iosr-JECE   Volume-20 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov. - Dec. 2025

Abstract: Networking has evolved over the decades, leading to improved interactions with modern information technology devices and applications. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) have facilitated network automation, encompassing more secured deployments and flexible management. SDN promoted hardware independence, while virtualization’s open ecosystem evolves cloud computing. Software-controlled networks promoted centralized management and resource optimization. Though, campus network spans several kilometers.......

Key Words: Access control, Dot1q, NFV, SDN, Trunking, VLAN

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[3]. Cisco Tech (2020). Vlans Explained: CCNA 201-301. Available In Www.Youtube.Org. Retrieved June 10, 2025.
[4]. Fibreoptic Systems (2025). Available In Https://Www.Fibreoptic.Com. Accessed May 21, 2025.
[5]. Geeks Forgeeks (2023). What Is Virtual LAN? Available In Www.Geeksforgeeks.Org. Retrieved June 10, 2025

Abstract: When we planning for cell mobile area, we should put in our consider the traffic and the coverage area by doing analysis using the TDMA – FDMA mobile cellular communication system. In this paper we collaborates with zain mobile company in Kuwait to see the effect of cell size on the population, average call time, subscriber number per call (SNPC) and call number per hour to get best size of the cell mobile..

Key Words: cell size, population, SNPC, average call time

[1]. Hakki Cavdar, O. Akcat "The Optimization Of Cell Stations Power Level In Cell Planning" In Proc. Vehicular. Tech. Vol. 42.No.2.May2001
[2]. Fabio Graziosi, Marco Pratesi,Mariha Ruggieri, Fortunato Santuce "A Multi Cell Model Of Hand Over Initiation In Mobile Cellular Networks" In Transaction On Tech.Vo L.48.N O.3 May 1999.
[3]. Wang, L.,Stuber, G.,And Lea,C.,“Architecture Design, Frequency Planning And Performance Analysis For A Microcell/Macroceli Overlaying System" IEEE Transaction On Vehicular Technology. Vol.20,No.2 May 2000
[4]. Elbatt,T. And Ephremides, A.," If Optimization Of Connection Oriented Mobile Hybrid Network System" Journal On Selected Areas In Communication Vol, 17 ,No,2 Feb, 1999.
[5]. Nanda. S, "Teletraffic Models For Urban And Suburban Microcell Cell Size And Handoff Rates" Transaction On Vehicular Tech. Vol 42.No.,4 Pp. 673-682.Nov.1993.

Abstract: Existing Electronic Registration Identification (ERI) standards specify installation and basic readability but lack a quantitative, cross-scenario benchmark. We propose a reproducible indoor–outdoor framework with unified geometry and metrics. In a full anechoic chamber, ultra-high-frequency (UHF) ERI windshield tags were tested on ten windshields (920–925 MHz; 0°, 30°, 60°, 90°), reporting activation thresholds, and a Friis-based relative forward-link.......

Key Words: Electronic Registration Identification (ERI); RFID; intelligent transportation systems; windshield materials; forward-link sensitivity

[1]. T. M. Fernández-Caramés, “A Bluetooth 5 Opportunistic Edge Computing System For Vehicular Scenarios,” Eng. Proc., Vol. 27, 2022, Doi: 10.3390/Ecsa-9-13214.
[2]. C. L. Baumbauer, D. A. Baumbauer, And A. C. Arias, “The Effect Of Soil Water Content And Crop Canopy On Passive Uhf-Rfid Wireless Links,” Comput. Electron. Agric., Vol. 237, 2025, Art. No. 110506, Doi: 10.1016/J.Compag.2025.110506.
[3]. S. Fu, G. E. Bridges, And B. Kordi, “Rfid Sensor With Integrated Energy Harvesting For Wireless Measurement Of Dc Magnetic Fields,” Sensors, Vol. 25, No. 10, 2025, Art. No. 3024, Doi: 10.3390/S25103024.
[4]. H. Anam, S. M. Abbas, I. B. Collings, Et Al., “Materials-Driven Advancements In Chipless Radio-Frequency Identification And Antenna Technologies,” Sensors, Vol. 25, No. 9, 2025, Art. No. 2867, Doi: 10.3390/S25092867.
[5]. M. Naveed, U. Sadiq, S. Abubakar, N. Muhammad Waqas, A. Ahmed, I. Muhammad Ali, And A. Qammer H., “Iot Enabled Vehicle Recognition System Using Inkjet-Printed Windshield Tag And 5g Cloud Network,” Internet Things, Vol. 23, 2023.

Abstract: This study examines the relative effectiveness of highly developed Artificial Intelligence (AI) autopilots and trained human pilots in dealing with any in-flight emergency scenarios. The growing role of automation in the cockpit, which was fuelled by the prospect of contributing to a decrease in human error, which is one of the causal factors of most of the aviation accidents, has cast a crucial question: can an AI system be better at crisis management....

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[4]. Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety (BEA). (2012). Final report on the accident on 1st June 2009 to the Airbus A330-203 registered F-GZCP operated by Air France (Flight AF 447). Paris, France: BEA.
[5]. Casner, S. M. (2019). The automated cockpit: A cognitive perspective on pilot performance and skill. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 4(1), 1-14..

