IOSR-JAP   Volume-18 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan. – Feb. 2026

ABSTRACT: Rare-earth orthoferrites with the general formula RFeO₃ (R = rare-earth ion) represent a technologically relevant class of perovskite oxides exhibiting complex magnetic ordering, strong spin–lattice coupling, and ultrafast spin dynamics. Neodymium ferrite (NdFeO₃) is distinguished by canted G-type antiferromagnetism, weak ferromagnetism arising from Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction and pronounced magnetocrystalline anisotropy originating....

Keywords: Europium, Neodymium Ferrite, Spin, Magnetic Ordering, antiferromagnetic

[1]. Hwang, H. Y., Iwasa, Y., Kawasaki, M., Keimer, B., Nagaosa, N., & Tokura, Y. (2012). Emergent Phenomena At Oxide Interfaces. Nature Materials, 11(2), 103–113. Https://Doi.Org/10.1038/Nmat3223
[2]. Sun, C., Alonso, J. A., & Bian, J. (2021). Recent Advances In Perovskite-Type Oxides For Energy Conversion And Storage Applications. Advanced Energy Materials, 11(2), 2000459. Https://Doi.Org/10.1002/Aenm.202000459
[3]. Thakur, P., Sharma, N., Pathak, D., Sharma, P., Kishore, K., Dhar, S., & Lal, M. (2024). State-Of-The-Art Review On Smart Perovskite Materials: Properties And Applications. Emergent Materials, 7(3), 667–694. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S42247-024-00645-W
[4]. Parida, B. N., Mohanty, B., & Parida, R. (2023). Effect Of Rare-Earth Elements On Perovskite Composite Materials. In Perovskite Composite Materials (Pp. 253–272). Elsevier. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/B978-0-323-99529-0.00018-7
[5]. Subject Index. (2010). Journal Of Alloys And Compounds, 495(2), 670–680. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/S0925-8388(10)00629-8

ABSTRACT: Fluorescence quenching analysis reveals that the process is governed by a synergistic interplay between diffusion-controlled and activation-controlled mechanisms. In the diffusion-controlled pathway, quenching efficiency is primarily dictated by the rate at which quencher molecules encounter the excited fluorophore, highlighting the influence of solvent viscosity and molecular mobility. In contrast, the activation-controlled component....

Keywords: Fluorescence Quenching, Activation Energy, Diffusion Energy.

[1]. Lakowicz, J.R. Principles Of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, 3rd Edn. (Springer, New York, 2006).
[2]. Valeur, B.; Berberan-Santos, M.N. Molecular Fluorescence: Principles And Applications (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2012).
[3]. Turro, N.J.; Ramamurthy, V.; Scaiano, J.C. Principles Of Molecular Photochemistry: An Introduction (University Science Books, Sausalito, 2010).
[4]. Ware, W.R. Oxygen Quenching Of Fluorescence In Solution: An Experimental Study Of The Diffusion Process. J. Phys. Chem. 66, 455–458 (1962). Https://Doi.Org/10.1021/J100809a020
[5]. Marcus, Y. Preferential Solvation In Mixed Solvents. Pure Appl. Chem. 65, 873–881 (1993).

ABSTRACT: The morphological classification of galaxies is crucial for understanding their formation and evolution over time. There are various galaxy parameters, such as structural features, light profiles, and the concentration index (Cr) that serve as proxies for galaxy morphological types that can be used to classify galaxies effectively. These galaxy parameters have been proposed for classifying galaxies in the large galaxy samples, where visual classification becomes labor-intensive and impractical. This work report on the the effect of galaxy environment on the use of concentration...

Keywords: galaxies-classification, galaxies-concentration index

[1]. Ahumada R., Et Al., 2020, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 249, 3
[2]. Albareti F. D., Et Al., 2017, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 233, 25
[3]. Argudo-Fernández M., Et Al., 2015, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 578, A110
[4]. Blanton M. R., Et Al., 2001, AJ, 121, 2358
[5]. Busha M. T., Marshall P. J., Wechsler R. H., Klypin A., Primack J., 2011, The Astrophysical Journal, 743, 40.

