iosr-JMCE   Volume-3 ~ Issue-3

Abstract: Composite cylinders are high-strength containers made from a mixture of fibre glass or carbon fibers and a plastic resin typically epoxy. A lamina is assumed to be homogeneous and the mechanical behavior is characterized by a set of equivalent or effective moduli and strength properties. In the phenomenological approach, the lamina properties are determined experimentally by conducting tests on a single lamina or a laminate. Once the mechanical properties of the ply are known the initial failure of the ply within a laminate or structure can be predicted by applying an appropriate failure criterion. Failure types are dependent on loading, stacking sequence, and specimen geometry. There are many proposed theories to predict the one-set of failures. Most of failure criteria are based on the stress state in a lamina. The present work aims to determine the effect of diameter-to-thickness ratio 'S' with respect to failure pressure of a four layers, introduction of hoop layers at ends on four layered cylinder and introduction of hoop layers at middle of six layered angle-ply laminated cylinder which is analyzed by using Finite Element software ANSYS. The variation of failure pressure with respect to fiber angles was also presented in this work.
Keywords:Composite cylinder, Failure Analysis, FEM, Fiber angle, FRP, Lamina

[1] Tomonori Kaneko, Sadayuki Ujihashi, Hidetoshi Yomoda and Shusuke Inagi, "Finite element method failure analysis of a
pressurized FRP cylinder under transverse impact loading", Thin-Walled Structures 46, 2008, pp. 898–904.
[2] J. C. Velosa, J. P. Nunes, P. J. Antunes, J. F. Silva and A. T. Marques, "Development of a new generation of filament wound
composite pressure cylinders", Ciencia e Tecnologia dos Materiais, Vol.19, 2007.
[3] J.G. Teng andY.M. Hu, "Behaviour of FRP-jacketed circular steel tubes and cylindrical Shells under axial compression",
Construction and Building Materials 21, 2007, pp. 827–838.
[4] Spagnoli, A. Y. Elghazouli and M. K. Chryssanthopoulos , " Numerical simulation of glass-reinforced plastic cylinders under axial
compression", Marine Structures 14 (2001), pp. 353-374.
[5] M. T. Ahmadian and M. Bonakdar, "A new cylindrical element formulation and its application to structural analysis of laminated
hollow cylinders",Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 44, 2008, pp.617 – 630.
[6] James Ting-Shun Wang & Chien-Chang Lin, "Stresses in rotating composite cylindrical shells", Composite Structures 25, 1993,
pp. 157-164.
[7] M. Madhavi, K. V. J. Rao and K. Narayana Rao, "Design and Analysis of Filament Wound Composite Pressure Vessel with
Integrated-end Domes", Defence Science Journal, Vol. 59, No. 1, 2009, pp. 73-81.
[8] David L. Gray, Daniel J. Moser, "Finite Element Analysis of a Composit overwrapped pressure vessel", 40th
AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit Florida, 2004.
[9] J. Michael Starbuck, "stress analysis of laminated composite cylinders Under non-axisymmetric loading", Lockheed Martin
Energy Research Corporation, DE-AC05-96OR22464.
[10] Gerson Marinucci, Arnaldo H.P. de Andrade, "Micro structural analysis in asymmetric and un-balanced composite cylinders
damaged by internal pressure", Composite Structures, 2004.

Abstract: Vibrations are found almost everywhere in rotating machines. Vibrations in rotating machinery are commonly the result of mechanical faults including mass unbalance, coupling misalignment, mechanical looseness, and many other causes. Unbalance is the most cause of machine vibration, an unbalanced rotor always cause more vibration and generates excessive force in the bearing area and reduces the life of the machine. In this paper 'Deflected Shape of Shaft' (DSS) of a rotating machine was found for detecting unbalance in its rotating components. The change in deflection shape gives the presence of unbalance in the shaft. Experiment reveals that a significant change in the DSS as an early warning indicator of unbalance in the rotating components. Tests were performed on a machinery fault simulator under various conditions of unbalance. Vibration data in terms of displacement was simultaneously acquired using a FFT (Fast Fourier Transform). The rotor shaft displacements were measured at different speeds using FFT at both unbalanced and balanced condition. The experimental frequency spectra were taken for both balanced and unbalanced condition. The presence of unbalance produces a change in the DSS at the rotor running speed and this data was extracted by conducting the experiments. A comparison was then performed with the theoretical calculation and also the vibration data acquired from FFT, at different running speeds. The results of this work provide a new method for detecting machinery unbalance, and offer a simplified approach for on-line fault detection in operating machinery.
Keywords: Unbalance, Vibration, Deflected Shape of Shaft (DSS), Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Nomenclature: MNDE: Motor Non Drive End; H: Horizontal; D: Displacement MDE: Motor Drive End; V: Vertical; Theo: Theoretical PBE: Pillow Block End; A: Axial Exp: Experimental

