iosr-JMCE   Volume-6 ~ Issue-3

Abstract: This paper describes the influence of steel fibre distribution on the ultimate strength of concrete beams. An experimental & analytical investigation of the behaviour of concrete beams reinforced with conventional steel bars and steel fibres under cyclic loading is presented. It is now well established that one of the important properties of steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) is its superior resistance to cracking and crack propagation. As a result of this ability to arrest cracks, fibre composites possess increased extensibility and tensile strength, both at first crack and at ultimate load and the fibres are able to hold the matrix together even after extensive cracking. The net result of all these is to impart to the fibre composite pronounced post – cracking ductility which is unheard of in ordinary concrete. The transformation from a brittle to a ductile type of material would increase substantially the energy absorption characteristics of the fibre composite and its ability to withstand repeatedly applied, shock or impact loading. Tests on conventionally reinforced concrete beam specimens, containing steel fibres in different proportions, have been conducted to establish load-deflection curves. It was observed that SFRC beams showed enhanced properties compared to that of RC beams with steel fibres. The experimental investigations are validated with the analytical studies carried out by finite element models using ANSYS.

Keywords: Steel fiber, concrete, properties, crack, ductility, technology.

[1]. S. Pant Avinash1, R. Suresh Parekar (2010) "Steel fiber reinforced concrete beams under combined torsion-bending-shear" Journal of Civil Engineering (IEB) 38(1) 31-38
[2]. R.P. Dhakal and H.R. Song (2009) "Effect of bond on the behaviour of steel fibre reinforced concrete beams" ICI Journal, Vol. 1,No.4
[3]. Mukesh Shukla (2011)"Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Steel Fibres under Flexural Loading" International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 04, No 06 SPL, October, pp 843-846
[4]. Florian Finck(2010) "Acoustic Emission analysis of SFRC Beams under cyclic bending loads" Journal of Civil Engineering (IEB) 38(1) 21-28
[5]. Vengatachalapathy.V 1 , Ilangovan.R (2010 )"A Study on Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams With and without Openings" International journal of civil and structural engineering, Volume 1, No. 3
[6]. Pant Avinash S, Parekar Suresh R(2009) "Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams Under Bending, Shear And Torsion Without Web Reinforcement" International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 6
[7]. I.J Sluys And R.De Borst (2010)"Computational modelling of impact test on steel fiber reinforced concrete beams" Journal of civil Engineering, Vol. 2, No.4
[8]. Hai H. Dinh and James K. Wight(2009) "Shear behavior of steel fiber-reinforced concrete beams without stirrup reinforcement" ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology, Technical Note, Vol. 44, No. 3-4
[9]. Hamid Pesaran Behbahani1, Behzad Nematollahi(2011) "Flexural behaviour of steel-fibre-added-rc (sfrc) Beams with C30 and C50 classes of concrete" Engineering structures ,Science Direct 37
[10]. Gustavo J. Parra-Montesano's(2010) "Shear strength of beams with deformed steel fibres" International journal of applied engineering research, Volume 1, no1

Abstract: The Laser cutting is a very important manufacturing technology. But this method has some disadvantages, among which we find the emergence of a Thermically Affected Zone ZAT can dramatically alter the characteristics of the processed material which affects its behaviour during its use. For this, we have tried in this article to study the effect of the forward speed and the laser power in this area (thickness, hardening). In this context, tests were made on steel C45 where we relied on the method of experiment plans to create a mathematical model Significant coefficients are obtained by carrying out a variance analysis ANOVA on the level of 5% of significance. We find that the speed in advance and the power of the laser have a great effect on the ZAT.

Keywords: Cutting, Laser CO2, Heat Affected Zone.

[1] Neila Jebbari, Mohamed Mondher Jebari, Faycal Saadallah, Annie Tarrats-Saugnac, Raouf Bennaceur, Jean Paul Longuemard (2007). "Thermal affected zone obtained in machining steel XC42 by high-power continuous CO2 laser". Optics and Laser Technology 40 (2008) 864-873.

[2] I.A. Choudhury, S. Shirley (2009). "Laser cutting of polymeric materials: An experimental investigation". Optics and Laser Technology 42 (2010) 503-508.

