iosr-JDMS   Volume-25 ~ Issue-4 ~ April 2026

Abstract: Background: The foramen magnum (FM) is a critical anatomical structure at the cranial base, transmitting the medulla oblongata, vertebral arteries, meninges, and spinal roots of the accessory nerve. Its anatomical characteristics are clinically and anthropologically significant due to its location at the craniovertebral junction. The morphometric knowledge of the FM is necessary to rule out malformation, herniation, achondroplasia and any compressions to the vital structures passing through it......

Keywords: Foramen magnum, morphometry, herniation, achondroplasia

[1]. Snell R.S. Clinical Anatomy For Medical Student. 4th Edition. Boston; Little, Brown And Company: 1992.
[2]. Collins P, Jawaheer G, Sharpe RM. Development Of The Urogenital System. In: Standring S, Collins P, Jawaheer G, Anand N, Tubbs RS, Birch R, Et Al, Editors. Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis Of Clinical Practice. 41st Ed. London: Elsevier; 2016.
[3]. Sinnatamby CS. Last’s Anatomy: Regional And Applied. 12th Ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2011.
[4]. D.E. Ogolo Et Al. Morphometric Evaluation Of The Foramen Magnum In The West African Population: Implications For Neurosurgical Interventions. Brain Disorders. 2024;14:1-6. DOI: Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Dscb.2024.100140
[5]. Öksüzler Et Al. Harmony Of The Foramen Magnum And Cranium: An Anatomical And Radiological Study. Cukurova Med J.2022;47(2):876-885. DOI: 10.17826/Cumj.1102142.

Abstract: Background: Morphine remains one of the most important opioid analgesics for the management of moderate to severe pain, particularly in oncological, hospital, and palliative care settings. However, its clinical use is intrinsically associated with the risk of tolerance, dependence, and drug-seeking behavior, posing significant challenges for healthcare professionals and institutions. This study aimed to analyze, from an integrative perspective, the pharmacological basis of morphine, the neurobiological mechanisms of opioid dependence, and the behavioral patterns associated with morphine-seeking in healthcare services.....

[1]. Murphy PB, Anekar A. Morphine. Statpearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): Statpearls Publishing; 2023.
[2]. Anekar AA, Cascella M. WHO Analgesic Ladder. Statpearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): Statpearls Publishing; 2023.
[3]. Nadeau SE, Et Al. Opioids And Chronic Pain. Frontiers In Pain Research. 2021;2:721357
[4]. Volkow ND, Michaelides M, Baler R. The Neuroscience Of Drug Reward And Addiction. Physiological Reviews. 2019;99(4):2115–2140.
[5]. Koob GF, Volkow ND. Neurobiology Of Addiction: A Neurocircuitry Analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(8):760–773.

Abstract: Facial soft-tissue injuries are common in emergency department and carry substantial aesthetic, functional, and psychological implications. Early management prioritizes life-saving measures, yet the quality of initial wound handling strongly influences long-term quality of life. Understanding differences between patient and clinician perceptions of healing is essential for optimizing treatment and counselling. This study evaluated aesthetic outcomes using patient- and observer-rated POSAS scores and assessed functional sequelae over a 3-month period following facial soft-tissue trauma.......

Key Word: Aesthetic, scarring, disfigurement, functional impairment.

[1]. Gaur U, Rajan M, Dvivedi S. Profile Of Patients With Soft Tissue Injuries Of Face. Indian J Appl Res 2016;6:406-7.
[2]. Braun TL, Maricevich RS. Soft Tissue Management In Facial Trauma. Semin Plast Surg 2017;31:73-9.
[3]. Crecelius C. Soft Tissue Trauma. Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2013;21:49-60.
[4]. El-Orabi RA, El-Hadidy MR, El-Sabbagh AH. Assessment And Management Of Immature Facial Scars By Non-Surgical Methods. Chinese Journal Of Plastic And Reconstructive Surgery 2022;4:67-73.
[5]. Durani P, Mcgrouther DA, Ferguson MW. Current Scales For Assessing Human Scarring: A Review. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2009;62:713-20.

Abstract: Background: Papillary muscles are essential for mitral valve function, with their morphology and the attachment of chordae tendineae influencing valve competence. Understanding their variations is critical for clinical and surgical practice. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 27 formalin-fixed human cadaveric hearts obtained from the Department of Anatomy, RIMS, Imphal. Left ventricles were opened along the left border to expose papillary muscles. The number, shape, and morphological patterns of papillary muscles were recorded........

Keywords: Papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, left ventricle, mitral valve anatomy.

