iosr-JMCE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov-Dec 2014

Abstract: Today, motorized bi-cycles are being developed in complete shape and also as add-on motor kits for use along with standard bi-cycles, either by part- time hobbyists or by commercial manufacturers. With the development of new, lighter, and more powerful batteries and electric motors it becomes more easy for using hub motors to facilitate after market conversions. Electrically powered bi- cycles use batteries, which have a limited capacity. The usage of these battery based bi-cycles is limited particularly when large amounts of powers are to be utilized and because of this limitation of electrically powered bi- cycles, the use of an internal combustion engine for additional power propulsion is to be more emphasized.

[1]. Setright, L. J. K. (1979). The Guinness book of motorcycling facts and feats. Guinness Superlatives. pp. 8–18. ISBN 978-0851122557.

[2]. Falco, Charles M.; Guggenheim Museum Staff (1998). "Issues in the Evolution of the Motorcycle". In Krens, Thomas; Drutt, Matthew. The Art of the Motorcycle. Harry N. Abrams. pp. 24–31. ISBN 0-89207-207-5.

[3]. "The Past—1800s: First motorcycle". The History and Future of Motorcycles and motorcycling—From 1885 to the Future, Total Motorcycle Website. Retrieved 28 June 2007.

[4]. Kresnak, Bill (2008). Motorcycling for Dummies. Hoboken, New Jersey: For Dummies, Wiley Publishing. ISBN 0-470-24587-5.

[5]. "Horseless Carriages", The Times, 21 May 1896, p. 6, via The Times Digital Archive

[6]. William Harris, Motorcycle History, How Stuff Works, retrieved 2012-11-26

Abstract: During an earthquake the soil structure may fail owing to various reasons, namely: fissures, differential movements, faults and loss of strength of soil. The reason pertaining to loss of strength is the loss of shear strength of soil. When there is a loss of shear strength, the soil will behave like a viscous liquid and this phenomenon of loss of strength is termed as 'LIQUEFACTION'. If this stress transfer is complete, there is total liquefaction. However, when only partial stress transfer takes place, there is a partial loss of strength resulting in partial liquefaction. As the bearing capacity of soil to sustain foundation loads is directly related to strength, liquefaction poses a serious hazard to structures and must be assessed in areas where liquefaction prone deposits exist.

[1]. Seed, H.B, and leek, KL. (1966). Liquefaction of saturated sands during cyclic loading , j.soil Mech. Found. Engg, ASCE, vol.90,NO. SM6.
[2]. Finn W.D , et (1971) "sand Liquefaction in Triaxial and simple shear test ", jr.of SMFE, ASCE, vo .97, SM4, pp. 639-659.
[3]. Seed, H.B, and I.M.Idriss, (1971), "Simplified Procedure for evaluating soil liquefaction Potential," Journal of the soil Mechanics and Foundation Division, ASCE, Vol.97,No.9,pp. 1249-1274.
[4]. Seed H.B., & I.M.Idriss (1971) "Simplified Procedure for evaluating soil Liquefaction potential", jr.of SMFE,ASCE, vol.97, No. SM8, pp.1099-1119.
[5]. Castro G. (1975) " Liquefaction and Cyclic Mobility of sands " , jr. Of GT Engg. Div ., ASCE vol.101, No GT6, Proc . paper 1138 , pp 551-569 .
[6]. IshiharA , K. et al (1976) " sand Liquefaction through volume decrease potential ",sands & foundations , vol.16 ,No.4,pp.61-70.

Abstract: There are many motor sports in the world. Bikes, Cars, Formula one are examples of them. The drivers in these are very professionals and accurate. They can drive it very fast. But there are also motor sports which do not need professional drivers and need no great speed. The vehicles used are also very cheap. Such a motor sport is Go-Karting. They resemble to the formula one cars but it is not as faster as F1 and also cost is very less. The drivers in go-karting are also not professionals. Even children can also drive it. Go-karts have 4 wheels and a small engine. They are widely used in racing in US and also they are getting popular in India. Go-Karting is a big craze to the Americans and Europeans. It is initially created in United States in 1950s and used as a way to pass spare time. Gradually it became a big hobby and other countries followed it. In India go-karting is getting ready to make waves.

