iosr-JMCE   Volume-10 ~ Issue-4

Abstract:Reinforced concrete frame buildings are most common type of construction in urban India, which is subjected to several types of forces during their life time such as static forces and dynamic forces due to wind and earthquakes. The static loads are constant with time, while dynamic loads are time varying, causing considerable inertia effects .It depends mainly on location of building, importance of its use and size of the building. Its consideration in analysis makes the solution more complicated and time consuming and its negligence may sometimes becomes the cause of disaster during earthquake. So it is growing interest in the process of designing civil engineering structures capable to withstand dynamic loads . The behavior of building under dynamic forces depends upon its mass and stiffness properties, whereas the static behavior is solely dependent upon the stiffness characteristics.

[1]. Indian standard Criteria For Earthquake resistant design of structures-Part-1, General Provisions and Buildings , IS 1893(Part 1):2002, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[2]. Design of structures for earthquake resistance-Part-1 "General Rules, Seismic actions and rules for buildings" CEN, Eurocode-8, 2002.
[3]. Indian standard of code and practice for plain and reinforced concrete for general building construction, IS 456-2000. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[4]. Indian standard code of practice for structural safety loadings standards IS-875-1987 Part-1,2 Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi .
[5]. Jain Sudhir.K.-E.course on Indian seismic code IS-1893-2002-Part-I- IIT Kanpur.
[6]. Murty. CVR. and Jain.SK "A Review of IS-1893-1984 Provisions on seismic Design of Buildings". The Indian concrete jouranal, Nov.1994.
[7]. Rai.Durgesh.C. Hemant.B. Kaushik .Jain.Sudhir. K."Acase for use of dynamic analysis in designing for earthquake forces"-Department of Civil engineering ,IIT Kanpur-India.
[8]. STAAD Pro-V8i –Structural analyses and designing software by Bentely.

Abstract: The paper investigates the performance improvement provided by a phase change material (PCM) associated with the evaporator in a domestic refrigerator. The heat release and storage rate of a refrigerator is depends upon the characteristics of refrigerant and its properties. The usage of phase change material (PCM) enhances the heat transfer rate thus improve the COP (Coefficient of performance) of refrigeration. The analysis of the experiment exemplifies the improvement of a conventional refrigeration system's COP (Coefficient of performance) considerably. Using water as PCM and for a certain thermal load it is found that the COP (Coefficient of performance) of the conventional refrigerator increased by 18-26% on average. Here the phase change material (PCM) used in a chamber built manually and which surrounds the Evaporator chamber of a conventional refrigerator. The whole heat transfer from load given to refrigerator cabinet to evaporator, evaporator to phase change material (PCM) by conduction. So the heat transfer rate of evaporator refrigerant increases remarkably which improves the COP (Coefficient of performance) the refrigeration system.

Keywords: COP, Evaporator, Phase Change Material, Refrigerator.

[1] "The Advent of Mechanical Refrigeration Alters Daily Life and National Economies Throughout the World – Science and Its Times: 1800-1899". Retrieved 2007-05-20.
[2] Internet Source-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerator
[3] MARQUES, C., DAVIES, G., MAIDMENT, G., EVANS, J. A. "application of phase change materials to domestic refrigerators." 9th International Conference onPhase-Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, 2010
[4] Internet Source- http://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/66729- domestic- refrigerator-parts-and-their-working/
[5] Internet Source- http://www.iolitec.de/en/Heat-Storage-Heat- Transport/phase-changing-materials.html
[6] Tulapurkar, Chetan. "Phase change materials for domestic refrigerators to improve food quality and prolong compressor of time." International refrigeration and air conditioning conference. 2010
[7] Internet Source-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_change_material
[8] Azzouz, K. Leducq, D. Guilpart, J. Gobin, D. "Improving the energy efficiency of a vapor compression system using a phase change material" Second Conference on Phase Change Material & Slurry : Scientific Conference & Business Forum. 15 – 17 June 2005 Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland.
[9] Perry, R.H. and Green, D.W. (1984). Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook (6th Edition ed.). McGraw Hill, Inc.. ISBN ISBN 0-07-049479-7. (see pages 12-27 through 12- 38)
[10] Simard A.P., Lacroix M., (2003), Study of the thermal behavior of a latent heat cold storage unit operating under frosting condition. Energy convers. Manag. 44, 1605-1624.