[1]. Standring S. Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis Of Clinical Practice. 42nd Ed. London: Elsevier; 2020.
[2]. Hosapatna M, D’Souza A, Das AM, Supriya, Ankolekar VH, D’Souza AS. Morphology Of Papillary Muscles In Human Adults: A Cadaveric Study. Ibnosina J Med Biomed Sci. 2014;6(4):168–172.
[3]. Eötvös CA, Avram T, Lazar RD, Zehan IG, Moldovan MP, Schiop-Tentea P, Coseriu G, Sarb A, Gusetu G, Buzdugan E, Et Al. Papillary Muscles Of The Left Ventricle: Integrating Electrical And Mechanical Dynamics. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2025;12(1):14.
[4]. Madu EC, D’Cruz IA. The Vital Role Of Papillary Muscles In Mitral And Ventricular Function: Echocardiographic Insights. Clin Cardiol. 1997;20:93–98.
[5]. Roberts WC, Cohen LS. Left Ventricular Papillary Muscles: Description Of The Normal And A Survey Of Conditions Causing Them To Be Abnormal. Circulation. 1972;46:138–154.

Abstract: Background: Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) is an age-related disorder characterized by deposition of fibrillar material in ocular tissues and is a major cause of secondary glaucoma. Pseudoexfoliation glaucoma is known for its aggressive course, higher intraocular pressure (IOP), and rapid progression.
Materials and Methods: This hospital-based observational........

Keywords: Glaucome, treatment, psuedoexfoliation syndrome, timolol, latanoprost

[1]. Ritch R, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U. Exfoliation Syndrome. Surv Ophthalmol. 2001;45(4):265–315.
[2]. Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Naumann GO. Ocular And Systemic Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;141(5):921–37.
[3]. Ritch R. Exfoliation Syndrome And Occludable Angles. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1994;92:845–944.
[4]. Thorleifsson G, Magnusson KP, Sulem P, Et Al. Common Sequence Variants In The LOXL1 Gene Confer Susceptibility To Exfoliation Glaucoma. Science. 2007;317(5843):1397–400.
[5]. Schlötzer-Schrehardt U. Molecular Pathology Of Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome/Glaucoma—New Insights From LOXL1 Gene Associations. Exp Eye Res. 2009;88(4):776–85.

Abstract: Medical education is a continuous, lifelong journey that includes both preclinical and clinical stages, aiming to prepare competent physicians. The preclinical stage builds the conceptual and cognitive skills needed for clinical practice and has shifted from traditional lecture-style teaching to more integrated, learner-focused methods. Educational theory provides a clear framework for enhancing how students learn, retain, and apply the basic sciences. Using educational theory in preclinical curricula has led to innovations such as integrated teaching, flipped classrooms......

Keywords: Medical Education, Preclinical Curriculum, Educational Theory, Curriculum Design, Learning Theory

[1] Adebakin, A. B. (2024). Education. In Springer Nature Link (Pp. 127–142). Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/978-3-031-74535-5_8
[2] Education Https://Wiki.Outremer.Quest/Content/Wikipedia_En_All_Maxi_2023-10/A/Education
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[4] Yue, S. (2024). The Evolution Of Pedagogical Theory: From Traditional To Modern Approaches And Their Impact On Student Engagement And Success. Journal Of Education And Educational Research, 7(3), 226–230. Https://Doi.Org/10.54097/J4agx439
[5] Das K. K. (2023). Graduate Medical Education: Variation Of Program And Training Duration. Korean Journal Of Medical Education, 35(4), 421–423. Https://Doi.Org/10.3946/Kjme.2023.278

Abstract: Background: Electrical impedance is a key objective parameter reflecting the electrode–tissue interface in cochlear implant (CI) recipients. Its temporal variation provides important insights into device performance and intracochlear biological responses, particularly in paediatric populations.
Objective: To evaluate and compare electrical impedance changes over time among paediatric cochlear implant recipients......