[3] Davim JP, Barricas N, Conceição M, Oliveira C. "Some experimental studies on CO2 laser cutting quality of polymeric materials". Journal of Materials Processing Technology 2008; 198 (1-3):99-104.

[4] J. Wang, W.C.K. Wong. "CO2 laser cutting of metallic coated sheet steels". Journal of Materials Processing Technology 95 (1999) 164-168

[5] Lv. Shanjin, Wang Yang. "An investigation of pulsed laser cutting of titanium alloy sheet". Optics and Laser in Engineering 44 (2006) 1067-1077.

[6] B. Tirumala Rao, Rakesh Kaul, Pragya Tiwari, A.K. Nath. "Inert gas cutting of titanium sheet with pilsed mode CO2 laser". Optics and Laser in Engineering 43 (2005) 1330-1348.

[7] Sivarao, T.J.S. Anand, Ammar, Shukor. "RSM Based Modeling for Surface Roughness Prediction in Laser Machining". Inetrnational Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol: 10 No 04.

Abstract: This Paper Reviews Briefly The Current Research On Sloshing And Its Effect In Liquid Carrier Tanker. The Aim Of This Paper To Study The Basics Of Sloshing And Its Prevention (Mainly In Liquid Carrier Tanker) The Liquid Sloshing Is Free Surface Fluctuation Of Liquid When Its Container Is Excited By External Vibrations Such As Earthquakes. The Liquid Sloshing May Cause Various Engineering Problem, For Example Instability Of Ships In Aero Engineering And Ocean Engineering, Failures On Structural Systems Of The Liquid Container. The Tanker Used For The Transportation Of Liquid Over The Road-Ways Is An Integral Part Of The Carrier/Vehicle. The Tanker Is Expected To Withstand The Unbalanced Forces On Account Of Transit Over Uneven And Irregular Surfaces/Contours Of The Road As Also Due To Sudden Acceleration Or Deceleration (Due To Application Of Brakes).

Keywords-Sloshing, Impact, Baffle, Simulation

[1]. Donald Liu "Tanker Spills Prevention By Design" National academic Press, Publication Year1991 ISBN-10: 0-309-04377-8 ,pp.208 to 213
[2]. Jean Ma and Mohammad Usman Jean "Modeling of Fuel Sloshing Phenomenon Considering Solid-Fluid Interaction" 8TH International LS-DYNA Users Conference Fluid/Structure
[3]. Ranjit Babar and V.Katkar "Simulation of Fuel Tank Slosh Test-Coupled Eulerian-Langrangian Approach" Tata Technologies, TATA motors Ltd. Pimpri, Pune
[4]. Kim Hyun-Soo and Lee Young-Shin "Optimization design technique for reduction of sloshing by evolutionary methods" Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology,Number1/January 2008,Vol.22
[5]. Jang-Ryong Shin and Kyungsik Choi and Sin-Young Kang "An Analytical Solution to Sloshing Natural Periods for a Prismatic Liquid Cargo Tank with Baffles" Proceeding of Sixteenth International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, California, USA, May 28-June 2, 2006

Abstract: The two major distresses encountered on flexible pavement under Indian conditions are fracture (cracking) and longitudinal permanent deformation (rutting) which affects the serviceability of pavement. Accelerated Pavement Testing Facility (APTF) is a tool which is a vital link for testing and measuring full-scale field behaviour of cracking and rutting of pavement at in-situ conditions. Recently, CSIR-Central Road Research Institute (CRRI) in India has procured a linear Heavy Vehicle Simulator (HVS) type of APTF which is presently being used for finding out the cracking and rutting behaviour of a flexible pavement consisting Dense Bituminous Concrete (DBC) as wearing course and Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) as binder course apart from the conventional granular layers above sub-grade. The present paper deals with the development of a statistical model and its approach for pavement rutting under numerous passes (bi-directional) for the layer specifications which are (i) 40 mm DBC (ii) 120 mm DBM (iii) 250 mm Wet Mix Macadam (WMM) and (iv) 300 mm Granular Sub-base (GSB) above the Sub-grade, which is an Indian Specification widely used for 30 Million Standard Axles (MSA) at 5% CBR. The statistical model has been developed by observing / recording pavement surface profile using Laser Profilometer (off board) for every 5,000 passes upto 50,000 passes, thereafter at every 10,000 passes upto 175,000 passes and then at every 25,000 passes upto 275,000 passes. The details of methodology adopted, load applied, temperature and material properties have also been given in the paper.