Abstract: When we are planning for cell mobile area, we should put in our consider the traffic and the coverage area by doing analysis using the TDMA – FDMA mobile cellular communication system. In this paper we collaborate with Ooredoo mobile company in Kuwait to see the effect of cell radius on the power can the base station to supply the user by using the path loss and the transmitter power level.

Key Word: cell size, population SNPC, average call time

[1]. Hakki Cavdar, O. Akcat "The Optimization Of Cell Stations Power Level In Cell Planning" In Proc. Vehicular. Tech. Vol. 42.No.2.May2001
[2]. Fabio Graziosi, Marco Pratesi,Mariha Ruggieri, Fortunato Santuce "A Multi Cell Model Of Hand Over Initiation In Mobile Cellular Networks" In Transaction On Tech.Vol48.No.3 May 1999.
[3]. How Cellular Phone Technologies Comper” Www.Ee.Washington.Edu/Classs/498/Sp98/Final/Marsha/Final.Html.4/3/2002
[4]. Introduction To Mobile Phoneslf,Www.Hailydoy.Co.Uk/Ce1l2.Html. 15/7/2002.
[5]. Wang, L.,Stuber, G.,And Lea,C.,“Architecture Design, Frequency Planning And Performance Analysis For A Microcell/Macroceli Overlaying System" IEEE Transaction On Vehicular Technology. Vol.

Abstract: Rapid advancements in wireless communication technologies, driven by innovations like 6G, Internet of Things (IoT), Satellite communication, EW Systems and wearable sensors, have created a surge in demand for antennas with high adaptability and operational efficiency. These next-generation technologies require communication systems capable of handling diverse and complex scenarios, such as supporting multiband operations, ensuring seamless connectivity across various devices, and managing the challenges of high-data rates as well as low-latency. At the core of these systems lie antennas, the essential components accountable for transmitting as well...

[1]. Thesis_Alqurashi Khaled Yahya, “Liquid Metal Feasibility And Characterisation In Reconfigurable Antenna Applications,” University Of Surrey, 2019.
[2]. Hensley, David M., "A Reconfigurable Stretchable Liquid Metal Antenna, Phase Shifter, And Array For Wideband Applications," University Of New Mexico, 2021.
[3]. Zhang, C., & Zhang, L. (2019). "Reconfigurable Liquid Metal Antennas For 5G Communications: Design And Fabrication." IEEE Transactions On Antennas And Propagation, 67(5), 3243-3251. Https://Doi.Org/10.1109/TAP.2019.2902072
[4]. Sani, M., & Karami, M. (2020). "Design And Simulation Of Liquid Metal Antennas For Wireless Communications." Journal Of Electromagnetic Waves And Applications, 34(5), 612-630. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/09205071.2020.1748997
[5]. Cheng, M., & Li, L. (2018). "Dynamic Reconfigurability Of Liquid Metal Antennas For 5G And Iot Applications." IEEE Access, 6, 21387-21396. Https://Doi.Org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2801209

Abstract: In order to increase the lifespan of induction motors by better electromagnetic design and improved thermal management, this study offers a thorough design and thermal modeling technique. The study precisely forecasts temperature distribution and locates possible hotspots inside the motor by combining lumped parameter thermal networks (LPTN) with finite element analysis (FEA). Air-gap optimization, slot and winding layout, and suitable material selection are important design factors that enhance heat dissipation and lower thermal stress. Effective cooling considerably...

Keyword: Induction Motor, Thermal Modelling, Motor Design, Heat Dissipation, Lifespan

[1] O. I Okoro, Prolong The Lifespan Of Industrial Electric Machines Through The Development Of Accurate Dynamic And Thermal Model, 53rd Inaugural Lecture Of Michael Okpara University Of Agriculture, Umudike Abia State, Nigeria, 17th April 2024.
[2] Okoro, Ogbonnaya I. "Steady And Transient States Thermal Analysis Of A 7.5-Kw Squirrel-Cage Induction Machine At Rated-Load Operation." Ieee Transactions On Energy Conversion 20, No. 4 (2005): 730-736.
[3] Ejiofor, O. Stephen, Ugwu Justin, N. Damian Benneth, And Ogbuefi Uche. "Development And Thermal Modeling Of An Induction Machine." International Journal Of Engineering & Technology 8, No. 4 (2019), 500-508. 2019
[4] Abdelrahman, S. Ahmed, And Berker Bilgin. "Computationally Efficient Surrogate-Based Magneto-Fluid-Thermal Numerical Coupling Approach For A Water-Cooled Ipm Traction Motor." Ieee Access 10 (2022): 83692-83704. 2022
[5] Hussein, H. M., Ibrahim, A. M., Taha, R. A., Rafin, S. S. H., Abdelrahman, M. S., Kharchouf, I., & Mohammed, O. A. State-Of-The-Art Electric Vehicle Modeling: Architectures, Control, And Regulations. Electronics, 13(17), 3578. 2024