ABSTRACT: Eu-doped strontium ferrite perovskite nanomaterials (Sr₁₋ₓEuₓFeO₃) have emerged as an important class of functional oxides due to their tunable structural, magnetic, electronic, and catalytic properties. The combination of mixed valence states, oxygen non-stoichiometry, and strong spin–lattice coupling provides a rich platform for engineering material performance for practical applications. This article presents a consolidated overview of recent developments in synthesis, structural evolution, magnetic characteristics, catalytic behavior......

Keywords: Eu-doped SrFeO3; Perovskite nanomaterials; Magnetic properties; Catalytic applications; Energy applications.

[1] Sindhu, T., Ravichandran, A. T., Xavier, A. R., & Kumaresavanji, M. (2023). Structural, Surface Morphological And Magnetic Properties Of Gd-Doped Bifeo₃ Nanomaterials Synthesised By EA Chelated Solution Combustion Method. Applied Physics A, 129, 685. Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1007/S00339-023-06951-0
[2] Tummino, M. L., Laurenti, E., Deganello, F., Bianco Prevot, A., & Magnacca, G. (2017). Revisiting The Catalytic Activity Of A Doped Srfeo₃ For Water Pollutants Removal: Effect Of Light And Temperature. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 207, 174–181. Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Apcatb.2017.02.007
[3] Seip, C. T., Carpenter, E. E., O'Connor, C. J., John, V. T., & Li, S. (1998). Magnetic Properties Of A Series Of Ferrite Nanoparticles Synthesized In Reverse Micelles. IEEE Transactions On Magnetics, 34, 1111–1113.
Https://Doi.Org/10.1109/20.706388
[4] Rezlescu, N., Rezlescu, E., Pasnicu, C., & Craus, M. L. (1994). Effect Of Rare Earth Ions On Some Properties Of A Nickel–Zinc Ferrite. Journal Of Physics: Condensed Matter, 6, 5707–5716.
[5] Saeidi, H., Mozaffari, M., Serhat, S., Dutz, S., Zahn, D., Azimi, G., & Bock, M. (2023). Effect Of Europium Substitution On The Structural, Magnetic And Relaxivity Properties Of Mn-Zn Ferrite Nanoparticles: A Dual-Mode MRI Contrast-Agent Candidate. Nanomaterials, 13, 331. Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Nano13020331.

ABSTRACT: In this paper I reported zinc oxide (ZnO) thin film, deposited on to glass substrate by spray pyrolysis technique. Deposition parameters were optimized. The film was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The XRD analysis shows ZnO thin film has hexagonal wurtzite structure; SEM and AFM micrograph shows uniform deposition on to glass substrate and optical band gap was found to be 3.48 eV. The results of structural, surface morphological and optical investigation show that, the film is suitable for gas sensing application.

Keywords: spray pyrolysis technique; ZnO; gas sensor; thin film; semiconductor.

[1] M. Mirzaee, A. Zendehnam, S. Miri, Surface Statistical Properties Of Zno Thin Films Produced By Magnetron Sputtering At Different Rates, Scientia Iranica F, Vol. 20(3), 2013, 1071-1075
[2] Ramarajan Ramanathan Et.Al, Annealing Strategies For Spin-Coated Zno Thin Film For An Electron Transport Layer Application For Perovskite Solar Cell, Ceramics International, Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Ceramint.2025.08.075
[3] V. Suresh Et. Al, Temperature-Dependent Modulation Of Zno-Nio Composite Thin Films For The Development Of Ammonia Gas Sensor, Journal Of Alloys And Compounds, Vol. 1028, 2025, 180719
[4] V.S. Kamble Et. Al, Improved Toxic No2 Gas Sensing Response Of Cu-Doped Zno Thin-Film Sensors Derived By Simple Co-Precipitation Route, Optical Materials, Vol. 131, 2022, 112706
[5] Xingyue Liu, Zhenya Lu, Zhi Jia, Zhiwu Chen, Xin Wang, Sandwich-Structured Zno-Mno2-Zno Thin Film Varistors Prepared Via Magnetron Sputtering, Journal Of The European Ceramic Society, Vol. 43(8), 2023, 3344.