Keywords: Flexible pavement, Rutting, Accelerated Pavement Testing Facility,Modelling,Profilometer.

[1]. Dr. Roque.,Reynaldo, Dr.Birgisson Bjorn, Mr. Darku Daniel, Mr. Christos A.Drakos Evaluation of laboratory testing systems for asphalt mixture design and evaluation, Florida department of Transportation, www.dot.state.fl.us/research-center/Completed.../FDOT_BB888.pdf. ,2004
[2]. Guidelines for the Design of Flexible Pavement,Indian Road Congress -37:2001.
[3]. Wang, H., Zhang, Q., and Tan, J. "Investigation of Layer Contributions to Asphalt Pavement Rutting." J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 21, SPECIAL ISSUE: China: Innovative Use of Materials for Highway Construction,2009
[4]. Hugo, F., B.F. McCullough, and B. Van der Walt, "Full- Scale Accelerated Pavement Testing for the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation," Transportation Research Record 1293, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1991.

Abstract: Geo-technical engineering as a subject has developed considerably in the past four decades. There has been remarkable development in the fields of design, research and construction of dam. India is capable of designing and constructing a dam that would withstand a seismic jolt. The country needs water and electricity to provide its people good living standards. Hydropower is the solution to the country's requirements, and this can be achieved by storing water in dams. In the past, earthquake effects may have been treated too lightly in dam design. Are such dams safe, and how have they fared in previous earthquakes, this Paper will be limited to the some of finding about one concrete types. What will happen to dams during severe earthquake shaking? It is obvious that at present engineers cannot answer this question with any certainty. But we are very much aware of the threat of disastrous losses of life and damage to property if dams should fail, and we are making great effort to increase our under standing of this complex topic. This Paper deals with the case study of totaladoh Dam Situated in Vidarbha Region of Maharashtra for Seismic Analysis by I.S.Code method (Simple Beam Analysis method). This also includes future scope of analyzing the same dam for Seismic safety by very accurate method i.e. finite element method.

Keywords: Earthquake, The finite element method, Indian Standard codes(I.S.Code), horizontal seismic coefficient (αh ),Hydrostatic pressure, Seismic analysis,

[1]. H.D. Sharma (1981) " concrete Dams – Criteria for Design." University of Roorkee. Metropolitian publication New delhi.
[2]. Dr. D.S Saini (1983), "Dams and Earthquake". Department of civil engineering, University of Roorkee.
[3]. Bureau of Indian Standards Publication IS 1893-1984. Criteria for Earthquake Resistant design of structures.
[4]. Engineering Seismology, Institution of Engineers ( India ),Kolkata publication journal, Vol. 83, Aug 2002.
[5]. Dams and earthquake Safety. ( By John.F. Hall )
[6]. Dissertation Report on Seismic study of gravity dams for earthquake hazard mitigation and rehabilitation there of ( N.P.Gahlot )
[7]. Investigation of Liquefaction Failure in Earthen Dam during Bhuj Earthquake ( www.nicee.org )
[8]. Earthquake Tips ( C.V.R. MURTHY, Dept. of Civil Engg. IIT Kanpur )

Abstract:The sound and vibratory behavior of the internal combustion engine is a highly complex one, consisting of many components that are subject to loads that vary greatly in magnitude and which operate at a wide range of speeds. Some origins of mechanically induced noise caused by various forces resulting from the combination of combustion and inertia forces which act on the moving parts of the engine to accelerate them across their running clearances and thus cause mechanical noise. The most of the investigations are done on the mechanical noise due to motion of mechanical system i.e. piston slap. The main purpose of this work is to analyze the vibration in diesel engine VCR (Variable Compression Ratio) cylinder liner considering combustion gas forces and cylinder liner temperature using finite element software ANSYS. Also Aluminium (HF 18) material is being tested in the software for this purpose. The output results were quite satisfactory to predict the behavior of deflection under different pressures. The combustion gas forces calculated for varying compression pressures. In this paper the results are presented for displacement and frequency which indicate the amplitude of vibration. By comparing the analytical results, the validity of the proposed analysis has been confirmed. Furthermore, this analysis is applied to evaluate the vibration of HF 18 material along with increase in thickness, and revealing the closer response according to the material and vibration.

