis; titanium surface modification; nanotube; silver nanoparticle.

[1]. Vargas-Reus MA, Memarzadeh K, Huang J, Ren GG, Allaker RP. Antimicrobial Activity Of Nanoparticulate Metal Oxides Against Peri-Implantitis Pathogens. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2012;40(2):135-139. Doi:10.1016/J.Ijantimicag.2012.04.012
[2]. Marasli C, Katifelis H, Gazouli M, Lagopati N. Nano-Based Approaches In Surface Modifications Of Dental Implants: A Literature Review. Molecules. 2024;29(13):3061. Doi:10.3390/Molecules29133061
[3]. Hosseini Hooshiar M, Mozaffari A, Hamed Ahmed M, Abdul Kareem R, Jaber Zrzo A, Salah Mansoor A, H Athab Z, Parhizgar Z, Amini P. Potential Role Of Metal Nanoparticles In Treatment Of Peri-Implant Mucositis And Peri-Implantitis. Biomed Eng Online. 2024;23(1):101. Doi:10.1186/S12938-024-01294-0
[4]. Zhang X, Li Z, Yuan X, Cui Z, Bao H, Li X, Liu Y, Yang X. Cytotoxicity And Antibacterial Property Of Titanium Alloy Coated With Silver Nanoparticle-Containing Polyelectrolyte Multilayer. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2013;33(5):2816-2820.
Doi:10.1016/J.Msec.2013.03.010
[5]. Li M, Liu X, Xu Z, Yeung KWK, Wu S. Dopamine Modified Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Coating For Antimicrobial And Osteogenesis. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2016;8(49):33972-33981. Doi:10.1021/Acsami.6b09457

Abstract: Background Adequate bowel preparation is essential for successful colonoscopy, as poor bowel cleansing may lead to missed lesions, prolonged procedure time, and incomplete examinations. Oral Sulfate Solution (OSS) and Polyethylene Glycol with Ascorbic Acid (PGA) are commonly used low-volume bowel preparation agents; however, evidence comparing their efficacy.....

Keywords: Colonoscopy; Bowel preparation; Oral sulfate solution; Polyethylene glycol with ascorbic acid; Boston Bowel Preparation Scale; Adenoma detection rate; Patient satisfaction; Randomized controlled trial

[1]. Gimeno-García AZ, Benítez-Zafra F, Nicolás-Pérez D, Hernández-Guerra M. Colon Bowel Preparation In The Era Of Artificial Intelligence: Is There Potential For Enhancing Colon Bowel Cleansing? Medicina (Kaunas) 2023; 59:1834.
Doi: 10.3390/Medicina59101834.
[2]. Jha AK. Oral Sulphate Solution For Colonoscopy Bowel Preparation: A New Kid On The Block. J Dig Endosc 2019; 10(03): 178-179. DOI: 10.1055/S-0039-3401912.
[3]. Dsouza R, Menon G, Pfeifer C. Colonoscopy. [Updated 2025 Sep 14]. In: Statpearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): Statpearls Publishing; 2026 Jan-. Available From: Https://Www.Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov/Books/NBK559274/
[4]. Park JH, Kim M, Hong SW, Hwang SW, Park SH, Yang DH, Et Al. Comparison Of L L Polyethylene Glycol Plus Ascorbic Acid And Oral Sodium Sulfate Tablets For Colonoscopy Bowel Preparation. J Clin Med. 2024 Dec 9;13(23):7493. Doi: 10.3390/Jcm13237493. PMID: 39685949; PMCID: PMC11642427.
[5]. Nam JH, Hong SB, Lim YJ, Lee S, Kang HW, Kim JH, Et Al. Comparison Of Oral Sulfate Solution And Polyethylene Glycol Plus Ascorbic Acid On The Efficacy Of Bowel Preparation. Clin Endosc. 2020 Sep;53(5):568-574. Doi: 10.5946/Ce.2019.209. Epub 2020 Apr 24. PMID: 32336051; PMCID: PMC7548154.

Abstract: Objective To assess the periodontal status, prosthetic status, and prosthetic treatment needs among the geriatric population of Pune city. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 individuals aged ≥60 years selected through multistage random sampling....

Keywords: Geriatric population; Periodontal status; Prosthetic status; Prosthetic treatment needs; Oral health; Pune.

[1]. World Health Organization. World Report On Ageing And Health. Geneva: WHO; 2015.
[2]. United Nations. World Population Ageing Report. New York: UN; 2020.
[3]. Ettinger RL. Oral Health And The Aging Population. J Am Dent Assoc. 2007;138(Suppl):5S–6S.
[4]. Petersen PE, Yamamoto T. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2005;33(2):81–92.
[5]. Felton DA. J Prosthodont. 2009;18(2):88–96.
[6]. Locker D. Community Dent Health. 1992;9(2):109–124.

