IOSR-JAP   Volume-18 ~ Issue-4 ~ Jul. – Aug. 2026

ABSTRACT: The environmental concerns linked to ordinary Portland cement have increased the demand for alternative binder systems that utilize locally available resources efficiently and still provide adequate performance. This study investigates the potential of rice husk ash (RHA) and calcined clay (CC) as supplementary pozzolanic materials in lime-based binders. The objective was to comparatively evaluate the influence of these materials on physicochemical properties, reactivity, and mechanical performance and to establish relationships between these parameters. RHA and CC were produced under controlled calcination conditions and characterized using chemical, mineralogical......

Keywords: Rice husk ash, calcined clay, lime-based binders, pozzolanic reactivity, compressive strength, electrical conductivity

[1]. G. Boshoff, J. Duncan, And P. D. Rose, “Tannery Effluent As A Carbon Source For Biological Sulphate Reduction,” Water Research, Vol. 38, No. 11, Pp. 2651–2658, 2004.
[2]. N. F. Musyimi, J. Karanja, M. Wachira, And M. Mulwa, “Pozzolanicity And Compressive Strength Performance Of Kibwezi Bricks Based Cement,” Iosr Journal Of Applied Chemistry (Iosr-Jac, Vol. 9, No. 2, Pp. 28–32, 2016.
[3]. K. L. Scrivener, V. M. John, And E. M. Gartner, “Eco-Efficient Cements: Potential Economically Viable Solutions For A Low-Co₂ Cement-Based Materials Industry,” Cement And Concrete Research, Vol. 114, Pp. 2–26, 2018.
[4]. L. Mirzaei, T. Ghebrab, And C. B. Fedler, “Review And Evaluation Of Agricultural Biomass Ashes As Supplementary Cementitious Materials For Sustainable Concrete,” Processes, Vol. 13, No. 11, P. 3571, 2025.
[5]. I. G. Amadi And J. Mahachi, “Towards Sustainable Concrete: Current Trends And Future Projections Of Supplementary Cementitious Materials In South Africa,” Construction Materials, Vol. 5, No. 3, P. 70, 2025.

ABSTRACT: Oscillations of the geomagnetic field with periods between 10 sec and a few minutes have been studied using the Earth current technique at Indian Institute of geomagnetism at Navi Mumbai. For Pc4 pulsations, the diurnal variation of average period was ‘u’ shaped having longer periods at night than during the day. There was no simple relationship between period and Kp index and, unlike Pc3, the percentage occurrence does not increase linearly with Kp index. Pc4 occurred most frequently just pre-dawn, this is in contrast to the noon peak observed at middle latitudes and under the equatorial electrojet. Pc3 occurrence frequency peaks at mid-day, the period was found.....

Keywords: MHD waves, ultra-low frequency waves, magnetic micro-pulsations, interplanetary magnetic field, KP indices

[1]. T. Saito, “Magnetic Pulsations”, Space Sci. Rev., 10(3), P. 319-412, 1969.
[2]. K. Tomomura, T. Sakurai, And Y. Kato, “Satellite Observations Of Magnetic Fluctuations In The Magnetosheath And The Magnetosphere,” Proc Of The Faculty Of Engineering, Tokai University (Japan), 9, 01, 1983.
[3]. R. L., Mcpherron, “Magnetospheric Dynamics”, In Introduction To Space Physics, Eds. M. G. Kivelson And C. T. Russell. New York, Melbourne, Cambridge Uni. Press, 01, 1995.
[4]. J. A. Jacobs, “Geomagnetic Micropulsations”, Springer-Verlag Berlin, Germany, 01, 1970.
[5]. B. M. Pathan, N. G. Kleimenova, O. V. Kozyreva, D. R. K. Rao, And R. L. Asinkar, “Equatorial Enhancement Of Pc5-6 Magnetic Storm Time Geomagnetic Pulsations, Earth Planet Space, 51, 959, 1999

ABSTRACT: Einstein's mass–energy equivalence established that mass and energy are manifestations of the same physical reality. Within modern quantum field theory (QFT), mass is understood not as an intrinsic substance but as an emergent consequence of energy interacting with fields — most notably the Higgs field and gluon binding within quantum chromodynamics (QCD). This article develops a unified interpretive framework in which mass is conceptualized as the energy content of a supporting medium, whether material, field-theoretic, or vacuum-based. Mechanical waves, quantum matter waves.....