ABSTRACT: Why the ultimate speed of proton and lead ions generated in LHC is 99.9999991% light speed? It can be easily answered by Lorentz factor 1/(1– v2/c2)1/2 derived from special relativity and relativism based on a false postulation that light speed is constant no matter of light source and observation. When the speed of an object approaches to light speed, Lorentz factor becomes infinitive, same as the energy and relativistic mass of the object. It ensures that light speed is the maximum speed of the object. However, this conflicts to Newton’s Law of Acceleration....

Keywords: LHC, Special Relativity, Relativism, Particle Radiation and Contact Interaction, Coulomb’s Law, Electrical Force, Static Electron Flux, Static Remote Electrical Force, Dynamic Electron Flux, Dynamic Remote Electrical Force, Equation of Relative Velocity, Equation of Light Speed, Absolute Light Speed, Coulomb’s Constant, Permittivity, Permeability, Gravity Dependent Physical Constant

[1]. Edward T. H. Wu. “Gravitational Waves, Newton’s Law Of Universal Gravitation And Coulomb’s Law Of Electrical Forces Interpreted By Particle Radiation And Interaction Theory Based On Yangton & Yington Theory”. American Journal Of Modern Physics. Vol. 5, No. 2, 2016, Pp. 20-24. Doi:10.11648/J.Ajmp.20160502.11.
[2]. Coulomb (1785a) "Premier Memoire Sur L’ Electricite Et Le Magnetisme,"Histoire De L’ Academie Royale Des Sciences, Pages 569-577.
[3]. Edward T. H. Wu. “Equation Of Relative Velocity And Its Correlations To Equation Of Light Speed, Dynamic Graviton Flux And Equations Of Doppler Shifts.” IOSR Journal Of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), 16(2), 2024, Pp. 21- 28.
[4]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Equation Of Light Speed." IOSR Journal Of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), 14(02), 2022, Pp. 47-59.
[5]. Edward T. H. Wu. “The Truth Of Light Speed.” IOSR Journal Of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), 17(1), 2025, Pp. 23- 50.

ABSTRACT: Considering the impact of fossil fuel in environmental pollution, which leads to so many health and economic crisis in Nigeria, it is paramount to investigate in areas that can help to relatively reduce this menace, using dye sensitized thin film, which is eco-friendly, biodegradable and economical. The objective of this work is to deposit and characterize zinc antimony sulphide (ZnSb₂S₄) ternary thin film, doped with spinach leaves (Spinacia oleracea), red cabbage (Brassica oleracea), and zobo (Hibiscus sabdariffa), using spray pyrolysis, and also using solvent....

Keywords: ZnSb2S4, Dye, Thin film, Methanol, dye sensitized solar cell.

[1]. B. Machol And Rizk, Sarah. Economic Value Of U.S. Fossil Fuel Electricity Health Impacts, Environment International, 52, 2013, 75-80.
[2]. T. Colborn, Kretz, Kim; Kutz And Frederick W. Natural Gas Operations From A Public Health Perspective, Human And Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal,17(5) 2011, 1039-1056.
[3]. P. R. Epstein, J. J. Buonocore, K. Eckerle, M. Hendrix, B. M. Stoddard, C. Hein And J. I.Levy, Full Cost Accounting For The Life Cycle Of Coal. Annals Of The New York Academy Of Sciences, 1219, 2011,73-98.
[4]. B. W. Allred, W. K. Smith, D. Twidwell, J. D. Hagg, I. O. Mcglynn And T. T. Pinchback, Ecosystem Services Lost To Oil And Gas In North America. Science, 348(6233), 401-402.Bleached/Mercerised Cotton.Tekstilec, 60(2), 2015.
[5]. S. Solomon, R. R. Garcia, F. S. Rowland And D. J. Wuebbles, On The Depletion Of Antarctic Ozone. Nature, 321(6072), 1986, 755-758.