[1]. C.Fernández, O.García, etal., Hardware and Software Environment for Self-learning in Power Electronics, 10th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, EPE-PEMC 2002 - Croatia, September, 2002.
[2]. Nobels t, Deprez W., Pardon I, Stevens S., Viktorin O, Driesen J, Belmans R, design of a small personal electrical vehicles as an educational project, 11th international power electronics and motion control conference, Riga, Letland,Sept.2-4, 2004
a. IOSR Journal of mechanical and civil engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
[3]. WokjeAbrahamse, Michael Keall.,Effectiveness of a web-based intervention to encourage carpooling to work: A case study of Wellington, New Zealand Original Research Article Transport Policy, Volume 21, May 2012, Pages 45-51
[4]. UliGolle, Franz Rothlauf, Nils Boysen.,Car sequencing versus mixed-model sequencing: A computational study Original Research Article European Journal of Operational Research, Volume 237, Issue 1, 16 August 2014, Pages 50-61
[5]. Hua-Cheng Chang, Hsin-Hsi Lai, Yu-Ming Chang.,Expression modes used by consumers in conveying desire for product form: A case study of a car Original Research Article International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, Volume 36, Issue 1, January 2006, Pages 3-10.

Abstract: Aerospace is a material intensive industry. Inadequacy of a single or a group of materials to fulfill all the stringent requirements of aerospace industry along with the dual demand of economy and performance have led the researchers to look for new material. Composite is the answer. Although aircraft utilizes numerous elements in their construction, the most important of these is aluminium because of its low density, good castability, high strength, corrosion resistant and good fatigue strength. However its usage is constrained due to its limited strength and hardness. To overcome this, aluminium is combined with various other elements. An example of this includes a family of materials known as aluminum metal matrix composites (Al-MMCs). Of all criteria of material selection for aerospace application, the most important is strength to weight ratio i.e. high specific modulus (E/ρ). Because of its high specific modulus, good mechanical and thermal properties aluminium based metal matrix composites are natural choice for aerospace applications.

Keywords: Metal Matrix Composite(MMC), Reaction at Interface, Wettability, Reinforcing Material, Grainsize, Hybrid Aluminium Composite

[1] Balaram Gupta et all , Aerospace Material S. Chand publication,2004

[2] Suryanarayanank.,RPraveen,s.Raghuraman,Silicon carbide reinforced aluminium metal matrix composite for aerospace application,International Journal of Innovative Rsearch in Science, Engineering and Technology, vol 2 Issue 11,2013

[3] Khalid mahmmoodghauri, AkhalqAhamad, Synthesis and Characterisation of Al/Sic Composite made by Stir Casting Method,Pak J.Egg.&Appl.Sci.Vol12,Jan2003

[4] MohanakumaraK.C,Rajshekhar. H,Ghanaraja. S., Ajitprasad.S.L,Development and Mechanical Properties of SiC reinforced Cast and Extruded Al Based Metal Matrix Composite, Science Direct, Procedia Material Science 5 (2014) 934-935

[5] M. Dhanashekhar, V.S. Senthil Kumar, Squeeze Casting of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites- An Overview, Science Direct, Procedia Engineering97 (2014) 412-420

[6] Rajesh Purohit, R.S. Rana, C.S.Verma, Fabrication of Al-SiC Composite Through Powder Metallurgy Proceesing and Testing of Properties, International Journal of Engineering Rsearch and Application,Vol 2,Issue 3,May-June 2012,pp.420-437

Abstract: It is difficult to machine the hard material under the different cutting conditions. So the tribological parameters like speed, feed and the depth of cut are very important parameters in the machining of every material. The 52100 steel is the bearing material having the Rockwell hardness value on C scale in between 41 HRC to 65 HRC. The various kinds of cutting tools like ceramics, cBN or PcBN, have been utilised in the machining operations.The different tools have given different values roughness in the hard turning operations on different machines like turret lathe, CNC lathe etc. But the least parameter value i.e. roughness parameter must vary according to the different tools and machines.

[1] Anoop, A. D., Sekhar, A. S., Kamaraj, M., & Gopinath, K. (2015). Numerical evaluation of subsurface stress field under
elastohydrodynamic line contact for AISI 52100 bearing steel with retained austenite. Wear, 330, 636-642.
[2] Attanasio, A., Umbrello, D., Cappellini, C., Rotella, G., & M'Saoubi, R. (2012). Tools wear effects on white and dark layer
formation in hard turning of AISI 52100 steel. Wear, 286, 98-107.
[3] Bagawade, A. D., Ramdasi, P. G., Pawade, R. S., & Bramhankar, P. K. (2012, August). Evaluation of cutting forces in hard turning
of AISI 52100 steel by using Taguchi method. In International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (Vol. 1, No. 6
(August-2012)). ESRSA Publications.