Keywords: mass–energy equivalence; Higgs mechanism; quantum field theory; emergent mass; energy propagation; medium; unified framework; foundations of physics

[1]. Einstein, A. (1905). Zur Elektrodynamik Bewegter Körper. Annalen Der Physik, 17, 891–921.
[2]. Einstein, A. (1905). Ist Die Trägheit Eines Körpers Von Seinem Energieinhalt Abhängig? Annalen Der Physik, 18, 639–641.
[3]. Peskin, M. E., & Schroeder, D. V. (1995). An Introduction To Quantum Field Theory. Westview Press.
[4]. Weinberg, S. (1989). The Cosmological Constant Problem. Reviews Of Modern Physics, 61, 1–23.
[5]. Higgs, P. W. (1964). Broken Symmetries And The Masses Of Gauge Bosons. Physical Review Letters, 13, 508–509.

ABSTRACT: Sewage sludge management remains an environmental and economic challenge because of the large quantities generated by municipal wastewater treatment plants and the increasing limitations of conventional disposal routes. In this study, dewatered municipal sludge was processed by drying, grinding, and high-energy ball milling to produce a nano-scale sewage sludge (NSS) filler for natural rubber (NR) composites. The filler was incorporated.....

Keywords : Natural Rubber (NR), Sewage Sludge Fillers, Mechanical Properties, Composite Materials, Recycled Material

[1]. Fytili D, Zabaniotou A (2008) Utilization Of Sewage Sludge In EU Application Of Old And New Methods-A Review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 12(1):116-140. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Rser.2006.05.014
[2]. Kelessidis AS, Stasinakis AS (2012) Comparative Study Of The Methods Used For Treatment And Final Disposal Of Sewage Sludge In European Countries. Waste Manag 32(6):1186-1195. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Wasman.2012.01.012
[3]. Abdel Wahaab R, Mahmoud M, Van Lier JB (2020) Toward Achieving Sustainable Management Of Municipal Wastewater Sludge In Egypt: Challenges And Opportunities. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 127:109880. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Rser.2020.109880
[4]. Fini EH, Kazemi M, Poulikakos L, Lazorenko G, Akbarzade V, Lamanna A, Lammers P (2024) Perspectives On Innovative Non-Fertilizer Applications Of Sewage Sludge For Mitigating Environmental And Health Hazards. Commun Eng 3:178.
Https://Doi.Org/10.1038/S44172-024-00298-X
[5]. Chang BP, Akil HM, Nasir RM, Abdul Razak SI, Zulkepli NN (2021) Toward Bioresourced Fillers For Rubber Composites: A Review. Green Chem 23:7628-7654. Https://Doi.Org/10.1039/D1GC01115D

ABSTRACT: We measured individual rotational-line intensities in the high-resolution Fourier-transform emission spectrum of 69Ga35Cl between 28 000 and 30 000 cm-1. The spectrum was recorded from an electrodeless microwave discharge at an apodised resolution of 0.035 cm-1. Profile integration yielded 1 381 unblended lines: the (0,0), (2,1), and (3,2) bands of the A3Π0+ - X1Σ+ system, and the (0,0), (0,1), (0,2), and (1,2) bands of B3Π1 - X1Σ+. Although the two systems.....

Keywords : GaCl; Fourier transform spectroscopy; rotational temperature; Hönl-London factors; group IIIA monohalides

[1] M. Singh, G. S. Ghodgaonkar, M. D. Saksena, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer (as cited in Ref. [8]).
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ABSTRACT: BiFeO3 is well known for its multiferroic properties at room temperature. Magnetoelectric coupling makes this material useful for spintronic applications. Herein, we present the study of change in structural, magnetic and dielectric properties of polycrystalline BiFeO3 with Gd substitution at room temperature. The solution combustion method is used for our samples preparation. Crystal structures are analyzed by using X–ray diffraction technique with the help of reitveld refinement. Raman spectroscopy is used to study their bonding environment and.....

Keywords : BiFeO3 polycrystalline material, solution combustion method of synthesis, structural, magnetic and dielectric properties.

[1] N. A. Spaldin & R. Ramesh, Advances in magnetoelectric multiferroics, Nature Materials volume 18, 2019, 203–212.
[2] M-M Lun, M-M Sun, Y-Q Wang, G-S Gong, M-C Wei, Y-L Su, D-W Fu, and Z-Q Liu; Recent progress in single-phase molecular multiferroic materials with ferroelectricity and ferroelasticity, Chem. Sci. 17 (21), 2026, 10355–10373.
[3] S.Sharma, S.Mahadevan, K.Pandey, P.Singh, S.Chauhan, M.Kumar, J.M. Siqueiros, O.Raymond Herrera, Phase transition driven enhancements of multiferroic properties in doped BiFeO3: A comprehensive review, Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 195, 2025,109613.
[4] Q. He, Y.-H. Chu, J. T. Heron, S. Y. Yang, W. I. Liang, C.Y. Kuo, H. J. Lin, P. Yu, C. W. Liang, R. J. Zeches, W. C. Kuo, J. Y. Juang, C. T. Chen, E. Arenholz, A. Scholl, R. Ramesh. Electrically controllable spontaneous magnetism in nanoscale mixed phase multiferroics,.Nature Communications 2, 2011, 225.