Keywords - VCR Diesel engine, Cylinder liner, Combustion gas force and Harmonic analysis.

[1]. W.J.Griffiths and J.Skorecki [1964] "Some aspects of vibration of a single cylinder diesel engine", Journal of sound and vibration vol.1 (345-364).
[2]. S.D.Haddad and H.L.Pullen [1974], "Piston slap as source of noise and vibration in diesel engine", Journal of sound and vibration 34(2), (249-260).
[3]. L. Chabot PSA Peugeot Citroen, Oliver G.K. Yates Ricardo Group, "Noise and Vibration Optimization of a Gasoline Engine", Fifth Ricardo Software International User Conference in Detroit [2000].
[4]. H. Zheng , G.R. Liu, J.S. Tao, K.Y. Lam, "FEM/BEM analysis of diesel piston-slap induced ship hull vibration and underwater noise", ELSEVIER, Applied Acoustics 62 [2001] 341-358.
[5]. S.H. Cho, S.T. Ahn And Y.H. Kim [2002], "A simple model to estimate the impact force induced by piston slap", Journal of Sound and vibration Vol. 255 (229-242).
[6]. Takayushi Aoyama, Sigeo Suzuki, Atasushi Kawamto, Takashi Noda, Toshihiro Ozasa, Takeyushi Kato, Takashi Ito "Preventive Design and Analysis of Cavitation Noise on Diesel Engine"[2004], R and D Review of Toyata CRDL Vol. 40 No.1 36-42.
[7]. Nobutaka TSUJIUCHI, Takayuki KOIZUMI, Shinya UEMURA Department of Engineering, Doshisha University, Japan[2006], "Modeling of Engine Block and Response Analysis of Piston Slap".
[8]. Anthony Deku, Subramanya Kompella, Department of Mechanical Engg., Blekinge, Sweedon, "Cavitation in Engine Cooling Fluid Due to Piston Cylinder Assembly Forces", ISRN : BTH-AMT-EX-[2006]/D-13—SE.
[9]. R.S.Khurmi and J.K.Gupta, "Machine Design", S.Chand Publication[page no.[1137].
[10]. Dr. Sadhu Singh, "Machine Design", Khanna Publication Table A.4, page no. 1126 and 1143.

Abstract: This paper presents the effect of abundantly available fly ash, on the index properties namely liquid and plastic limit and compaction characteristics of shedi soil. Shedi soil is a problematic soil that lies between top low level laterite and bottom high level laterites in the western coastal area of Karnataka, India. The effect of sodium salts on this shedi soil optimized with Neyveli Fly ash has also been studied. Considerable changes in the index properties and compaction characteristics were observed which are explained based on series of experimental results. Addition of Neyveli fly ash improved the workability of shedi soil considerably. The addition of sodium sulphate to the optimum combination of shedi soil-Neyveli fly ash mixture increases the shear strength of the mixture. The maximum dry density also found increased with the addition of sodium sulphate.

Keywords - Compaction, Laterite, Maximum Dry Density, Neyveli Fly ash

[1]. J.H.Faber, and A.M.Digioia,(1974). Use of ash in embankment construction, Research Record No.593, Transport Research Board,
Washington, D.C., U.S.A., pp. 13 - 19.
[2]. G.Holm, R.Trank, and A.Ekstrom (1983). Improving lime column strength with gypsum. Proc. of VIII European Conference. on SM
& FE, Finnish Geotechnical Soc. pp. 903 - 907.
[3]. S.Torrey, (1978). Coal ash utlization - fly ash, bottom ash and slag, Noyes Data Corp.Park Ridge. NJ.
[4]. K.S. Li, and C.Dutton,(1991). Geotechnical properties of pulverized fuel ash as a reclamation fill, 9th ARC, Theme 5.
[5]. F.G. Bell (1988a). Stabilization and treatment of clay soils with lime part I - Basic principles, Ground Engineering, Vol. 21, pp. 10 -
15.
[6]. Dal Hunter, (1988). Lime induced heave in sulphate bearing clay soil, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE,
Vol.114, No.2, pp.150 - 167.
[7]. B. Indraratna, P.Nutalaya. and N. Kuganenthira(1991). Stabilization of dispersive soil by blending with fly ash, Journal of
Engineering Geology, No.24, pp. 275 - 290.
[8]. H.L.Uppal, and P.K. Dhawan, (1968). A resume on the use of fly ash in soil stabilization, Road Research Papers, No.95.
[9]. W.L. Goecker (1956) . Stabilization of fine coarse grained soils with lime and fly ash mixtures, H .R. B. Bulletin 129, pp.63
[10]. H.N. Ramesh, Sivamohan and P..V. Sivapullaiah (1999). Improvement of strength of fly ash with lime and sodium salts, Ground
Improvement, No.3, pp.163 - 167rmined the mechanical properties of different materials using miniature specimen technique and FEM, M.Tech. IIT, Delhi.

