iosr-JMCE   Volume-2 ~ Issue-5

Abstract: This paper reports stress and deflection analysis of a Belleville Spring using finite element method. The different combinations of ratios of its outer diameter and inner diameter i.e. (D/d) and its Height to thickness i.e. (h/t) have been considered to investigate the principal stresses on inner (σi) and outer (σo) surfaces of the spring along with the deflections. Finite element method is used for analysis. The FE results are compared with existing analytical results.
Keywords: Stress, Deflection, Finite element method, Belleville Spring

[1]. Almen. J. O., and Laszlo, A., "The Uniform Section Disk Spring," Trans. ASME, Vol. 58, 1936, pp. 305-314.
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[5]. Schremmer, G., "Endurance Strength and Optimum Dimensions of Belleville Springs," ASME-paper 68-WA/DE-9, 1968.
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Abstract: This paper presents an experimental investigation on the lateral load carrying capacity of model piles of different flexural stiffness embedded in loose sand between dense sand and dense sand between loose sand layered soil strata. Attempts has been made to study the variation of lateral stiffness, eccentricity and soil layer thickness ratio and the effect of various parameters on the magnitude of Nh. The result of a model tested for the piles embedded in IS grade-II dry Ennore sand under monotonic lateral loadings. Experimental results are used for the load-deflection curves (p-y curves) for laterally loaded piles. The proposed p-y curves were compared to the existing curves with Nh and were evaluated with the experimental data. The ultimate lateral soil resistance and subgrade modulus were investigated and discussed.
Key Words: Subgrade modulus, flexural stiffness, ground line deflection, model tests, piles, soil-pile interaction.

[1]. Byung Tak Kim, nak-Kyung Kim, Woo Jin, Lee
[2]. and Young Su Kim. (2004), Experimental Load- Transfer Curves of Laterally Loaded Piles In Nak-Dong River Sand, Journal of
Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 130(4),416-425.
[3]. Dewaikar D.M and Patil P.A. (2006), Analysis of a Laterally Loaded Pile in Cohesionless Soil, IGC 2006,14-16 December
2006, Chennai, INDIA, 467-4.
[4]. Dewaikar D.M and Patil, D.S.(2001), Behaviour of laterally loaded piles in cohesion-less soil under oneway cyclic loading, The
New Millennium Conference, 14-16 December-2001.
[5]. Ghosh,D.P and Meyerhof,G.G.(1989), The ultimate bearing capacity of flexible piles in layered sand under eccentric and inclined
loads, Indian Geotech.J,(19)3, 187-201.
Murthy.V.N.S. (1992), Nonlinear Behaviour of Piles Subjected to Static Lateral Loading.
[6]. P.Bandopadhyay and. B.C.Chattopadhyay. (1989), Ultimate Lateral Resistance of Vertical Piles, (2)4, 165-168.
[7]. Rees.L.C and Metlock.H. (1956), Non-dimensional solutions proportional to depth, Prooceedings 8th Texas conference on Soil
Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Special publication no.29, Bureau of Engineering Research, University of Texas, Austin.
[8]. Terzaghi.K.(1955), Evaluation of coeeficient of subgrade reaction, Geotechnique, (5)4, 297-326.

Abstract: Buses are the most widely used and essential component of a public transit system and the selection of a bus route are very important as it affects the overall performance of the system and its efficiency. Moreover the bus routes and bus stop locations are very important criteria for selection of this mode of transport by commuters. Bus stops attain their importance to the transit service as they are the main points of contact between the passenger and the bus. Considering spatial attributes, both the location and the spacing of bus routes and bus stops significantly affect transit service performance and passenger satisfaction, as they influence travel time in addition to their role in ensuring reasonable accessibility. Knowing that every transit trip begins and ends with pedestrian travel, access to a bus stop is considered a critical factor for assessing the> accessibility of the stop location. In this paper, on the basis of the actual population surrounding the stop, the potential of a particular bus route / corridor is estimated for a particular corridor so as to assess a bus route / corridor on a more spatial basis. This potential measures the efficiency of a bus route / corridor through the surrounding road network, which can be used to compare the performance / efficiency of two or more routes / corridors in a system and also o ways to improve the performance of a particular route by increasing number of bus stops or changing their locations.

[1] AccessibilityGuidelineforBuildingandFacilitiescap:10TransportationFacilities,Availableashttp://www.accessboard.gov/adaag/html/a
daag2.htm;
[2] Ammons, D.N.2001, Municipal Benchmarks: Assessing Local Performance and Establishing Community Standards, Second
Edition. Sage,thousand Oaks,CA.
[3] Central Ohio Transit Authority, 1999, Planning and Development Guidelines for Public Transit.COTA,Columbus,OH.
[4] Christchurch, Bus Stop Location Policy, Available as http://www.ccc.govt.nz/policy/bus-2,asp;
[5] Mohamed A. Foda, "Using GIS for Measuring Transit Stop Accessibility Considering Actual Pedestrian Road Network.

Abstract: This paper reports on the performance evaluation of a machine for cottage level production of pellets from cassava mash. Peeling, grating and drying freshly harvested cassava tubers, produced cassava flour. The flour was mixed with water at different blend ratios to form cassava mash of different moisture contents. The performance of the pelletizer was evaluated in terms of the density, durability, crushing strength and cyanide content of the pellets, and the throughput of the machine, against the moisture content of the mash (18, 20 and 22 % w.b.), die size (4, 6 and 8 mm) and the auger speed (90, 100 and 120 rpm). Test results showed that the bulk density and the durability of pellets decreased while the moisture content increased significantly (p<0.05) and separately with increasing die size and moisture content of cassava mash. The pellets with the best quality attributes were obtained from cassava mash at 18% moisture content (w.b.) through the 4 mm die at 90 rpm and a maximum throughput of 54 kg/hr. The machine, thus, provides a significant leverage in the utilization of cassava as pelletized animal feed.
Key Words: Density, die, durability, pelletizer, throughput.

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Scientiarum Thesis 1999:5,142pp, 1999
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distribution parameters for advanced ceramics.(ASTM, 1995) C 1239-95: 1-18.
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and methods for determining density, durability, and moisture content. (ASABE, 2003) St. Joseph, M1