Keywords: Cochlear implant; Electrical impedance; Paediatric hearing loss; Electrode–tissue interface; Impedance telemetry; Sensory-neural hearing loss; Cochlear implant manufacturers; Postoperative monitoring; Auditory rehabilitation; Implant programming

[1]. Zamaninezhad L, Mert B, Benav H, Tillein J, Garnham C, Baumann U. Factors Influencing The Relationship Between Cochlear Health Measures And Speech Recognition In Cochlear Implant Users. Front Integrneurosci. 2023 May 12;17:1125712. Doi: 10.3389/Fnint.2023.1125712. PMID: 37251736; PMCID: PMC10213548.
[2]. Zhang G, Chen R, Ghorbani H, Li W, Minasyan A, Huang Y, Lin S, Shao M. Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Innovations In Cochlear Implant Technology: Advancing Auditory Prosthetics For Hearing Restoration. Bioengtransl Med. 2025 Jan 9;10(3):E10752. Doi: 10.1002/Btm2.10752. PMID: 40385537; PMCID: PMC12079510.
[3]. Lambriks L, Van Hoof M, Debruyne J, Janssen M, Hof J, Hellingman K, Devocht E, George E. Toward Neural Health Measurements For Cochlear Implantation: The Relationship Among Electrode Positioning, The Electrically Evoked Action Potential, Impedances And Behavioral Stimulation Levels. Front Neurol. 2023 Feb 9;14:1093265. Doi: 10.3389/Fneur.2023.1093265. PMID: 36846130; PMCID: PMC9948626.
[4]. Cooper J, Mittal J, Zalta M, Distefano N, Klassen DL, Mckenna K, Godur DA, Monterrubio A, Moosa M, Mittal R, Eshraghi AA. Bridging The Gap: A Systematic Review Of Intraoperative Electrocochleography During Cochlear Implantation And Preservation Of Residual Hearing. Plos One. 2025 May 13;20(5):E0323493. Doi: 10.1371/Journal.Pone.0323493. PMID: 40359384; PMCID: PMC12074592.
[5]. Saoji AA, Graham MK, Dejong MD, Martin JRK, Pesch J, Vanpoucke FJ. Electrode Impedance Subcomponent Analysis In Cochlear Implant Patients With Rising Or Fluctuating Electrode Impedances. Audiol Res. 2025 Apr 12;15(2):41. Doi: 10.3390/Audiolres15020041. PMID: 40277586; PMCID: PMC12024177

Abstract: Background: Lyme disease is a multisystem zoonotic infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and transmitted by Ixodesticks. It remains underdiagnosed and underreported in India despite frequent tick exposure in rural populations. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted over 6 months (March–August 2025) in the Department of Microbiology, Government General Hospital, Guntur. A total of 60 clinically suspected cases were included. Serum.....

Keywords: Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, ELISA, Seroprevalence, Tick exposure

[1]. Cardenas-De La Garza JA, De La Cruz-Valadez E, Ocampo-Candiani J, Welsh O. Clinical Spectrum Of Lyme Disease. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2019;38(2):201–8. Doi:10.1007/S10096-018-3412-2. PMID: 30402767.
[2]. Sharma S, Aggarwal A, Kaur R, Sood S. Serological Evidence Of Lyme Borreliosis In North India: A Pilot Study. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2019;37(2):267–70. Doi:10.4103/Ijmm.IJMM_17_427. PMID: 30971585.
[3]. Marques AR. Laboratory Diagnosis Of Lyme Disease: Advances And Challenges. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2020;34(2):295–307. Doi:10.1016/J.Idc.2020.02.004. PMID: 32389471.
[4]. Oei A, De Vries A, Sprong H, Van Der Giessen JWB. Serological And Molecular Diagnosis Of Lyme Borreliosis: Current State And Perspectives. Pathogens. 2021;10(12):1569. Doi:10.3390/Pathogens10121569. PMID: 34943351.
[5]. Steere AC, Strle F, Wormser GP, Hu LT, Branda JA, Hovius JWR, Et Al. Lyme Borreliosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers.2016;2:16090. Doi:10.1038/Nrdp.2016.90. PMID: 27976670

Abstract: Background: Saliva has emerged as a valuable diagnostic fluid due to its non-invasive collection, ease of handling, and rich biochemical composition. It reflects both local and systemic health conditions, offering a promising alternative to blood-based diagnostics in clinical settings.....

Keywords: Saliva, Metabolomics, Oral cancer, Periodontitis, Dental caries, Biomarkers

[1]. Pérez-Navarro J, Pons-Fuster A, Grau-González M, Sánchez-Pérez A. Unravelling The Potential Of Salivary Volatile Metabolites In Oral Diseases. Metabolites. 2023;13(3):498. Doi:10.3390/Metabo13030498.
[2]. Hyvärinen E, Savolainen M, Mikkonen JJW, Kullaa AM. Salivary Metabolomics For Diagnosis And Monitoring Diseases: Challenges And Possibilities. Metabolites. 2021;11(9):587. Doi:10.3390/Metabo11090587.
[3]. Campanati A, Martina E, Diotallevi F, Offidani A. Saliva And Oral Diseases. J Clin Med. 2020;9(2):466. Doi:10.3390/Jcm9020466.
[4]. Gardner A, Carpenter G, So PW. Salivary Metabolomics: From Diagnostic Biomarker Discovery To Investigating Biological Function. Metabolites. 2020;10(2):47. Doi:10.3390/Metabo10020047.
[5]. Ishikawa S, Sugimoto M, Kitabatake K, Sugano A, Nakamura M, Satoh M, Et Al. Identification Of Salivary Metabolomic Biomarkers For Oral Cancer Screening. Sci Rep. 2016;6:31520. Doi:10.1038/Srep31520