Abstract: Résumé Introduction : L’insuffisance rénale aiguë (IRA) reste une complication fréquente et grave en milieu hospitalier, associée à une augmentation de risque de mortalité, de la durée de séjour, du recours à l’épuration extrarénale et de progression vers la maladie rénale chronique. Les critères diagnostiques actuels reposent essentiellement sur l’élévation de la créatinine sérique et la baisse de la diurèse, deux marqueurs souvent tardifs. L’intelligence artificielle (IA), en particulier le machine learning et le deep learning, pourrait permettre d’identifier.....

[1]. Zhang H, Wang Y, Wu S, Ngo J, Feng Y, He X, Et Al. Artificial Intelligence For The Prediction Of Acute Kidney Injury During The Perioperative Period: Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis Of Diagnostic Test Accuracy. BMC Nephrol. 2022;23:405. 1
[2]. Ostermann M, Bellomo R, Burdmann EA, Doi K, Endre Z, Goldstein SL, Et Al. Controversies In Acute Kidney Injury: Conclusions From A Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Conference. Kidney Int. 2020;98(2):294-309. 2
[3]. Koyner JL, Carey KA, Edelson DP, Churpek MM. The Development Of A Machine Learning Inpatient Acute Kidney Injury Prediction Model. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(7):1070-1077. 3.

Abstract: Background: Ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) represents the pressure difference between arterial blood pressure and intraocular pressure (IOP), playing a critical role in maintaining adequate blood flow to the optic nerve head. While OPP has been extensively studied in older adult populations, data on OPP characteristics and its determinants....

Keywords: Ocular Perfusion Pressure; Intraocular Pressure; Blood Pressure; Young Adults; Nigerian Population

[1]. Ramya, C. M., Rajalakshmi, R. R., & Nataraj, S. M. (2018). Ocular Perfusion Pressure Variation In Relation To Gender And Body Mass Index In Healthy Young Adults. National Journal Of Physiology, Pharmacy And Pharmacology, 8(3).
[2]. Luo, X., Shen, Y. M., Jiang, M. N., Lou, X. F., & Shen, Y. (2015). Ocular Blood Flow Autoregulation Mechanisms And Methods. Journal Of Ophthalmology, 2015(1).
[3]. Tomita, G., Huang, D., O'Brien, C., Park, K., & Nakazawa, T. (2015). Ocular Blood Flow And Visual Functions.
[4]. Pechauer, A. D., Huang, D., & Jia, Y. (2015). Detecting Blood Flow Response To Stimulation Of The Human Eye. Biomed Research International.
[5]. Liebmann, J. M. (2013). Ocular Perfusion Pressure And Glaucoma: Clinical Implications. Current Opinion In Ophthalmology, 24(2), 123-128..

Abstract: Background: Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is a heterogeneous group of inherited connective tissue disorders characterized by bone fragility, low bone mass, and skeletal deformities. The majority of cases are attributed to dominant mutations in the genes encoding type I procollagen, COL1A1 and COL1A2. Currently, nearly 19 subtypes have been described with variable phenotypic expression. Objective: To present the radiological spectrum of OI in a 24-year-old adult female with atypical systemic manifestations including dental abnormalities and cardiac conduction defects....

Keywords: Osteogenesis imperfecta, Imaging, Radiolography, COL1A1, COL1A2, Type I Collagen, CT, Dentinogenesis Imperfecta, QTc Prolongation

[1]. Radiopaedia. Osteogenesis Imperfecta. Https://Radiopaedia.Org/Articles/Osteogenesis-Imperfecta-1
[2]. NCBI. Genetics Of Osteogenesis Imperfecta. Https://Www.Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov/Pmc/Articles/PMC3731461/
[3]. RSNA. Radiological Features Of OI. Https://Pubs.Rsna.Org/Doi/10.1148/58.2.221

Abstract: Background: Landmark based spinal anesthesia remains common where ultrasound is not routinely available. Midline access may become difficult when the interspinous pathway is narrow or poorly palpable. A standardized paraspinous entry point may provide a reproducible route to the L3-L4 subarachnoid space. Objective: The study assessed final horizontal and vertical needle angles required for successful paraspinous lumbar subarachnoid block at L3-L4 from three defined entry points.....

Keywords: spinal anesthesia; subarachnoid block; paraspinous approach; paramedian approach; lumbar spine; landmark technique

[1]. Perlas A, Chaparro LE, Chin KJ. Lumbar Neuraxial Ultrasound For Spinal And Epidural Anesthesia: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2016;41(2):251-260. Doi:10.1097/AAP.0000000000000184
[2]. Chin KJ, Perlas A, Chan V. The Ultrasound Assisted Paraspinous Approach To Lumbar Neuraxial Blockade: A Simplified Technique In Patients With Difficult Anatomy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2015;59(5):668-673. Doi:10.1111/Aas.12502
[3]. Conroy PH, Luyet C, Mccartney CJL, Mchardy PG. Real Time Ultrasound Guided Spinal Anaesthesia: A Prospective Observational Study Of A New Approach. Anesthesiol Res Pract. 2013;2013:525818. Doi:10.1155/2013/525818
[4]. Bowens C, Dobie KH, Devin CJ, Corey JM. An Approach To Neuraxial Anaesthesia For The Severely Scoliotic Spine. Br J Anaesth. 2013;111(5):807-811. Doi:10.1093/Bja/Aet161
[5]. Mahmoudi K, Joon Y, Kihira S, Goldstein J, Et Al. Body Mass Index Correlates With Skin To Spinal Canal Distance: A Large Retrospective Single Center Study. J Neuroimaging. 2020;30(6):896-900. Doi:10.1111/Jon.12747

Abstract: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major global health challenge, with Nigeria and other sub-Saharan African countries experiencing a rapidly rising burden. Multidisciplinary care programs (MDPs), involving physicians, nurses, pharmacists, dietitians, diabetes educators, and psychosocial support providers, are internationally recommended to improve glycaemic control, reduce complications, and enhance patient-centred outcomes. This scoping review synthesises evidence on the composition, delivery models, and effects of multidisciplinary....

Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, multidisciplinary care programs, glycaemic control patient-centred outcomes, Nigeria.

[1]. Agofure, O., Et Al. (2020). Knowledge Of Diabetes Mellitus And Adherence To Treatment Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Attending A Tertiary Facility In Southern Nigeria.
[2]. American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards Of Care In Diabetes.
[3]. Bukhsh, A., Et Al. (2018). Effectiveness Of Pharmacist-Led Educational Interventions On Self-Care Activities And Glycaemic Control In Type 2 Diabetes.
[4]. Chrvala, C. A., Sherr, D., & Lipman, R. D. (2016). Diabetes Self-Management Education For Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review Of The Effect On Glycaemic Control.
[5]. Community Guide. (2019). Team-Based Care To Improve Hba1c, BP And Lipids In Type 2 Diabetes Management.

Abstract: Background: Skin cancer referral volumes are placing increasing strain on dermatology services. In England, over 650,000 patients were referred via the urgent suspected skin cancer two-week-wait (2WW) pathway in 2023/24, with 120,000 exceeding the 28-day diagnostic standard. Artificial intelligence (AI) and teledermatology offer candidate solutions to this capacity deficit. Objectives: To critically evaluate evidence for AI-assisted lesion classification and teledermatology within urgent skin cancer referral pathways, with emphasis on diagnostic performance....

Keywords: artificial intelligence; convolutional neural network; teledermatology; skin cancer; melanoma; two-week wait; referral pathway; NHS; health equity; deep learning

[1]. NHS England. AI-Based Skin Lesion Analysis Technology [Internet]. London: NHS England; 2024 [Updated December 2025; Cited February 2026]. Available From: Https://Www.England.Nhs.Uk/Elective-Care/Best-Practice-Solutions/Ai-Based-Skin-Lesion-Analysis-Technology/
[2]. Esteva A, Kuprel B, Novoa RA, Ko J, Swetter SM, Blau HM, Et Al. Dermatologist-Level Classification Of Skin Cancer With Deep Neural Networks. Nature. 2017;542(7639):115–118.
[3]. Haenssle HA, Fink C, Schneiderbauer R, Toberer F, Buhl T, Blum A, Et Al. Man Against Machine: Diagnostic Performance Of A Deep Learning Convolutional Neural Network For Dermoscopic Melanoma Recognition In Comparison To 58 Dermatologists. Ann Oncol. 2018;29(8):1836–1842.
[4]. NHS England. A Teledermatology Roadmap. London: NHS England; June 2023.
[5]. Borovicka JH, Thomas L, Todd C, Nelluri B. Teledermatology: Comparison Of Store-And-Forward Versus Live Interactive And In-Person Assessment Of Dermatological Conditions. J Telemed Telecare. 2018;24(10):649–655.

Abstract: Sleep apnea is a multifactorial sleep disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of airflow cessation or reduction during sleep. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) arises from upper airway collapse, while central sleep apnea (CSA) results from impaired brainstem respiratory drive. Patho-physiologically, apnoeic events cause intermittent hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and sleep fragmentation, leading to cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurocognitive complications. Clinically, patients present with loud snoring, witnessed apneas, excessive daytime sleepiness, and impaired concentration, while children may exhibit hyperactivity and poor school performance....

Keywords: Sleep apnea; Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA); Central sleep apnea (CSA); Polysomnography; Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI); Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP); Oral appliances; Prosthodontics

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Abstract: Background: Refractive errors represent a major global public health challenge, with myopia emerging as a significant concern among young adult populations worldwide. Data on refractive error prevalence and demographic correlates in Nigerian university students remain limited. This study determined the prevalence and demographic correlates of refractive errors among young adults at Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria.....

Keywords: Refractive Error; Myopia; Prevalence; Young Adults; University Students; Nigerian Population

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Abstract: Background: Serum lactate is a widely available marker of tissue hypoperfusion in sepsis, but a single value reflects a static moment in an evolving illness. The change in lactate over the first hours of resuscitation may carry greater prognostic weight than the admission value alone. This study was undertaken to evaluate serial lactate clearance measured at six hours as a predictor of in-hospital mortality and intensive care unit (ICU) admission among adults presenting to the emergency department (ED) with sepsis......

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[3]. Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, Antonelli M, Coopersmith CM, French C, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2021. Crit Care Med. 2021;49(11):e1063-143.
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