IOSR-JAP   Volume-1 ~ Issue-1 ~ May–June 2012

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Growth and characterization of pure and doped btzs single crystals
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Sethu Gunasekaran || Padmapriya Venkatesan || Govindarajulu Anand || Subramanian Kumaresan
	:	10.9790/4861-0110107

Abstract: The growth and characterization of pure and doped BTZS single crystals are discussed. In the present study powder X-Ray diffraction data of the grown crystal were recorded using BRUKER D8 Advance powder crystal X-ray diffractometer with 2.2 KW Cu anode ceramic X-ray tube. The various functional groups present in the grown crystals were identified and confirmed by recording the FTIR spectrum using BRUKER IFS-66V spectrophotometer by KBr Pellet Technique in the region 4000 – 400 cm1. The UV – Vis – NIR optical spectra of the crystals were recorded using the VARIAN CARY 5E model spectrophotometer. The degree of dopant inclusion was estimated by using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The SHG efficiencies of the crystals were studied using Nd:YAG Q – switched laser.
Keywords: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, FTIR Spectrum, SHG, UV-VIS-NIR optical spectra, X-ray diffraction.

[1] Zhang N., JiangM.H., YuanD.R., XuD., TaoX.T., ShaoZ.S., J.Cryst. Growth 102 (1990) 581.
[2] MonacoS.B., DavisL.E., VelskoS.P., WangandF.T., EimerlD., J.Cryst. Growth 85 (1987) 252.
[3] Uma B. Ramabadran, David E. Zelmon, Gretchen C. Kennedy,Appl. Phys. Lett. 60 (1992) 2589.
[4] MarcyH.O., WarrenL.F., WebbM.S., EbbersC.A., VelskoS.P., KennedyG.C., CatellaG.C., Appl. Opt. 31 (1992) 5051.
[5] KotlerZ., HierleR., JosseD., ZyssJ., MasseR., J. Opt. Soc. Am. B9(1992) 534.
[6] HoriuchiN., LefaucheuxF., IbanezA., JosseD., ZyssJ., Opt. Mater.12 (1999) 351.
[7] VenkataramananV., SubramanianC.K., BhatH.L., J. Appl. Phys.77 (1995) 6049.
[8] WarrenL.F., AllredR.E., MartinezR.J., Wischmann K.B. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Fourth International Sample Electronics Conference, Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering,Covina, CA, 4 1990, p. 388.
[9] ChangT.Y., CopperD.E., BurdgeG.L., Polakdigds P., Lowe-MaC.K., C.Y. ChiangC.K., ChaikanP.M., CowanD.O. (Eds.), Advanced Organic Solid Sate Materials, Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, Materials Research Society, Pittsburg, PA, 173, 1990, p.557
[10] DhumaneN.R., HussainiS.S., NawarkheleV.V. and ShirsatM.D. Cryst. Res. Technol.41, (2006) 897-901

Abstract: A system of quantum field dissipating void and a parallel system of quantum field and void system that contribute to the dissipation of the velocity of void is investigated. It is shown that the time independence of the contributions portrays another system by itself and constitutes the equilibrium solution of the original time independent system. Methodology reinforced with the explanations, we write the governing equations with the nomenclature for the systems in the foregoing. Further papers extensively draw inferences upon such concatenation process, ipsofacto. Significantly consummation and consolidation of this model with that of the Grand Unified Theory is the one that results in the Quantum field giving rise to the basic forces which is purported to have been combined at the high temperatures at the Big Bang Vacuum energy is reported to be the reason for the consummation of the four forces at the scintillatingly high temperature.