Abstract: The adoption of a fuzzy control system to determine the emission values of CO, CO2, NOx, HC and O2 from an SI engine is studied depending upon the air fuel ratio (A/F), as known that the emission values are highly related to A/F ratio, the target of the combustion process in the internal combustion engine is to be as close to stoichiometric as possible, however the driving conditions play a significant role in the value of this ratio. Fuzzy logic is used to represent, interpret, and compute vague and/or subjective information of automotive emissions. Fuzzy logic approach uses human language and thinking strategies in a way for decision making based on domain expert knowledge, and rules of thumb even for systems without any mathematical model.

Keywords: Air fuel ratio, Emissions, Fuzzy logic, Detection, Mamdani.

[1] Environmental protection Agency. Emission Standards Reference Guide.USA, www.epa.gov.
[2] Kyoungho Ahn; Hesham Rakha, M.ASCE; Antonio Trani, M.ASCE; and Michel Van Aerde. Estimating Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Emissions based on Instantaneous Speed and Acceleration Levels. Journal of Transportation Engineering (J. Transp. Eng), Vol 128. 2002, 182-190.
[3] Kathleen C. Nitric Oxide Catalysis in Automotive Exhaust Systems . Taylor & Francis Vol. 35, Iss. 4, Science and Engineering, 1993.
[4] J. Riegel, H. Neumann. Exhaust gas sensors for automotive emission control. Germany Solid State Ionics. 2002. 783– 800
[5] Britt A Holmén, Debbie A Niemeier. Characterizing the effects of driver variability on real-world vehicle emissions. Transport and Environment,Volume 3, Issue 2, March 1998. 117–128 .
[6] Chan-Wei Wua, Rong-Horng Chenb, Jen-YungPu a, Ta-Hui Lina. The influence of air–fuel ratio on engine performance and pollutant emission of an SI engine using ethanol–gasoline-blended fuels .Atmospheric Environment 38 (2004) 7093–7100.
[7] Wei-Dong Hsieha, Rong-Hong Chenb, Tsung-Lin Wub, Ta-Hui Lina Engine performance and pollutant emission of an SI engine using ethanol–gasoline blended fuels . Atmospheric Environment 36 (2002) 403–410.
[8] Rong-Horng Chen , Li-Bin Chiang , Chung-Nan Chen , Ta-Hui Lin . Cold-Start Emissions of an SI engine using ethanol gasoline blended fuel. Applied Thermal Engineering 31 (2011) 1463e1467
[9] Zadeh, Fuzzy sets*, Information and control, vol. 8, 1965, 338-353.
[10] Jyh-Shing Roger Jang, Chuen-Tsai Sun, Eiji Mizutani, Neuro-fuzzy and soft computing: a computational approach to learning and machine intelligence (Prentice-Hall, 1997).

Abstract: Supervision of a project requires a consistent, organized approach to each phase of construction, and checking the work performed against drawings, specifications, and conditions with contractors and suppliers. Quality control in construction typically involves insuring compliance with minimum standards of material and workmanship in order to insure the performance of the facility according to the design. Checking for accuracy in every job task is another part of quality control in construction. The purpose of this paper is to provide guidance in developing quality control checklists. Checklists are generally prepared to prevent common mistakes in daily activities. Checklists are used to assure proper construction. Construction activity involves a regular sequence of operations which are needed to be checked at each level. It also provides documentations of each procedures. Visual inspections, field surveys, and laboratory testing data can be gathered using checklists. It provides an evidence, that checks has been performed by which a system can be developed to control the function of each activity.

[1]. By Andrew S. Chang1; Sin-Jing Du2; and Fang-Ying Shen3, Engineer Self-Evaluation Checklist for Effective Site Visits, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management.
[2]. By Daniel L. Stufflebeam, July 2000, Guidelines for developing evaluation checklist.

