iosr-JECE   Volume-20 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan. - Feb. 2025

Abstract: An enhanced Phase Frequency Detector (PFD) and Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO) are designed to improve performance in frequency synthesis and clock generation. The PFD achieves reduced dead zone, faster response times, and lower power consumption, ensuring greater accuracy and efficiency in phase detection. The VCO offers a wide tuning range, low phase noise, and high sensitivity, all while maintaining a low power profile, making it suitable for high-frequency applications. Designed and evaluated using Cadence EDA tools, the performance of these components is validated through simulations and experiments, demonstrating their suitability for integration into advanced communication and signal processing systems.

Keyword: DPLL, FPGA, Cadence, frequency synthesis, clock generation

[1] Yi Fei Wang, Student Member, Ieee, And Yun Wei Li, Member, Ieee, "Analysis And Digital Implementation Of Cascaded Delayed-Signal-Cancellation Pll", Ieee Transactions On Power Electronics, Vol. 26, No. 4, April 2011.
[2] Poonam Sachdeva, Ankita Aggarwal, "Design Of Cmos Ring Vco For Pll Based Frequency Synthesizer", Issn 2319 – 2518 Vol. 5, No. 3, July.
[3] Abdul Majeed K Ka, Binsu J Kailatha, "A Novel Phase Frequency Detector For A High Frequency Pll Design" , International Conference On Design And Manufacturing, Icondm 2013.
[4] Ayman Ei Sayed, Akbar Ali, M.I. Elmasry, "Differential Pll For Wireless Applications Using Differential Cmos Lc-Vco And Differential Charge Pump", San Diego, Ca, Usa.
[5] Abdul Majeed K Ka, Binsu J Kailatha, "Low Power, High Frequency, Free Dead Zone Pfd For A Pll Design", Ieee Journal Of, Vol.37, No.10, Pp.1331,1334, Oct 2002.

Abstract: In this paper a new approach of signal design for a target detection is presented using poly-semantic sequences with larger code lengths to achieve optimal target detection in high resolution radar (HRR) systems in presence of high-density additive noise and Doppler environment. The notion of poly-alphabetic radar [1] [2]introduced earlier based on simultaneous multiple interpretations of pre-designed returned waveform, results into improved detection performance of binary pulse compression radar at the affordable cost of an additional signal processing. In fact, the central idea of poly-alphabetic radar signal is poly-semanticism, which was achieved through poly-alphabetism.......

[1]. I.A. Pasha, N. Sudershan Rao, P. S. Moharir, "Poly- alphabetic Pulse Compression Radar Signal Design," Modeling, Measurement & Control, Journal of AMSE, vol.74, no.4, pp.57-64, 2001
[2]. Y. Mallikarjuna Reddy, I. A. Pasha, S. Vathsal, "Poly-alphabetic radar signal processor for efficient target detection" International radar Symposium India - 2007, Bangalore (IRSI-07), pp. 30-34.
[3]. I. A. Pasha, P. S. Moharir & V. M. Pandharipande, " Poly-semantic binary pulse compression radar sequences", IEEE TENCON 2003, IEEE Technical conference on convergent technologies for the Asia- Pacific.
[4]. Moharir. P.S., RajaRajeswari. K. and VenkataRao. K., "New figures of merit for pulse compression sequences", Journal of IETE, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 209-216, 1992.
[5]. I. A. Pasha, P. S. Moharir & N.Sudarshan Rao, "Bi- alphabetic pulse compression radar signal design", Sadhana, vol.25, pp.481-488, Nov 2000.

Abstract: This paper introduces a novel skin-patchable electromagnetic biosensor designed for continuous, non-invasive monitoring of blood glucose levels. The proposed device leverages advanced complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) technology in a honeycomb configuration to achieve high sensitivity and precision in glucose detection. Operating within the 2.4 GHz ISM band, the sensor is fabricated on a flexible polyimide substrate, enabling it to conform seamlessly to the skin's surface. The unique sensor design localizes intense electromagnetic fields in the sensing region, optimizing interaction with glucose samples and enhancing detection accuracy.Extensive simulations and experiments demonstrate the sensor's capacity to detect glucose levels within the physiological........

Keyword: Electromagnetic Biosensor, Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring, Complementary Split-Ring Resonators (CSRR), ISM Band (2.4 GHz), Blood Glucose Level Detection, Skin-Patchable Device, Frequency Shift Analysis, Wearable Technology, Diabetes Management, Flexible Substrate

[1] Chang, C. A., Et Al., "High Sensitivity Microwave Resonator For Blood Glucose Detection: Simulation-Based Analysis," IEEE Access, Vol. 10, Pp. 9872-9884, 2022.
[2] Das, K., And Roy, S. K., "Integration Of Wearable Devices For Continuous Glucose Monitoring: RF Approaches," In Proceedings Of IEEE Wireless Health Conference, 2022, Pp. 165-172.
[3] Gupta, A., Et Al., "Trends In Non-Invasive Electromagnetic Biosensors For Diabetes Management," IEEE Transactions On Biomedical Circuits And Systems, Vol. 16, No. 2, Pp. 295-306, 2022.
[4] Klein, R. J., And Neumann, D. W., "Continuous Glucose Monitoring Using Electromagnetic Sensors: Challenges And Opportunities," IEEE Transactions On Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 69, No. 3, Pp. 729-741, 2022.
[5] Kumar, J., Et Al., "Substrate Properties Influencing Electromagnetic Biosensors For Glucose Sensing," In Proceedings Of The IEEE International Conference On Bioelectronics And Nanotechnology, Singapore, 2021, Pp. 118-123.

Abstract: The swift development of wireless communication technology calls for creative solutions to satisfy the growing need for dependable, fast connectivity. This research explores sophisticated beamforming and beam steering methods for smooth user association in dual-tier 5G networks that combine millimeter-wave (mmWave) and Sub-6GHz frequency bands. While mmWave bands offer noticeably better data speeds in limited, line-of-sight contexts, sub-6GHz bands offer solid connectivity and extensive coverage. Optimizing user association to balance coverage and capacity is a major difficulty in this design, especially considering mmWave signals' limited range and significant path loss.........

Keyword: User Association, Beamforming, Beam Steering, Throughput, Sub-6GHz and MmWave

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