[1] Surendra N. Ganeriwala (Suri), Brian Schwarz & Mark H. Richardson "Using Operating Deflection Shapes to Detect Unbalance in
Rotating Equipment" Sound and Vibration, May 2009.
[2] Zhunag li, Surendra N. Ganeriwala & Mark H. Richardson "Using Operating Deflection Shapes to Detect Unbalance in Rotating
Equipment" Proceedings of International Modal Analysis Conference(XXVI),February,2008.
[3] William W. Clark, Joo-Hyung Kim, Roy D. Marangoni, "Active Control of Dynamic Bearing Loads in Rotating Machinery Using
the Deflection Coefficient Method for Load Estimation", International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration.
[4] Kevin Gatzwiller, Brüel & Kjær, "Measuring Torsional Operational Deflection Shapes of Rotating Shafts", Brüel & Kjær, World
Headquarters, DK-2850 Nwum . Denmark.
[5] M.H. Richardson, "Is It a Mode Shape or an Operating Deflection Shape?" Sound and Vibration magazine, March, 1997.
[6] Seshendra Kumar.K.V.S, SundaraSiva Rao.B.S.K, "Experimental investigation of unbalance response of g eared shaft rotor system",
International Journal Of Applied Engineering Research, Dindigul, Volume 1, No 3, 2010
[7] Troy D. Feese P.E, Phillip E. Grazier, "Balance this: Case histories from difficult balance jobs" presented at 33 rd Turbo machinery
Symposium. Sept., 2004.
[8] Gupta, K.D. Gupta and K. Athre, 1993. "Unbalance response of a dual rotor system: theory and experiment", Transactions J.
Vibration Acoustics, 115: 427-435.
[9] D. G. Dorrell, "Experimental behavior of unbalanced magnetic pull in 3 -phase induction motors with eccentric rotors and the
relationship with tooth saturation," IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 14, pp. 304–309, Sept. 1999.
[10] Ray D. Kelm, "Advanced Field Balancing Techniques", P.E. Kelm Engineering Danbury, TX, 24-06-2008.

Abstract: This paper suggests variable topology method using Dyad technique for synthesizing seven-link planar mechanism for motion between two dead centre positions. The tasks like path generation with prescribed timing and function generation are also dealt with. Numerical examples are provided and are verified. Complex numbers, which readily lend themselves as an ideal tool for modeling linkage members as parts of planar mechanisms, are used for writing displacement equations for dyads.
Keywords:Dyad synthesis, Dead centers Seven-link mechanism, Variable topology,

[1] Shrinivas S Balli and Satish Chand, , "Synthesis of a Planar Seven Link Mechanism with Variable Topology for Motion Between
Two Dead Center Positions",, Mechanism and Machine Theory, March 2003, pp1271-1287.
[2] Rose, Five-bar loop synthesis, Machine Design , October 1961, pp189-195.
[3] L. Ting, G.H. Tsi, 1985, Mobility and synthesis of five bar programmable linkages, in: Proceedings of 9th OSU Applied
Mechanisms Conference, Kansas City, MD, pp. III-1-III-8.
[4] L.Ting, , Five bar Grashof's Criteria, Transactions of ASME, Journal of Mechanisms, Transmission and Automation in Design ,
1986 pp 533-537.
[5] Yogesh R Rawat., Synthesis of Variable Topology Mechanisms Graphical Method, M Tech Thesis, 1997, I.I T.Bombay.
[6] Joshi, C. Amaranath.,Y.R. Rawat, Synthesis of Variable Topology Mechanisms for Circuit Breaker Applications, Proceedings of
the 8th NaCoMM Conference, 1997, IIT, Kanpur,.
[7] Joshi, S.A, Synthesis of Variable Topology Mechanisms for Circuit Breaker Applications, 1998, M.Tech dissertation,,M.E.D.IIT,
Bombay.
[8] A.G.Erdman, G.N.Sandor, Mechanism Design: Analysis and Synthesis, Vol-lI, (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall ,1997)
[9] Chuen-Sen Lin and Arthur G Erdman, ," Dimensional Synthesis of Planar Triads: Motion Generation with Prescribed Timing for
Six Precision Positions" Mechanism and Machine Theory. vol22, No.5. 1987, pp 411-419
[10] Shrinivas S Balli and Satish Chand, "Transmission angle in Mechanisms (Triangle in Mechanism)", Mechanism & Machine Theory,
2002, 37, ,pp175-195.

Abstract: In the recent times, the use of solar energy for the refrigeration purpose has been increasing day by day. Generally, solar used for cooling purpose has proposed many advantageous features in the refrigeration field. The cooling path is basically depends on the amount of solar radiation. The more amount of solar radiation directly increases the C.O.P. of the system. This research paper, the solar cooling is done with the help of an ejector refrigeration system. The exergy analysis is used to determine the various losses. This paper deals with the exergy analysis to identify the losses and optimum conditions for driving such a refrigeration system. This paper also deals with the impact of losses on the performance of the system. To achieve this analysis for energy and exergy is carried out. The exergy analysis of a cycle identifies the performance of each component of the cycle.
Keywords:Solar Collector, Ejector, Generator, Condenser, cooling load, exergy analysis

[1] Al-Khalidy, N. (1997b). "Performance Of Solar Refrigerant Ejector Refrigerating Machine." ASHRAE Transactions 103(1): 56-64.
[2] Chang, V., Gravalos, J. And Chitty, A. (1986). Thermal Performance Of An Ejector -Compressor Solar Cooling System.
Proceedings Of The 262
[3] Fujiwara, M. (1983). "Exergy Analysis For The Performance Of Solar Collectors " Journal Of Solar Energy Engineering,
Transactions Of The ASME 105: 163-167.
[4] Pridasawas, W. And Lundqvist, P. (2004b). "An Exergy Analysis Of A Solar- Driven Ejector Refrigeration System." Solar Energy
76: 369–379.
[5] Zhang, X. J. And Wang, R. Z. (2002b). "A New Combined Adsorption– Ejector Refrigeration And Heating Hybrid System Powered
By Solar Energy." Applied Thermal Engineering 22: 1245-1258.