Abstract: Most highway agencies are using subjective measures to rate the quality of construction projects. The main purposes of rating the contractor performance are for qualification, bidding, or payment schedules. The pay factor (PF) can be defined as a multiplication factor that is often used to determine the contractor pay for the unit of work. The objective of this paper is to propose a rational methodology for defining PF based on basic understanding of the effect of different hot mix asphalt parameters on pavement life. Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) software is used to find the effect of different variables on pavement life. Three main factors considered in pay factor equation for their effect on pavement life:air voids, asphalt content, and percent passing sieve # 200 (P200). The pavement lifebased on the fatigue and rutting failure criteriaare used in the PF model to reflect actual contractor performance.The developed PF model was implemented on a case study.
Key words: Pay Factor; MEPDG;Highway;Fatigue; Rutting; Pavement Life.

[1]. Attia, M., & Abdelrahman, M. (2010). Variability of RAP Resilient Modulus as a Base Layer and Its Impact on Flexible Pavement Performance. Paper No. 10-3825, presented in the 89th Transportation Research Board Meeting, Washington D. C., and Accepted for Publication in the Transportation Research Record.
[2]. Breakah, T.M., Williams, R.C., Kandil, A., and Shane, J.S. (2007). Implementing Percent Within Limits for Hot Mix Asphalt, Proceedings of the 2007 Mid-Continent Transportation Research Symposium, Ames, IA, August 16-17, 2007.
[3]. Burati, J., Weed, R., Hughes, C., & Hill, H. (2003). Optimal procedures for quality assurance specifications. Publication No. FHWA-RD-02-095. Washington, D.C.: Federal Highway Administration.
[4]. Carpenter, S. (2003). Perpetual Pavement: Laboratory Validation. Presentation at the 57th Annual Ohio Transportation Engineering.
[5]. Elyamany, A., Abdelrahman, M. (2010) "Contractor Performance Evaluation for the Best Value of Superpave Projects" Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol. 136(5).
[6]. Elyamany, A., Abdelrahman, M., Cheng, F., and Doetkott, D. (2013) "Developing A Quality Measure for Evaluating The Contractor Performance In Asphalt Pavement Construction" International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, Vol. 6(1).
[7]. GARBLT (2001). Egyptian Standard Specification for Highways, General Authority for Roads, Bridges and Land Transportations (GARBLT), Egypt.
[8]. Huang, Y. H. (2004). Pavement Analysis and Design, Second edition, Prentice Hall.
[9]. Monismith, C. L., Popescu, L., & Harvey, J. (2004). Performance-based pay factors for asphalt concrete construction: Comparison with a currently used experienced-based approach. Journal of Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists 73,147-194.
[10]. Roberts, Freddy L., Kandhal, P.S., Brown, E.R., Lee, D., Kennedy, T.W., (1996) "Hot Mix Asphalt Materials, Mixture Design and Construction." National Center for Asphalt Technology, Auburn University, Second Edition.

Abstract: A leaf spring is a simple form of spring, commonly used for the suspension in wheeled vehicles. Leaf Springs are long and narrow plates attached to the frame of a trailer that rest above or below the trailer's axle. There are mono leaf springs, or single-leaf springs, that consist of simply one plate of spring steel. These are usually thick in the middle and taper out toward the end, and they don't typically offer too much strength and suspension for towed vehicles. Drivers looking to tow heavier loads typically use multi leaf springs, which consist of several leaf springs of varying length stacked on top of each other. The shorter the leaf spring, the closer to the bottom it will be, giving it the same semi elliptical shape a single leaf spring gets from being thicker in the middle. Presently leaf spring is made up with forged steel. In this paper, we designed leaf spring for the materials Mild Steel and composite material s-glass epoxy and compared their performance in terms of deflection, stress and vibration. We also checked the strength variations while changing layers. For validating this design, we conducted FEA Structural Analysis on both steel leaf spring and composite leaf spring.. Modal analysis is also done to compare vibration characteristics of steel and composite leaf springs.
Key words: Semi elliptical, composites, leaf spring.