Abstract: An experimental investigation has been done on the changes of die angle, area reduction in dies, loading rate on the final extruded products, extrusion pressures of lead of circular cross sections of different length. The proposed method is successfully adapted to the extrusion of the equilateral triangular section from round billet through converging dies of different area reductions. Computation of extrusion pressure at various area reductions and finite element analysis of different parameters (stress, strain, velocity) both in dry and wet condition.

Keywords - Converging dies, Extrusion of the equilateral triangular section, Extrusion Pressure

[1] V. Nagpal, T. Altan, Analysis of the three-dimensional metal flow in extrusion of shapes. With the use of dual stream function, in: Proceedings of the Third North American Metal Research Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, 1975, pp. 26–40.

[2] B.B. Basily, D.H. Sansome, Some theoretical considerations for the direct drawing of section rod from round bar, Int. J. Mech. Sci. 18 (1979) 201–209.

[3] D.Y. Yang, C.H. Lee, Analysis of three-dimensional extrusion of sections through curved dies by conformal transformations, Int. J. Mech. Sci. 20 (1978) 541–552.

[4] W. Johnson, H. Kudo, The Mechanics of Metal Extrusion.(1963)

[5] Hill, Analysis metal working process, mechanics of physical solids flow rule(1963)

[6] R. Prakash, O.H. Khan, An analysis of plastic flow through polygonal converging dies with generalized boundaries of the zone of plastic deformation, Int. J. Mach.Tool Des. Res. 19(1979)1-9

[7] P.K. Kar, N.S. Das, Upper bound analysis of extrusion of I-section bars from Square, rectangular billets through square dies, Int. J. Mech. Sci. 39 (8) (1997) 925–934.

[8] S.K. Sahoo, P.K. Kar , K.C. Singh a. A numerical application of the upper-bound technique for round-to-hexagon extrusion through linearly converging dies, Int. J. Mat. Pro. Tec. 91 (1999) 105–110

[9] Narayanasamy R, Ponalagusamy R, Venkatesan R, Srinivasan P (2006) An upper bound solution to extrusion of circular billet to circular shape through cosine die. Mater Des 27(5):411– 415. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2004.11.026

[10] J.S. Gunasekera, S. Hosino, Analysis of extrusion or drawing of polygonal sections through straightly conversing dies, J. Engng. Ind.Trans. ASME 104 (1982) 38–43.

Abstract: Preparation of composites of metal with ceramic particle reinforced through the casting process is not uniform because of poor wet ability. The major difficulty is to get a uniform distribution of reinforcement especially in higher volume fractions. An innovative method of producing cast composites is tried in present study to overcome this problem we need homogeneity of matrix. The method involves multi axis rotation of liquid aluminum and silicon carbide particulates packed in a steel pipe inside a rotating drum. Up to 65 % volume of the metal (aluminum)is incorporated by SIC by this technique. Physical Properties like hardness, micro hardness, densities and microstructures have been studied. The distribution of particles as well the mechanical properties are better as compared to that of stir cast composites with similar volume fraction of silicon carbide reinforcement. The composite with 65-volume percentage of silicon carbide of particulates showed a Rockwell Hardness value of 67Rb.In few locations the microstructure showed a non-uniform distribution which can be neglected . There were segregation of silicon carbide particles at a particular location and the hardness obtained there was much higher. The particle distribution is a result of the combined influence of random mixing of particles and liquid aluminum and the solidification pattern obtained.

