iosr-JDMS   Volume-13 ~ Issue-5 ~ May-2014

Abstract: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is becoming a major global health problem. In India, diabetes and hypertension are responsible for 40% to 50% of all cases of CKD. The present study was carried out with the objective to detect the prevalence of asymptomatic CKD in high risk groups like diabetes and hypertension. Total 86 patients of age group above 18 of both sexes were selected randomly. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) was estimated by Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) 6 equation. Observation revealed that 15 cases had GFR >90, 40 cases had GFR 60-90. And 31 cases had GFR <60 ml /min per 1.73m2. Main age groups affected were >50 years (80%).CKD was seen in 40% of hypertensive and 27.8% of diabetic subjects. Result of this study is comparable with the study of Timothy HM et al who has also shown that 20.4% of his subjects had CKD, and higher prevalence among hypertensive than diabetic (69% and 30% respectively).The mean BMI of subjects having CKD is 23.8 ± 3.159 and mean BMI of subjects not having CKD is 25.1± 4.353. This observation shows that patients with CKD are having high normal BMI.CKD is a recognized risk factor of ESRD and cardiovascular death, which is a leading cause of death in developing countries. An increase in BMI is a significant factor independently associated with CKD. In the present study, the differences in BMI are relatively small and have an insignificant P value between those with and without CKD. An interventional approach is necessary to prevent development of CKD at every level, especially in high risk groups to prevent CKD and development of End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD).

[1]. Narula B AS. Chronic Disease: The Looming Threat. MJAFI 2008; 64: 2-3.
[2]. Modi GK and Jha V. The incidence of end stage renal disease in India: A population – based study. Kidney International 2006; 70: 2131-2133.
[3]. Frank CB, Thomas HH, Elie K, Mark MM Sharon MM. Detection of Chronic Kidney Disease in patients with or at increased risk of cardiovascular Disease. Hypertension 2006; 48: 751-755.
[4]. Moorthy AV. Early detection of Kidney disease is Important. India's National Magazine 2004; 21: 5-18.
[5]. Agarwal SK. Chronic Kidney Disease and its Prevention in India. Kidney International 2005; 68: 41-45.

Abstract: The oral cavity has been considered as a site of colonization of respiratory pathogens.The colonization of respiratory pathogens appears to be a risk factor for lung infection in high risk subjects.The mechanism of lung infection could be due to aspiration of the pathogens into the lungs. Edentulous patient are less likely to be affected compare to dentulous patient or patient who are using dentures.Most common pulmonary disease associated with periodontitis are Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pneumonia.These review underline the importance of improving oral hygiene among patients who are at risk.

[1] Oral Health and Respiratory Infection Philippe Mojon, DMD, PhD •
[2] Russell SL ,BoylanRJ,KaslickRS,ScannpiecoFA,Katz RV Respiratory pathogen colonization of the dental plaque of institutionalized Elders.Spec care dentist 1998;19:128-34
[3] ScannpiecoFA,MylotteeJM.relationship between periodontal disease and bacterial pneumonia.J.periodontal 1996;67:1114-22
[4] Periodontitis as a potential risk factor chronic obstructive pulmonary disease :A retrospective study.VikasDeo,ManoharBhongade,SalmanAnsari,Ramesh S chavan.
[5] Savage, Amir; Eaton, Kenneth A.; Moles, David R.; Needleman, Ian (2009). "A systematic review of definitions of periodontitis and methods that have been used to identify this disease". Journal of Clinical Periodontology 36 (6): 458–467. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2009.01408.x. PMID 19508246

Abstract: Stem cell biology is currently one of the most exciting areas of biomedical research, as enthusiasm for the application of this technology toward regenerative medicine continues to expand. The application of stem cells in a therapeutic fashion may become a natural extension of the presumed potential of these unique cell populations with wide-ranging capabilities. As with many new and exciting technologies, much remains to be tested, proved, and delivered to separate the hope from the hype. In this review, we attempt to deliver the current "state of the art" in stem cell research and to provide a conceptual framework that can be used by surgeons as a basis for critical assessment of this quickly expanding and fascinating field.

[1]. Asahara T, Kalka C, Isner JM. Stem cell therapy and gene transfer for regeneration. Gene Ther. 2000;7(6):451-457.
[2]. Bianco P, Riminucci M, Gronthos S, Robey PG Bone marrow stromal stem cells: nature, biology, and potential applications. Stem Cells 2001;19:180–192.
[3]. Greco SJ, Liu K, Rameshwar P .Functional similarities among genes regulated by Oct4 in human mesenchymal and embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells .2007; 25:3143–3154.
[4]. Jones DL, Wagers AJ. No place like home: anatomy and function of the stem cell niche. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol .2008; 9:11–21
[5]. Jorgensen C, Djouad F, Apparailly F, Noel D . Engineering mesenchymal stem cells for immunotherapy. Gene Ther .2003;10:928–931.