[1] Dr K N Prasanna Kumar, Prof B S Kiranagi, Prof C S Bagewadi - MEASUREMENT DISTURBS EXPLANATION OF QUANTUM MECHANICAL STATES-A HIDDEN VARIABLE THEORY - published at: "International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 5, May 2012 Edition".
[2] DR K N PRASANNA KUMAR, PROF B S KIRANAGI and PROF C S BAGEWADI -CLASSIC 2 FLAVOUR COLOR SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND ORDINARY NUCLEAR MATTER-A NEW PARADIGM STATEMENT - published at: "International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 5, May 2012 Edition".
[3] A HAIMOVICI: ―On the growth of a two species ecological system divided on age groups‖. Tensor, Vol 37 (1982),Commemoration volume dedicated to Professor Akitsugu Kawaguchi on his 80th birthday
[4] FRTJOF CAPRA: ―The web of life‖ Flamingo, Harper Collins See "Dissipative structures‖ pages 172-188
[5] HEYLIGHEN F. (2001): "The Science of Self-organization and Adaptivity", in L. D. Kiel, (ed) . Knowledge Management, Organizational Intelligence and Learning, and Complexity, in: The Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems ((EOLSS), (Eolss Publishers, Oxford) [http://www.eolss.net
[6] MATSUI, T, H. Masunaga, S. M. Kreidenweis, R. A. Pielke Sr., W.-K. Tao, M. Chin, and Y. J Kaufman (2006), ―Satellite-based assessment of marine low cloud variability associated with aerosol, atmospheric stability, and the diurnal cycle‖, J. Geophys. Res., 141, D17201, doi:10.1029/2005JD006097
[7] STEVENS, B, G. Feingold, W.R. Cotton and R.L. Walko, ―Elements of the microphysical structure of numerically simulated nonprecipitating stratocumulus‖ J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 980-1006
[8] FEINGOLD, G, Koren, I; Wang, HL; Xue, HW; Brewer, WA (2010), ―Precipitation-generated oscillations in open cellular cloud fields‖ Nature, 166 (7308) 819-852, doi: 10.1038/nature09314, Published 12-Aug 2010
[9] R WOOD ―The rate of loss of cloud droplets by coalescence in warm clouds‖ J.Geophys. Res., 141, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007553, 2006
[10] H. RUND, ―The Differential Geometry of Finsler Spaces‖, Grund. Math. Wiss. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 195 A. Dold, ―Lectures on Algebraic Topology‖, 1972, Springer-Verlag..................

ABSTRACT: We develop a progressive comparable to Bank's General Ledger, and call it a General Theory of all the problems under the head of NP hard problems. Problems have their variables. For instance "Travelling Sales man problem" can have various different cities. Based upon parameters classification is done and stability analysis, asymptotic stability and Solutional behaviour of the equations are investigated We eschew from stating any primary predications, coextensive representations, predicational anteriority of the Problems attributed to space constraints. In consideration to the parametric based classification and there is both ontological consonance, primordial exactitude, and phenomenological testimony as one finds in Bank's ledgers. General Ledger is in fact the statement of all inflows and outflows, such a one as that occurs in problems, and theories in some conditions, like for example the conservation of energy breaking down in Hawking's radiation. Emphasis is laid on the fact that for instance a travelling salesman makes some move and then retracts to redress his move or starts another move to further his final destination. And this destination is General Ledger.-The General Theory Of all the NP (hard) problems. .It is a journey, a journey to find the final balance which probably never ends like an account never closes. So we are on to the journey
KEY WORDS: Boolean satisfiability Problem, N Puzzle, Knapsack Problem, Hamiltonian Path problem, Travelling Salesman Problem

[1] Garey, Michael R.; Johnson, D. S. (1979). Victor Klee. Ed. Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness. A Series of Books in the Mathematical Sciences. W. H. Freeman and Co... pp. x+338. ISBN 0-7167-1045-5. MR 519066.
[2] Agrawal, M.; Allender, E.; Rudich, Steven (1998). "Reductions in Circuit Complexity: An Isomorphism Theorem and a Gap Theorem". Journal of Computer and System Sciences (Boston, MA: Academic Press) 57 (2): 127–143. DOI:10.1006/jcss.1998.1583. ISSN 1090-2724
[3] Agrawal, M.; Allender, E.; Impagliazzo, R.; Pitassi, T.; Rudich, Steven (2001). "Reducing the complexity of reductions". Computational Complexity (Birkhäuser Basel) 10 (2): 117–138.DOI:10.1007/s00037-001-8191-1. ISSN 1016-3328
[4] Don Knuth, Tracy Larrabee, and Paul M. Roberts, Mathematical Writing § 25, MAA Notes No. 14, MAA, 1989 (also Stanford Technical Report, 1987).
[5] Knuth, D. F. (1974). "A terminological proposal". SIGACT News 6 (1): 12–18. DOI:10.1145/1811129.1811130. Retrieved 2010-08-28.
[6] http://www.nature.com/news/2000/000113/full/news000113-10.html
[7] Garey, M.R.; Johnson, D.S. (1979). Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness. New York: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-1045-5. This book is a classic, developing the theory, and then cataloguing many NP-Complete problems.
[8] Cook, S.A. (1971). "The complexity of theorem proving procedures". Proceedings, Third Annual ACM Symposium on the Theory of Computing, ACM, New York. pp. 151–158.DOI:10.1145/800157.805047.
[9] Dunne, P.E. "An annotated list of selected NP-complete problems". COMP202, Dept. of Computer Science, University of Liverpool. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
[10] Crescenzi, P.; Kann, V.; Halldórsson, M.; Karpinski, M.; Woeginger, G. "A compendium of NP optimization problems". KTH NADA, Stockholm. Retrieved 2008-06-21....................