ABSTRACT: Wilson loops are among the most fundamental gauge-invariant observables in quantum field theory, encoding the global structure of gauge fields through their holonomy along closed contours. Originally introduced as order parameters for confinement in non-Abelian gauge theories, they have recently acquired a central role in condensed....

Keywords: Wilson loops; non-Abelian gauge theories; anyonic braiding statistics.

[1]. K. G. Wilson, Confinement Of Quarks, Phys. Rev. D 10 (1974) 2445.
[2]. M. Creutz, Quarks, Gluons And Lattices, Cambridge University Press (1983).
[3]. X.-G. Wen, Topological Orders And Edge Excitations In Fractional Quantum Hall States, Adv. Phys. 44 (1995) 405.
[4]. E. Fradkin, Field Theories Of Condensed Matter Physics, Cambridge University Press (2013).
[5]. R. B. Laughlin, Anomalous Quantum Hall Effect, Phys. Rev. Lett. 50 (1983) 1395

ABSTRACT: The measurements of activity concentration of uranium, thorim and potassium were carried out in radiation shielding bricks, granites, soil, hematite, bricks, and sand by using a high resolution high purity Germanium (HPGe) gamma-ray spectrometer system. The activity concentrations of uranium, thorium and potassium contents are 80 ± 5 Bq/kg, 103±10 Bq/kg and 1014±15 Bq/kg, respectively in radiation shielding bricks, 61 ±2.0 Bq kg, 23.27±1.8 Bq/kg and 270±14 Bq/kg, respectively in hematite aggregate, 50±4.0 Bq/kg, 41±3.7 Bq/kg and 370±I5 Bq/kg, respectively in cement......

Keywords: Natural radioactivity, HPGe detector, Gamma radiation, Elemental concentration.

[1]. Beck, H.L., (1980) Exposure Rate Conversion Factors For Radio Nuclides Deposited On The Ground. U.S. Dept. Of Energy, EML-378, New York.
[2]. Bernhard, S., Le Gac. J., Seguin, S. And Zettwoog, P., (1983). Precam. Res.58, 71-83.
[3]. Folkerts, K.H., Kellar, G And Muth, R., (1984).Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 9, 27-34.
[4]. Fong, S.H. And Alvarez, J.L., (1997).Health Phys. 72, 286-295.
[5]. ICRP, International Commission On Radiological Protection (1993). Protection Against Radon-222at Home And At Work”, ICRP Publication 65, Annals Of The ICRP 23(2), Pergamon Press, Oxford.

ABSTRACT: In this work, we study the structural properties of Ortho-Vanillin (OVA) and micro solvated molecule [OVA + (H2O)3 -OVAH] as a theoretical investigation. An intra-molecular hydrogen bond exists between hydrogen of hydroxyl group and oxygen of benzaldehyde group in both OVA and OVAH molecules. The ground (S0) / excited (S1) electronic properties of both molecules were computed using density functional theory (DFT) / timedependent......

Keywords: Density functional theory, Time-dependent density functional theory, Polarizable continuum model, Natural bond orbital. etc.,

[1]. Chuang M, Ying S. Reconsideration On Hydrogen Bond Strengthening Or Cleavage Of Photoexcited Coumarin 102 In Aqueous Solvent: A DFT/TDDFT Study. Journal Of Computational Chemistry. 2011;32(14): 3058-3061. [2]. Ramegowda M, Change In Energy Of Hydrogen Bonds Upon Excitation Of 6-Aminocoumarin: TDDFT/EFP1 Study. New J. Chem. 201;37(9): 2648-2653. [3]. Ramegowda M, A TDDFT/EFP1 Study On Hydrogen Bonding Dynamics Of Coumarin 151 In Water. Spectrochimica Acta Part-A: Molecular And Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 2015;137: 99-104. [4]. Mingzhen Z, Baiping Ren, Et Al. A DFT/TDDFT Study On The Excited-State Hydrogen Bonding Dynamics Of 6-Aminocoumarin In Water Solution. Spectrochimica Acta Part-A: Molecular And Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 2013; 101:191-195. [5]. Ramegowda M, Ranjitha KN, Et Al. Exploring Excited State Properties Of 7-Hydroxy And 7-Methoxy 4-Methycoumarin: A Combined Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory/Effective Fragment Potential Study. New Journal Of Chemistry. 2016; 40: 2211-2219.