Abstract: Agricultural needs in poor tropical countries differ significantly from those in temper-ate, rich countries. Yet little agricultural research is performed on products for the tropics. Privateresearch is particularly concentrated in rich countries. This is a result of significant failures in themarket for research and development (R&D), in particular, the difficulty of preventing the resale ofseed in developing countries. To encourage private R&D in tropical agriculture, traditional fundingof research may be usefully supplemented by a commitment to reward developers of specific newagricultural technologies. Rewards tied to adoption may be especially useful in increasing up-take.An illustration of how a commitment to reward developers of new agricultural technologies mightwork is provided. Keyword:Agricultural research and development (R&D), private sector R&D, Technology transfer.

[1]. The National Academy of Agricultural Research Management (NAARM) was established by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) at Hyderabad, in 1976, to address issues related to agricultural research and education management.
[2]. Cororaton CB. Rates of Return to R&D Investment in the Philippines, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Makati City, 1998.
[3]. Evenson RE, Pray C, Rosegrant MW. Agricultural Research and Productivity Growth in India, Research Report No. 109, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington D.C, 1999.
[4]. Maskus K E, Beyond the Treaties: A Symposium on Compliance with International Intellectual Property Law (Fredrick K Cox International Law Center, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio, US), 2000.
[5]. Pray CE, Fuglie KO. 2002, Private Investment in Agricultural Research and International Technology Transfer in Asia, International Potato Center, Rutgers University, and Economic Research Center, Bogor, Indonesia.
[6]. Kumar P, Anjani, Mittal S. Total productivity of crop sector in the Indo-Gangetic Plain and of India. Indian Econ Rev. 2004;39(1):169-201.

Abstract: This study focuses on the effect of phase transformation on the work hardening characteristics of Pb-(1-3)wt.%Sb alloys either quenched (type I) or slowly cooled samples (type II) at different ageing temperature (Ta). Three work hardening characteristics were studied which are; the coefficient of work hardening p, yield stress σy and fracture stress σf. It was found that; these parameters of both types of samples decrease with increasing Ta, showing two stages around the transformation temperature which changes with the Sb addition and equal to 453 K for 1wt.%Sb, 483 K for 2wt.%Sb and 513 K for 3wt.%Sb. The values of these parameters of type I samples were higher than type II samples.

[1] Davis J R, Alloying: Understanding the Basics, ASM International (2001)

[2] Ghasemi Z and Tizpa A, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 3 (2008) 727.

[3] Morrison R D and Murphy B L, Environmental Forensics: Contaminant Specific Guide, Academic Press (2005).

[4] Metikos-Hukovic M, Babic R and Brinic S, J Power Sources 64 (1997) 13.

[5] Laitinen T, Salmi K, Sundholm G, Monghova B, and Pavlova D, Electrochimica Acta 36(3-4), (1991) 605.

[6] Elsukova T F, Panin V E, Veselova D V and Veselov Yu G, Russian Phys J 30 (11) (1988) 923.

[7] Al-Ganainy G S, Mostafa M T and Nagy M R, Phys. Stat. Sol. A 165 (1998) 185.

[8] Al-Ganainy G S, Mostafa M T and Abd El-Salam F, Physica B 348 (2004) 242.

Abstract: Applications of mixed and arc beams find in various civil structures, heavy weight lifting mechanisms and many machine parts. Many kinds of analysis are available on the arc beams to determine their behavior under static and dynamic load. Most of analysis includes theoretical modeling. The main problem with the theoretical model of arc beams is mathematical complexity in solving governing equations related to arc beams .In this paper, A new approach has been introduced to simplify the analysis of arc beams. In this method, the principles of FEA along with ANSYS software are deployed to determine the behavior of various curved beams. The study focuses on rectangular cross section curved beams with different end conditions.

[1] W.C. Young and R.G Budynas,Rorks formulas for stress and strain(7th edition),MC Graw Hill, New York, Int.edition(2002) ISBN 0-0-7-121059-8.
[2] Dym,C.L and Williams,H.L(2011),"Stress and displacement estimates for arches", Journal of structural engg.,137(1),pp.xxx-xxx.
[3] Victor Debnath and Bikramjit Debnath,"Deflection and Stress Analysis of a Beam on Different elements using Ansys APDL", International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology(IJMET),volume 5 issue 6,2014,pp-70-79,ISSN Print :0976-6340,ISSN online:0976-6359.
[4] Tore Dahler, "Procedure to Calculate Deflections of Curved Beam", utilizing castigliano's second theorem, Int J.Engng Ed Vol.20,No.3,pp.503-513-2004,printed in Great Britain.