Key word: Multi axis rotation, microstructure, MMC, Al- SIC matrix

[1]. Padhi ,.P. PhD Thesis, 2006
[2]. C.M.Milliere and M.Surry. Mat Sc &Tech, 4, 41(1998)
[3]. ―Duralcan Aluminium MMCs ― Duralcan(1994)
[4]. J.Campbell, International Metals Reviews 26(2): 71-108 (1981)
[5]. M.Gupta,T.S Srivastan,F.A Mohammad and E.J.Lavernia, J.Mat.Sc .28,2245 (1993)
[6]. Misra .K. Asoka Metastable Structures (Principle, Design& Appl) Ind-US.w/s-Goa 111-114(1993)
[7]. P.K.Rohtgi,R.Asthna and S.Das International Metals Review 31 (3): 115—139.(1986)
[8]. T.W Clyne and P.J Withers,An introduction to MMCs, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K (1993).

Abstract: This paper explores the gas turbine potentials that are fully enhanced by the use of intercooling and thermal recuperation as an engineering option available in the design of gas turbines and offered for marine applications. It examines the off-design performance of two different cycle designs of a 25MW aero-derivative engine by modelling and simulating each of them to operate under conditions other than those of their design point. The simple cycle model consists of a single-spool dual shaft layout while the advanced model is represented by an intercooled-recuperated cycle that runs on a dual-spool and is driven through a three shaft configuration. In each case, the output shaft is coupled to a power turbine through which the propulsion power may be transmitted to the propeller of the vessel to operate in a virtual marine environment. An off-design performance simulation of both engines has been conducted in order to investigate and compare the effect of ambient temperature variation during their part-load operation and particularly when subjected to a variety of marine operating conditions. The study assesses the techno-economic impact of the complex design of the advanced cycle over its simple cycle counterpart and demonstrates its potential for improved operating cost through reduced fuel consumption as a significant step in the current drive for establishing the marine gas turbine engine as a viable alternative to traditional prime movers in the ship propulsion industry.

[1] Hinks, A. R. (1999), "Aero-Derivative Gas Turbines in the Marine Environment", Gas Turbine Operation and Technology for Land, Sea and Air Propulsion and Power Systems, Vol. 34, 18-21 October, Ottawa, Research and Technology Organization (RTO), France, pp. 11-1.

[2] Woodyard, D. (2004), Pounder's Marine Diesel Engines, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.

[3] Schamp, A., et al (1999), "Experience with Aero-Derivative Gas Turbines as Marine Propulsion Machinery", Gas Turbine Operation and Technology for Land, Sea and air Propulsion and Power Systems, Vol. 34, 18-21 October, Ottawa, RTO, France, pp. 9-1.

[4] GE- Marine, (2006), LM2500 Gas Turbine, General Electric, New York.
[5] GE-Energy (2011), www.ge-energy.com (LM2500 Gas Turbines for Offshore Applications - Fact Sheet) (accessed 05).

[6] Watson, B., (2006), LNG Shipping Operations, Rolls-Royce, UK.

[7] Shepherd, S. B. and Bowen, T. L. and Chiprich, J. M. "Design and Development of the WR-21 Intercooled Recuperated (ICR) Marine Gas Turbine", Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, vol. 117, pp. 557-562.

[8] Parker, M. L. et al (1998), "Advances in a Gas Turbine System for Ship Propulsion", RTO AVT Symposium on "Gas Turbine Engine Combustion, Emissions and Alternative Fuels", Vol. MP-14, 12 - 16 October 1998, Lisbon, Portugal, NATO, US, pp. 2-1.

[9] Rowen, A. L. (2003), "Machinery Considerations", in Lamb, T. (ed.) Ship Design and Construction, SNAME, US, pp. 24:1-24:27.

[10] Groghan, D. A. (1992), "Gas turbines", in Harrington, R. L. (ed.) Marine Engineering, The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, USA, pp. 146-183.

Abstract: The effects of ball milling conditions on breakage response of Baban Tsauni (Nigeria) lead-gold ore was examined in this research work. The three factors considered were, the grinding media mass to ore sample mass ratio, the grinding time and the ball mill speed. The breakage response measured in terms of cumulative per cent mass passing the liberation size increased with increase in media mass to sample mass ratio and reached optimum at a ratio of 10:1. The response per unit time decreased as the grinding time was increased gradually from 2minutes to 10minutes, thereby indicating that long grinding circuits were poor in performance. The optimum ball milling speed of the ore was found to be 82.9% of the critical mill speed. This work established a rational approach in the choice of grinding speed. The effects of the three parameters on generation of fines were less pronounced

Key words: energy, fines, grindability, optimum, particle size.