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated gamma radiation levels and associated radiological health risks at municipal dumpsites in Cross River State, Nigeria, during the wet and dry seasons. In-situ exposure measurements were taken using a RADEX RD1212-BT Geiger counter, GPS device, measuring tape, and field notebooks. Four dumpsites were assessed, with twenty sampling points at each site. Exposure rates were converted to absorbed dose rate, annual effective dose.....

Keywords: Gamma radiation, dumpsite, absorbed dose, AEDE, ELCR, dry and wet season

[1]. Agbalagba, E. O., Avwiri, G. O., & Ononugbo, C. P. (2013). Gamma Dose Rate And Environmental Health Risk Associated With Solid Waste Dumpsites In Delta State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal Of Medical Physics, 22, 10–18.
[2]. Avwiri, G. O., & Ononugbo, C. P. (2012). Assessment Of Natural Radioactivity Levels And Radiological Health Hazards Of Soil Around Oil And Gas Facilities In Rivers State, Nigeria. Environmental Earth Sciences, 65, 209–214.
[3]. Avwiri, G. O., Ekpo, J., & Chad-Umoren, Y. E. (2019). Occupational Hazards From Outdoor And Indoor Radiation In Oil Field Facilities In Rivers State, Nigeria. Asian Journal Of Physical And Chemical Sciences, 7, 1-7.
Doi: Https://Doi.Org/10.9734/Ajopacs/201
[4]. Avwiri, G. O., Ononugbo, C. P., & Nwokeoji, I. E. (2016). Radiation Hazard Indices And Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk From Dumpsites In Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Journal Of Environmental Health Science, 8, 45–53.
[5]. Chukwuma, E. E. (2020). Assessment Of Radiation Dose From Municipal Dumpsites In Nigeria. Journal Of Environmental Radioactivity, 212, 106127..

ABSTRACT: Accurate prediction of electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of radiating antennas is a fundamental requirement in modern communication, radar, and sensing systems. The near- field region of an antenna is characterized by strong reactive fields, rapid spatial variations, and complex coupling mechanisms that cannot be accurately described using far-field approximations. Analytical modeling of antenna near-field characteristics therefore plays a crucial role in understanding electromagnetic behavior in complex environments, especially when obstacles and diffracting structures are present......

Keywords: Antenna near-field analysis; Uniform Theory of Diffraction (UTD); Electromagnetic field modeling; High-frequency wave propagation

[1]. Pathak, P. H., Burnside, W. D., & Marhefka, R. J. (2018). A uniform geometrical theory of diffraction for an edge in a perfectly conducting surface. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 66, 487–498.
[2]. Kouyoumjian, R. G., & Pathak, P. H. (2019). A uniform geometrical theory of diffraction for electromagnetic waves. Proceedings of the IEEE, 107, 1112–1131.
[3]. Hansen, R. C. (2020). Near-field antenna measurements and diagnostics. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 62, 24–35.
[4]. Balanis, C. A. (2021). Advanced engineering electromagnetics (2nd ed.). Wiley, New York.
[5]. Harrington, R. F. (2021). Time-harmonic electromagnetic fields. IEEE Press, New York.

ABSTRACT: The rising demand for clean and sustainable energy has pushed researchers to look more closely at how photovoltaic (PV) systems can be improved. With growing concerns about climate change and long-term energy security, solar power has naturally taken center stage—it’s abundant, widely available, and environmentally friendly. Still, the conventional silicon-based solar cells that have powered this industry for years are starting to hit their limits. Their efficiency is nearing the theoretical maximum, and on top of that, they can be expensive and energy-intensive to manufacture......