Abstract: Alloy wheels are automobile wheels which are made from an alloy of carbon epoxy , E-glass epoxy and S-glass epoxy is tested individually Or sometimes a mixture of both among them best one is chosen. Alloy wheels differ from normal steel wheels because of their lighter weight, which improves the steering and the speed of the car. Alloy Wheels will reduce the unstrung weight of a vehicle compared to one fitted with standard steel wheels. The benefit of reduced unstrung weight is more precise steering as well as a nominal reduction in fuel consumption. Alloy is an excellent conductor of heat, improving heat dissipation from the brakes, reducing the risk of brake failure under demanding driving conditions.

[1]. Liangmo Wang, Yufa Chen, Chenzhi Wang and Qingzheng Wang (2011), "Fatigue Life Analysis of Aluminum Wheels by Simulation of Rotary Fatigue Test", Strojniski Vestnik-Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 57, No. 1,pp. 31-39.
[2]. Mohd Izzat Faliqfarhan Bin Baharom (2008), "Simulation Test of Automotive Alloy Wheel Using Computer Aided Engineering Software", Eng.D. Thesis, University Malaysia Pahang.
[3]. Nitin S Gokhale (1999), Practical Finite Element Analysis.
[4]. Si-Young Kwak, Jie Cheng and Jeong-Kil Choi (2011), "Impact Analysis of Casting Parts Considering Shrinkage Cavity Defect", China Foundry, Vol. 8, No. 1,pp. 112-116.
[5]. WenRu Wei, Liang Yu, Yanli Jiang, JunChuan Tan and Ru HongQiang (2011 ), "Fatigue Life e Analysis of Aluminum HS6061-T6 Rims Using Finite Elem en t Method", International Con f ere nce on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transp ortatio n\ Engineering, pp. 5970-5973.

Abstract: The modern four stroke internal combustion engine has been widely applied due to excellent power to weight ratio and reliability.However, the major downside of the even most efficient modern 4 stroke engine is the production of significant amounts of excess heat energy, dissipated though the cylinder walls of the engine and expelled as waste energy during the exhaust stroke of the cycleA Six Stroke Engine is that in which the power is obtained twice in a cycle of six strokes. This engine generates more power with higher fuel efficiency than the existing engines. As a result a new engine concept is formed, which is a six stroke engine.In a typical four stroke diesel engine, Piston moves up and down twice in the cylinder during one rotation of crank. The power stroke is obtained once during the two cycles that generates the torque to move vehicle. In Six stroke engine the power stroke is obtained two times out of six strokes.

[1]. A. Kéromnès, B. Delaporte, G. Schmitz, L. Le Moyne,‖―Development and validation of a 5 stroke engine for rangeextenders Application‖, DRIVE – ID Motion Laboratory, University of Burgundy, 49 rue Mlle Bourgeois, 58027 Nevers, France-2014
[2]. James C. Conklin, James P. Szybist, ―A highly efficient six-stroke internal combustion engine cycle with water injection for in-cylinder exhausts heat recovery‖ Oak RidgeNational Laboratory, 2360 Cherahala Blvd, Knoxville,TN 37932, USA-2010.
[3]. Kiran P, ―A Feasibility Study on Waste Heat Recovery in Six Stroke IC Engine‖ International Journal on Mechanical Engineering and Robotics (IJMER), Volume-1, Issue-1, 2013.
[4]. Tejaskumar U Kothari, Mr.Devranjan Kumar, Mr.K.D.Tandel, ―Design and Analysis of Six StrokeInternal Combustion Engine‖ Thermal Engineering department, SVMIT, Bharuch-392001, Gujarat, INDIA- 2014.

Abstract: The road pavement failure effect much problems for the city such traffic accident, side effect of transportation, more failure if the problems did not solve effectively. There are several factors that cause the road failure such as water, traffic problems, climate, the material of road pavement, subgrade condition, and the process of compaction. The environmental factors like as climate also effect the road pavement failure. The aims of this research is to analyze the relationship among the cause factors that effectthe road pavement failure especially for road on peatland.The research site is Palangka Raya City, Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia.