[1] Levin, J., Indicators of grindability and grinding efficiency. J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall., 92 (10), 1992, 283-290,
[2] Deniz, V. Relationships Between Bond's Grindability (Gbg) and Breakage Parameters of Grinding Kinetic on Limestone.
Proceedings of 18th International Mining Congress and Exhibition of Turkey-IMCET, 2003, 451-456.
[3] Wills, B.A. and Napier-Munn, T. Wills' Mineral Processing Technology-An Introduction to the Practical Aspects of Ore Treatment
and Mineral Recovery. Seventh Edition. (Amsterdam: Elsevier Science and Technology Books), 2006, P450.
[4] Doll, A., and Barratt, D. Grinding: Why So Many Tests? 43rd Annual Meeting of the, Canadian Mineral Processors, Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada. January 18 to 20, 2011.
[5] Man, Y.T. Technical Note: Why is the Bond Ball Mill Grindability Test done the way it is done? The European Journal of Mineral
Processing and Environmental Protection 2(1), 1303-0868, 2002, 34-39.
[6] Aksani, B., and Sönmez, B. Simulation of Bond Grindability Test by Using Cumulative Based Kinetic Model, Minerals
Engineering, 13 (6), 2000, 673.

Abstract:Lime stabilization is one of the techniques that can be used for improving the engineering properties, particularly the strength, of soft clays. This paper aims to investigate the effect of hydrated lime on the strength and microstructure of lime treated clays. In order to illustrate such effect, a series of laboratory tests were conducted. Atterberg limits, compaction tests, unconfined compressive strength tests and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were carried out on kaolin clay mixed with 5% hydrated lime. The results indicated that the addition of lime resulted in a reduction in the plasticity of kaolin and an improvement in compaction properties. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of stabilized clay experienced an increase with lime addition. Two variables influencing the amount of strength developed were studied. These variables included curing time and water content. Curing time contributed to an increase in the UCS, from 183 kPa to 390 kPa, that is approximately twice of the strength of untreated kaolin. SEM analysis showed the presence of the cementious products in the kaolin clay resulted from lime-clay reaction.

Key words:Lime, Stabilisation, Soft clay, Pozzolanic reaction, Mineralogy

[1] K. A. Gutschick(1967) Lime Stabilizes Poor Soils, the Aberdeen Group (Available at: http://www.concreteconstruction.net/concrete-articles/lime-stabilizes-poor-soils.aspx).

[2] T.Brandon, J.Brown, W.Daniels, T.DeFazio,G.Filz,J.Musselman, C. Forshaand,J. Mitchell (2009) 'Rapid Stabilisation/ Polymerization of Wet Clay soils; Literature Review', Air Force Research Laboratory, Blacksburg.

[3] D. N. Little (1999) Evaluation of Structural Properties of Lime stabilised soils and aggregates. The national lime association, Vol. 1. [4] J.L. Eadesand R.E. Grim(1966) A Quick Test to Determine Lime Requirements of Lime Stabilisation, Highway Research Record 139, pp. 61-72.

[5] J.L. Eadesand R.E. Grim(1960) The Reaction of Hydrated Lime with Pure Clay Minerals in Soil Stabilization, Highway Research Board 262, pp. 51–63.

[6] British Standard 1377, "Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes," British Standard Institution, London, 1990.

[7] A. Muzahimand L. Abdelmadjid(2008) Effect of Hydrated Lime on the Engineering Behaviour and the Microstructure of Highly Expansive Clay. In: The 12th International Conference of International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics, India, 1-6 October 2oo8.

[8] B. R. Phanikumar(2009) Effect of lime and fly ash on swell, consolidation and shear strength characteristics of expansive clays: a comparative study, Journal of Geomechanics and Geoengineering, 4(2), 175-181.

[9] F. G. Bell(1989) Lime Stabilization of Clay Soils, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 39(1), 67-74.

[10] T.S.Umesha, S.V. Dineshand P.V. Sivapullaiah(2009) Control of dispersivity of soil using lime and cement.International journal of geology.3(1), 8-15.