[1]. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) www.ijmer.com Vol.2, Issue.1, Jan-Feb 2012 pp-213-218 ISSN: 2249-6645
[2]. MARK'S Calculations for mechanical design by Thomas H. Brown
[3]. Machine Design by R.S. KHURMI, J.K. GUPTA
[4]. Mechanical Engineering Design by Budynas−Nisbett.
[5]. Mechanics of Solids by T.J.Prabhu.
[6]. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering by William D. Callister

Abstract:Popularity of High-Rise structures of rigid joint frame system are incresing day by day to accommodate growing people in metropoliton city and to construct the structures without any special structural component. However combination of rigid frame with RC structure get 30 storey as maximum storey and prone to collapse under severe displacement, axial force and moment, if the P-Delta effects does not included in analysis and design phase. Due to complexity and low knowledge of P-Delta analyses designers, engineers and architectures are prone to perform Linear Static analysis which may eventually become a cause of catastropic collapse of the high-rise. 12 cases and 2 different analysis are performed to give a light on the P-Delta effect in RC Structures of Rigid Joint which will aware and suggest concering person to understand, make experience and perform P-Delta analysis of the high-rise for safety using numeriacal modelling which may accelerate the process and reduce the complexities.
Key words: High-Rise, Rigid joint, RC structures, P-Delta effects, Numerical modeling.

[1] Moghadam A.S., Aziminejad A., (2004), "Interaction of Torsion and P-Delta Effects in Tall Buildings", Proceedings, 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, B.C., Canada., Paper No. 799
[2] Iyengar, H.S., (1972)," Preliminary Design and Optimization of Tall Buildings", Proceedings, International Conference on Tall Buildings, Lehigh University., Vol. II.
[3] Mollick, M.A.A., (1997)," Journal of Civil Engineering", The Institute of Engineers, Bangladesh, Vol. CE 25, No. 2, 1997
[4] BNBC (2006) Bangladesh National Building Code, Housing and Building Research Institute, Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Abstract:The research work is carried out on the study of tribological property of aluminium based metal matrix composite material, which is fabricated by using sol-gel technique. The composite material is prepared through liquid metallurgy method by using varying percentage of Alumina and aluminium and fixed percentage of copper 4.2%. Test sample billet is fabricated through casting method and has been examined the different mechanical behaviour such as Vickers Hardness Number, Ultimate Tensile Strength, 0.2% Proof Stress, etc. From the study, it has been observed that with increase in the alumina content in matrix the ductility of composite show a contrary effect. The Pin-On-Disc test is used to evaluate the tribological property wear for composite material and it is observered that tendency of wear rate has improved. The weight losses of the specimen are measured and wear and friction characteristics are calculated with respect to time. Depth of wear track, sliding speed, bearing load friction coefficient and wear volume have been shown large sensitivity to the applied normal load and the testing time (or sliding distance). The XRD and SEM analysis are used to analyse the wear debris and track; and silent conclusion has been drawn.
Key words: Tribological, composite, wear, pin-on-disc, friction, XRD, SEM.

[1] K.K. Chawla., Composite Materials, 2nd ed., Springer, New York, 1998, p 3–5
[2] T.W. Clyne. and Withers P.J., An Introduction to Metal Matrix Composites, 1st ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993,p 1–10.
[3] B. K. Prasad.: Effects of microstructure on the sliding wear performance of Zn-Al-Ni alloy, Wear 240(2000), 100-112.
[4] G Purcek., T Kucukomeroglu , T. Savaskan., and S. Murphy.: Dry sliding friction and wear properties of zinc-based alloy, Wear 252(2002), 894 – 901,
[5] Sheng-ming Zhou, Xiao-bin Zhang, Zhi-peng Ding, Chun-yan Min, Guo-liang Xu, Wen-ming Zhu. Fabrication and tribological properties of carbon nanotubes reinforced Al composites prepared by pressure less infiltration technique [J]. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2007, 38(2): 301−306.
[6] N. P. Suh. The delamination theory of wear [J]. Wear, 1973, 25(1): 111−124.−13
[7] F.Akhlaghi, and A. Zare-Bidaki., Influence of alumina content on the dry sliding and oil impregnated sliding wear behavior of aluminum 2024 – alumina composites produced by in situ powder metallurgy method. Wear 266 (2009) 37-45.
[8] Rohatgi P.K. and Pai B.C., Seizure Resistance of Cast Aluminum Alloys Containing Dispersed Alumina Particles of Various Sizes, Wear, 1980, 59, p 323–332
[9] Prasad S.V. and Asthana R., Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites for Automotive Applications: Tribological Considerations, Tribol. Lett., 2004, 17(3), p 445–453
[10] Gibson P.R., Clegg A. J. and Das A.A., Wear of cast Al-Si alloys containing alumina: Wear, vol 95(1984) 193-198.