iosr-JCE  Volume-28 ~ Issue-4 ~ Jul. - Aug. 2026

Abstract: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly changing from a tool that supports human decisions into systems capable of independently analyzing information, making judgments, and executing actions. This development has created an important debate regarding the appropriate level of human involvement in AI-based decision-making. Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) AI retains human participation at critical stages of the decision process, whereas Fully Autonomous AI operates with limited or no direct human intervention after deployment. Both approaches provide significant benefits, b.....

Key Word: Artificial Intelligence, Human-in-the-Loop, Autonomous AI, Decision-Making, Trust, Explainable AI, Human Oversight, AI Governance

[1]. Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, AI Index Report 2025, Stanford University, 2025.
[2]. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0), NIST AI 100-1, 2023.
[3]. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework: Generative Artificial Intelligence Profile, NIST AI 600-1, 2024.
[4]. European Union, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689: Artificial Intelligence Act, Official Journal of the European Union, 2024.
[5]. Logg, J. M., Minson, J. A., and Moore, D. A., "Algorithm Appreciation: People Prefer Algorithmic to Human Judgment," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, vol. 151, pp. 90–103, 2019.

Abstract: This article presents the analytical solution and the solution obtained via the Galerkin weighted-residual method for a simply supported Euler-Bernoulli beam subjected to equal and opposite moments at its ends. This condition produces pure bending, characterized by a constant bending moment and quadratic deformation.
Background: Euler-....

Key Word: Galerkin weighted residual method; Euler–Bernoulli beam; beam deflection; analytical solution; structural mechanics; finite element method; ASTM A36 steel.

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[4]. J. N. Reddy, An Introduction to the Finite Element Method, 3rd ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 2006.
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Abstract: The rapid growth of digital banking, electronic commerce, mobile payments, and financial technology platforms has increased cybersecurity risks associated with digital transactions. Conventional password and two-factor authentication systems remain vulnerable to phishing, credential theft, device compromise, account takeover, and unauthorized transactions. This study proposes a Five-Factor Authentication Framework integrating knowledge, possession, inherencer-....

Key Word: Five-Factor Authentication, Digital Transactions, Cybersecurity, Digital Transaction Datasets, Prototype Evaluation, ANOVA Statistical Ana

[1]. Abuhamad, M., Abusnaina, A., Nyang, D., & Mohaisen, D. (2021). Sensor-based continuous authentication of smartphones' users using behavioral biometrics: A contemporary survey. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 8(1), 65–84. DOI: 10.1109/JIOT.2020.3020076
[2]. Baig, Z. A., & Eskeland, S. (2021). Security, privacy, and usability in continuous authentication: A survey. Sensors, 21(17), 5967. DOI: 10.3390/s21175967
[3]. Bonneau, J., Herley, C., van Oorschot, P. C., & Stajano, F. (2015). Passwords and the evolution of imperfect authentication. Communications of the ACM, 58(7), 78–87. DOI: 10.1145/2699390
[4]. Brito, E., Hadachi, A., Kamm, L., et al. (2025). Decentralized proof-of-location systems for trust, scalability, and privacy in digital societies. Scientific Reports, 15, 19808. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-04566-4
[5]. Dahia, G., Jesus, L., & Pamplona Segundo, M. (2020). Continuous authentication using biometrics: An advanced review. WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 10(4), e1365. DOI: 10.1002/widm.1365.

Abstract: Digital technologies have improved significantly over the last few decades. While technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning, Internet of Things (IoT) have improved individuals and society as a whole, it has also invited new and advanced methods of cyberattacks. Cyberattacks are no more about attacking individual systems or networks, it has become very organized using technologies like AI, deepfake, etc. to attack government, businesses, financial institutions and critical infrastructures like atomic and nuclear plants.The study is based....

Key Word: Cybersecurity; Artificial Intelligence; Zero Trust Architecture; Cloud Security; Internet of Things; Cyber Threats; Information Security

[1]. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), "Framework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity," Version 2.0, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 2024.
[2]. Verizon, "2024 Data Breach Investigations Report (DBIR)," Verizon Enterprise, 2024.
[3]. IBM Security, "Cost of a Data Breach Report 2024," IBM Corporation, 2024.
[4]. OWASP Foundation, "OWASP Top 10: The Ten Most Critical Web Application Security Risks," 2021.
[5]. Computer Emergency Response Team-India (CERT-In), "Annual Report," Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India, 2023..