Keywords: Nanomaterials, Photovoltaic Efficiency, Solar Energy, Perovskite Solar Cells, Graphene, Quantum Dots, Renewable Energy, Nanotechnology

[1]. Ahmed, D. S., Mohammed, M. K. A., & Majeed, S. M. (2020). Green synthesis of eco-friendly graphene quantum dots for highly efficient perovskite solar cells. ACS Applied Energy Materials, 3(11), 10863–10871.
[2]. Lim, S., Lee, D. H., Choi, H., et al. (2022). High-performance perovskite quantum dot solar cells enabled by incorporation with dimensionally engineered organic semiconductor. Nano-Micro Letters, 14, 204.
[3]. Asghar, U., Qamar, M. A., Hakami, O., Ali, S. K., Imran, M., Farhan, A., Parveen, H., & Sharma, M. (2024). Recent advances in carbon nanotube utilization in perovskite solar cells: A review. Micromachines, 15(4), 529.
[4]. Abbas, K., Ji, P., Ullah, N., et al. (2024). Graphene photodetectors integrated with silicon and perovskite quantum dots. Microsystems & Nanoengineering, 10, 81..

ABSTRACT: Present study is based on the investigation of molecular dynamics and molecular docking analysis in detail of the title molecule entitled with “Ethyl benzoate (C9H10O2) ” [ETBEN] bearing anticarcinogenic effect using quantum computational method. A molecular dynamics simulation of 100 ns was performed, assessing models through RMSD, RMSF, Rg, PC1-PC2-PLOT metrics, and the MMPBSA/MMGBSA tool was employed for calculating free energy. The proteins 1W7C and 5XNW have undergone molecular docking analysis with the title molecule ETBEN to examine the possible bioactive properties.

Keywords: Ethyl benzoate, [C9H10O2], Molecular dynamics simulations; DFT; Molecular Dynamics simulation

[1] https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Ethyl-benzoate
[2] https://www.benchchem.com/product/b195668.
[3] Salo-Ahen, Outi M. H., Ida Alanko, Rajendra Bhadane, Alexandre M. J. J. Bonvin, Rodrigo Vargas Honorato, Shakhawath Hossain, André H. Juffer, Aleksei Kabedev, Maija Lahtela-Kakkonen, Anders Støttrup Larsen, and et al. 2021. Processes 9, no. 1: 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9010071.
[4] Frisch, M. J.; Trucks, G. W.; Schlegel, H. B.; Scuseria, G.E.; Robb, M. A.; Cheeseman, J. R.; Montgomery, Jr., J.A.; Vreven, T.; Kudin, K. N.; Burant, J. C.; Millam, J. M.; Iyengar, S. S.; Tomasi, J.; Barone, V.; Mennucci, B.; Cossi, M.; Scalmani, G.; Rega, N.; Petersson, G. A.; Nakatsuji, H.; Hada, M.; Ehara, M.; Toyota, K.; Fukuda, R.; Hasegawa, J.; Ishida, M.; Nakajima, T.; Honda, Y.;Kitao, O.; Nakai, H.; Klene, M.; Li, X.; Knox, J. E.; P. Hratchian, H.; Cross, J. B.; Adamo, C.; Jaramillo, J.; Gomperts, R.; Stratmann, R. E.; Yazyev, O.; Austin, A. J.; Cammi, R.; Pomelli, C.; Ochterski, J. W.; Ayala, P. Y.; Morokuma, K.; Voth, G. A.; Salvador, P.; Dannenberg, J. J.; Zakrzewski, V. G.; Dapprich, S.; Daniels, A. D.; Strain,M. C.; Farkas, O.; Malick, D. K.; Rabuck, A. D.; Raghavachari, K.; Foresman, J. B.; Ortiz, J. V.; Cui, Q.; Baboul, A. G.; Clifford, S.; Cioslowski, J.; Stefanov, B. B.; Liu, G.; Liashenko, A.; Piskorz, P.; Komaromi, I.; Martin