ABSTRACT: We constructed Jenč reduced potential curves for the ground states of GaF, GaCl, GaBr, and GaI and used them to check the RKR curves and the constants from which those curves were derived. By definition, all four minima map to (1, 1). Near the minimum, the curves nearly coincide. At u + 1 = 1.10, the four ρ values agree within 2.7 % on the repulsive limb and 1.4 % on the attractive limb. The agreement deteriorates with increasing energy; at u + 1 = 1.40, the attractive limb of GaI differs from the other three by 11 %. We also compared the Hulburt-Hirschfelder, extended....

Keywords : gallium monohalides; RKR potential curves; reduced potential curves; Hulburt-Hirschfelder; extended Rydberg; Zavitsas function

[1] Y. P. Varshni, Rev. Mod. Phys. 29 (1957) 664.
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ABSTRACT: The method introduced by Rao and co-workers estimates dissociation energy by inserting trial De values into an empirical potential and selecting the value that gives the highest correlation with the RKR curve. Although the method has been used for more than 30 years, its results are often reported to 0.01 eV without an accompanying resolution test. We applied it to the ground states of GaF, GaCl, GaBr, and GaI. Because the Pearson coefficient is unchanged when either variable is rescaled, it contains no direct information about De. Its only sensitivity to De comes from....

Keywords : dissociation energy; correlation-coefficient method; Hulburt-Hirschfelder function; RKR curves; gallium monohalides.

[1] V. M. Rao, M. L. P. Rao, P. T. Rao, Acta Phys. Acad. Sci. Hung. 46 (1979) 153.
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ABSTRACT: Glasses samples containing Ho3+ in Yttrium Zinc Lithium Lead Sodalime Borotellurite Glasses (25-x)TeO2: 10ZnO: 10Li2O: 10PbO: 10Na2O: 10CaO: 10Y2O3 :15B2O3 :xHo2O3 (where x=1, 1.5,2 mol %) have been prepared by melt-quenching method. The amorphous nature of the prepared glass samples was confirmed by X-ray diffraction...

Keywords : YZLLSLBT Glasses, Thermal Properties, Judd-Ofelt Theory, Optical Properties, Photoluminescence Properties

[1].Meena,S.L.(2026).Spectral and Thermal Properties of Dy3+ ions doped Zinc Lithium Sodalime Potassiumniobate Bismuthborate Glasses
[2]. Marzouk,M.A.,Khattab,R.M.,Sadek,H.E.H.,Ali,M.M.,Ali,I.S.(2025).Sustainable synthesis and characterization of Bi2O3 doped borate glass-ceramics from granite sludge waste with emphasis on structure,luminescence and mechanical properties,J.Ino.Org.Poly.Mat.35,9719-9735.
[3].Meena, S.L. (2025). Spectral and Thermal properties of Eu3+ doped Ytterium Zinc Lithium Alumina Tungsten Potassiumniobate Bismuth Borate Glasses with low Hruby’s criterion, IOSR Appl.Phys.17,48-54.
[4].Arora,R.,Kaur,N.,Singh,H.,Kumar,D.,Bhatia,V.,Singh,S.P.(2024).B2O3-TeO2-ZnO-Na2O-Nd2O3 glass matrices: A comprehensive study of physical,structural,optical and thermoluminescence properties,Mater.Chem.Phys.313,128783.
[5].Meena,S.L.(2024).Structural,physical and optical properties of Pr3+ doped in bismuth borate glasses,Appl.Phys.A,404,1-12..

ABSTRACT: In this work, high-quality graphene films were synthesized on copper foils using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and subsequently transferred onto glass slides via a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-assisted wet transfer method. The copper substrate was pre-treated through chemical cleaning and high-temperature annealing to promote large grain growth and uniform graphene formation. Structural and spectroscopic characterizations confirm successful synthesis......

Keywords : Graphene; Chemical Vapor Deposition; PMMA-assisted transfer; Electrical conductivity

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