IOSR-JAP   Volume-15 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan. – Feb. 2023

ABSTRACT: We introduce a new definition of light

Keywords: Light, definition of light, the theoretical physics, , photon, speed of light, neutrinos, electrons, electromagnetic waves, the photoelectric effect, acceleration, Newton, [1] Lorentz [2] Transformation equation for the fourth dimension, Solitary waves, Maxwell's [3] equations, Max Planck, [4] Equations Einstein's [5] equations for photoelectricity and M. Helmy Said, [6], Transformation equations for the fifth dimension, [7] Infinity theory for the Fifth DimensionKeywords
Light, definition of light, the theoretical physics, , photon, speed of light, neutrinos, electrons, electromagnetic waves, the photoelectric effect, acceleration, Newton, [1] Lorentz [2] Transformation equation for the fourth dimension, Solitary waves, Maxwell's [3] equations, Max Planck, [4] Equations Einstein's [5] equations for photoelectricity and M. Helmy Said, [6], Transformation equations for the fifth dimension, [7] Infinity theory for the Fifth Dimension

Newton, (1)
[1]. Newton, I., Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London 1672, 80, 3075–3087.
[2]. Takuwa, Y., Historia scientiarum 2013, 23, 113–140.
[3]. Newton, I., Opticks, William Innys, 1730 (1704).
[4]. Hooke, R., The History of the Royal Society 1757 (1672), 3, 10–15..

ABSTRACT: The gamma-ray shielding properties ofsome MAX-phase titanium carbide ceramicmaterials werecomputationally investigated, as potentialcoating layers on the canisters in spent fuel dry storage casks using MicroShield software package. It was observed that titanium silicon carbide Ti3SiC2 exhibited the highest linear and mass attenuation coefficients, lowest half-value layer (HVL) and mean-free path (MFP) values,while titanium aluminum carbideTi2AlC showed the highest rate of exposure to gamma radiation and Ti3SiC2 showed the lowest rate.The MAX-phase titanium carbide with silicon has higher molar mass and provides higher mass attenuation coefficient than the one with aluminum inclusion. Coating the outer wall of thecanister with a thin layer of MAX-phase titanium carbide material can provide additional shielding and a diffusion barrier, which enhances the performance of the high-level spent fuel storage in drycasks

Keyword Shielding properties; MAX-phase; Canister coating; Drycask; MicroShield

[1]. Zeinab Y. Alsmadi, Mohamed A. Bourham, "Shielding and corrosion properties of the Alloy 709 as canister material for spent nuclear fuel dry casks", Defense Technology, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2022.08.002.
[2]. Zeinab Y. Alsmadi, Mohamed Bourham, "Shielding Properties of Alloy 709 Advanced Austenitic Stainless Steel as Candidate Canister Material in Spent Fuel Dry Casks", International Journal of Physics and Research, vol. 10, Issue. 2, pp. 11-26 (2020).
[3]. Muhammad Arif Sazali, Nahrul Khair Alang Md Rashid and Khaidzir Hamzah, "A Review on Multilayer Radiation Shielding", 2019 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 555 012008.
[4]. Yousra Hayouni, Wissem Gallala, Mohamed Essghaier Gaied, Johann Plank, Mohamed Bourham and Zeinab Alsmadi, "Enhanced Shielding and Mechanical Properties of White Cement Mortars via Celestobarite Fine Aggregate", International Journal of General Engineering and Technology, vol. 10, Issue. 3, pp. 1-16, May 31st (2021).
[5]. Zeinab Y. Alsmadi, Mohamed A. Bourham, "Shielding Properties of 316 Stainless Steel with Multi-layered barriers for Spent Fuel Drycasks", International Journal of Physics and Research, vol. 11, Issue. 1, pp. 5-20, June 30th (2021)..

ABSTRACT: As explained in the structure of an atom we came to know that there are four types of orbitals s, p, d and f. Orbitals are 3-D regions within which there is the probability of finding an electron within an atom. Electrons within them can move in a random motion so we cannot detect the movement of an electron, which is totally guided by the force of attraction due to weak nuclear force between the protons in the nucleus and the electrons. Orbitals can be merged to form hybridized orbitals such as s orbital and p orbital and make bonds between two atoms. Orbitals can accommodate only a limited number of electrons in them. Orbitals p, d and f also have sub parts like in p there is px, py and pz. Orbitals have specific shapes like p is having lobe shape boundaries. But, this doesn't explain its working completely and we are not able to understand what it exactly is. So there were some drawbacks of the earlier idea of orbitals which are explained below.

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ABSTRACT: The Dielectric losses are theoretically investigated for CaxSr1-xTiO3 and PbxSr1-xTiO3 mixed crystal perovskites in para-electric phase as a function of composition and temperature. In our calculation, we used the Silverman Joseph`s Hamiltonian augmented with fourth order phonon co-ordinates using double time temperature dependent Green`s Function technique. Dielectric loss is calculated for various value of x (x=0.0 to 1.0)). The substitutional impurity dependent dielectric losses (tan δ)D increases with increases in composition x and Dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) decreases with increasing temperature at constant values of x. In the para-electric phase, the dielectric loss decreases with increasing temperature showing the Curie-Weiss behavior of the tangent loss.

Keywords:- Dielectric losses, Single crystal, Perovskites, anharmonicity, Retarted Green's function, Hamiltonian.

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