Abstract: Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the inferior alveolar nerve block, that is, the Halstead technique, Gow Gates technique for mandibular anesthesia. Methodology: This prospective, double-blinded, in-vivo study was conducted amongst 20 patients, requiring mandibular anesthesia. These patients were divided into two groups. Parameters assessed were time required for appearance of subjective and objective symptoms and signs, positive aspiration, need for supplementary anesthesia, and ease of administration......

Keywords: Mandibular anesthesia, Inferior alveolar nerve block, Halstead technique, Gow-Gates technique

[1]. Malamed SF. Handbook Of Local Anesthesia. 4th Ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 1997.
[2]. Awate S, Bhate K, Londhe U, Contractor M, Bhosale T, Lokhande S. Comparative Evaluation Of Efficacy Of Halstead Technique, Clark And Holmes Technique, Gow Gates Technique, And Sargenti Technique For Mandibular Anesthesia. Natl J Maxillofac Surg 2023;14:466-70.
[3]. Alternative Mandibular Nerve Block Techniques Haas, Daniel A. The Journal Of The American Dental Association, Volume 142, 8S - 12S
[4]. Lee CR, Yang HJ. Alternative Techniques For Failure Of Conventional Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block. J Dent Anesth Pain Med 2019;19:125-34.
[5]. Kafalias MC, Gow-Gates GA, Saliba GJ. The Gow-Gates Technique For Mandibular Block Anesthesia. A Discussion And A Mathematical Analysis. Anesth Prog 1987;34:142-9.

Abstract: Background: Adnexal masses encompass a broad spectrum of gynecological conditions, ranging from simple benign cysts to highly aggressive malignant tumors, and they continue to represent a significant diagnostic challenge in clinical practice. Precise identification and characterization of these lesions are crucial for selecting appropriate management strategies, minimizing unnecessary surgical procedures, and improving overall patient outcomes. Although ultrasonography is commonly used as the first-line imaging modality, its limitations in assessing ...

Keywords: Adnexal mass, computed tomography, ovarian tumors, histopathology, diagnostic accuracy, pelvic imaging

[1]. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer Statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020;70(1):7–30.
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[5]. Andreotti RF, Timmerman D, Strachowski LM, Froyman W, Benacerraf BR, Bennett GL, Et Al. O-RADS US Risk Stratification And Management System. Radiology. 2020;294(1):168–85

Abstract: Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) has emerged as a promising autologous biomaterial in regenerative dentistry due to its ability to release growth factors in a sustained manner and promote tissue healing. In endodontics, achieving predictable regeneration of pulp-dentin complex and periapical tissues remains a major challenge. The introduction of PRF has opened new possibilities in regenerative endodontic procedures, periapical surgery, and management.....

[1]. Siqueira JF Jr.Aetiology Of Root Canal Treatment Failure: Why Well-Treated Teeth Can Fail. International Endodontic Journal. 2001;34(1):1–10.
[2]. Kontakiotis EG, Filippatos CG, Agrafioti A. Regenerative Endodontic Therapy: A Data Analysis Of Clinical Protocols. J Endod. 2015;41(2):146–154.
[3]. Shivashankar VY, Johns DA, Vidyanath S, Sam G. Combination Of Platelet Rich Fibrin, Blood Clot And Hydroxyapatite In The Management Of A Large Periapical Lesion. J Conserv Dent. 2013;16(3):261–264.
[4]. Dohan DM, Choukroun J, Diss A, Dohan SL, Dohan AJ, Mouhyi J, Et Al. Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF): A Second-Generation Platelet Concentrate. Part I: Technological Concepts And Evolution. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006;101(3):E37–44.
[5]. Dohan Ehrenfest DM, De Peppo GM, Doglioli P, Sammartino G. Slow Release Of Growth Factors And Thrombospondin-1 In Choukroun’s Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF): A Gold Standard To Achieve For All Surgical Platelet Concentrates Technologies. Growth Factors. 2009;27(1):63–69