Abstract: Background: This article presents a comprehensive review of the use of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) in photovoltaic cells, focusing on its structural, optical, and electronic properties. The study critically examines doping strategies (such as the incorporation of Nb) and morphological modifications, as well as synthesis methods and characterization techniques that influence the performance of TiO₂-based photovoltaic devices, including dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and perovskite solar cells......
Keywords: Titanium Dioxide; Photovoltaic Cells; Perovskite; Material Characterization.
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