iosr-JDMS   Volume-2 ~ Issue-6

Abstract: The transversely running Deep transverse metacarpal ligament connects the metacarpal head of the index finger to little finger by attachment of volar plate. Sixty cadaveric hands, irrespective of sex, from the department of Anatomy were dissected to study the anatomical features and variation in the attachments of hypothenar muscles. In four out of sixty hands (6.66%), there was abrupt transition between the volar plate and the fibers of deep transverse metacarpal ligament. While in the rest fifty-six (93.33%) the transition was smooth. The collateral ligaments were noted on both the sides of the metacarpo phalangeal joints. Insertion of Abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis in majority cases and opponence digiti minimi in few cases was observed into medial side of the deep transverse metacarpal ligament.
Keywords: Deep transverse metacarpal ligament, Hypothenar muscles, Metacarpo phalengeal joint

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Abstract:Zeequn Nafas (Bronchial Asthma) is diffused involvement of bronchial system due to variety of influences resulting in chronic respiratory disability. In other words, it is difficulty in breathing due to narrowing of air passage, particularly in expiration associated with bronchial spasm. It has been identified as one of the five most pressing global lung problems. Buqrat (Hippocrates) (460-377 BC) first studied the effect of climate, water, cloths, drinks, and eating habits and others factors as the causative for the disease. According to him, it was believed to be brought about by an imbalance of humors by raised level of phlegm. He also noted the possibility that asthma could be an inherited condition.
Keywords:Bronchial asthma, socio economic status, climatic change, Respiratory morbidity, prevalence, Kashmir valley.

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Abstract:The study of sex differences in cognition has been shrouded with much controversy. Working memory is a central construct in cognitive neuroscience. This study examined sex differences in working memory of students in Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria using the N-back task. To achieve this aim, fifty four (54) students of Ahmadu Bello University in the age range of 18-35 years consisting of 31 females and 23 males were used for the study. The subjects were screened for some confounding variables such as blood pressure profiles, body mass index that affect cognition. Cognitive functions were assessed with the Mini Mental State Examination Test, while working memory was tested with the N-back task. Results obtained from the N-back scores showed that there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in working memory sexes, with mean values of 75.09 ±0.63 for males and 73.81 ± 0.58 for females. The mini-mental state examination also revealed no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between the both sexes with a mean values of 29.52±0.12 for males and 29.07±0.20 for females. The mean BMI of the male and female population was 22.24±0.47 kg/m2 and 22.36±0.88 kg/m2 respectively and was within the range accepted as normal. The present work revealed no sex differences in working memory using n-back task between males and females in the studied population.
Key words:Cognition, Blood pressure, Mini-Mental State, N-back score, Sex difference, working memory

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Abstract:A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1416 women (age: 25 years or more), belonging to Pre and post-menopausal women (1351 & 65 respectively). All subjects were interviewed by using a structured Performa for prevalence of risk factors. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured to determine the degree of Osteoporosis and Osteopenia by speed of sound (SOS) and broad band ultrasound attenuation (BUA) in the calcaneus bone. It was observed that 272 (19.2%) amongst all subjects were osteoporotic, 890 (62.9%) osteopenic whereas only 254 (17.9%) were normal. When assessment was done in groups, it was found that out of the total postmenopausal women (n=65), 32 (49.5%) were osteoporotic while 28 (43.1%) were found to be osteopenic. On the other hand, in premenopausal women group (n=1351), 240 (17.83%) were found to be Osteoporotic while 862 (63.8%) were found to be Osteopenic. There was however no significant relation in the BMI of all the three groups. The prevalence of osteoporosis was found to be high in postmenopausal but Osteopenia in premenopausal women was reported to be alarmingly high in premenopausal women probably due to lifestyle and dietary risk factors. There is a need to explore the precise causative factors associated with the high prevalence of Osteopenia recorded in the present study.
Keywords:Osteoporosis, Osteopenia, Bone Mineral Density, Pre and Post menopausal women

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