[1] Aljouni, MA.(2000) Geotechnical Properties of Peat and Related Engineering Problems. PhD Dissertation, University of Illnois at Urbana-Champaign.
[2] Asadi, A., Huat, B., Hanafi, M., Mohamed, T., Shariatmadari, N, (2009) Role of Organic Matter on Electroosmotic Properties and Ionic Modification of Organic Soils, Geocsci. J., 13(2):175-181.
[3] Deboucha S, Hashim R, Alwi A. (2008) Engineering Properties of Stabilized Tropical Peat Soils. J. Geotech. Eng. 13E: 1-9.
[4] Department of Civil Works City of Palangka Raya. (2010) Data of The Street in Palangka Raya City.
[5] Islam MS, Hashim R. (2008a) Use of Macintosh Probe Test for Field Investigation in Peat Soil. Proceeding of The International Conference, May 26-27, Best Western Premier Seti Pacific Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp 27.
[6] Islam S, Hashim R. (2008b) Engineering Properties of Peat Soils In Peninsular Malaysia. J. Appl. Sci., 8(22).
[7] Gofar, N (2006) Determination of Coefficient of Rate of Horizontal Consolidation of Peat Soil. Master Dissertation, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
[8] Gofar, Nurly and Sutejo, Yulindasari. (2007) Long Term Compression Behavior of Fibrous Peat. Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering, 19 (2). Pp. 104-116. ISSN 1823-7843.

Abstract: Direct reduction of iron ore with aid of either carbon or natural gas under controlled temperatures and pressures within a rotary kiln generates sponge iron as a product. However rotary kiln performance is adversely affected by the ring formation known as accretion. These accumulated sintered solid particles which gives formation of ring along the length of the kiln hinder material flow, lowers the life span of kiln and productivity. To improve the performance of rotary kiln and maintaining the quality of sponge iron, there is a need to reduce the accretion formation in the kiln. However it is difficult to control accretion formation in the kiln due to the erratic nature of the reduction process dynamics. This paper suggests the control of accretion formation in rotary kiln by increasing the fusion temperature of the complex compound which sticks to refractory wall by adding suitable additives.
Key-words: direct reduction, rotary kiln, accretion and fusion temperature

[1]. Chatterjee, A., 1994, Beyond the Blast Furnace, Boca Raton, FL: CRC.
[2]. Pietsch, W., 1978a, ""Direct reduced iron: A new charge material for iron and steel foundries.‟‟ The British Foundryman, 71(4), pp. 89–93.
[3]. Pietsch, W., 1978b, ""Agglomeration and direct reduction: A technical symbiosis, Pietsch, W., 1978b, ""Agglomeration and direct reduction: A technical symbiosis, pp. 414–412.
[4]. Properties and features of direct reduced Iron
[5]. Comprehensive Industry Document Series COINDS Comprehensive IndustryDocument on Iron Ore Mining. August/2007–08.
[6]. A. Chatterjee, Sponge Iron Production by Direct Reduction of Iron Oxide, PHI learning Pvt. Ltd., 2010, pp. 82–127.
[7]. S. Rani Devi, B. Mazumder, Recovery of carbon from sponge iron plants – studies on the dust samples, Environ. Sci. Eng. 5 (2007) 11–16.

Abstract: The population growth, industrialization, consumerism and technological development have led to uncontrollable accumulation of waste. Proper waste disposal is of great importance in both rural and urban areas. This study discussed the suitability of waste material that is quarry dust for stabilization of expansive soil. Quarry dust is mixed with expansive soil sample in different proportions and their influence on geotechnical properties of expansive soil were studied. In this paper, the test results such as shear strength parameters, soaked CBR and differential free swell obtained on expansive clays mixed with different proportions of Quarry dust are presented. Also the performance of quarry dust treated expansive soil is discussed on the basis of cyclic plate load test criteria. From the results, it is observed that at optimum percentage, i.e., 10% quarry dust, there is a marked improvement in the strength of soil. Keywords: Expansive soil, Quarry dust, Shear strength parameters, Soaked CBR, Cyclic plate load test, Deformations.

[1] Chen, F.H., "Foundations on Expansive Soils", Elsevier Pub Co., 1988,Amsterdam.
[2] Naman Agarwal (2015), "Effect of Stone Dust on Some Geotechnical properties of Soil", IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE), Volume 12, Issue 1 Ver. I (Jan- Feb. 2015), PP. 61-64.
[3] Akanbi, D.O. and Job, F.O (2014). "Suitability of Black Cotton(Clay)Soil Stabilized with Cement And Quarry Dust for Road Bases and Foundations". EJGE Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. V. pp 6305-6313.
[4] S. S. Kandolkar, J. N. Mandal (2013), "Direct Shear Tests On Stone Dust". Indian Geotechnical Conference December 22-24, 2013, Roorkee. pp. 1-6.
[5] Sabat, A.K. (2012), "A Study on Some Geotechnical Properties of Lime Stabilized Expansive soil-Quarry Dust Mixes". Int. Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development, vol.1, issue 2,pp. 42-49.
[6] Mir Sohail Ali, Shubhada Sunil Koranne (2011), "Performance Analysis of Expansive Soil Treated With Stone Dust and Fly Ash". EJGE ,Vol. 16 [2011], pp. 973-982.