iosr-JVSP   Volume-12 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan. - Feb. 2022

ABSTRACT: For decades, there have been many developments found in the field of design techniques or strategies of digital to analog converter (DAC) to meet desired performance requirements of their endless applications among them few are wireless sensor networks (WSNs), radio communication , IoT applications and so on. Based on the literature review this paper exploits a brief summary of different DAC architecture, design strategies and techniques, and DAC modelling considering low power consumption, high performance and optimum area. These design methodology can be categorized into different classifications depending on optimum architecture and performance.

Keywords— DAC, Architecture, techniques, high performance , low power , area optimization.

[1]. Mamun Bin Ibne Reaz, Md. Torikul Islam Badal, "Design of a Low-Power 10-Bit DAC in 130 nm CMOS Technology" published by IEEE 2019.
[2]. Jakub Dalecki, Rafał Długosz, Tomasz Talaska, Gunter Fischer," A Low Power, Low Chip Area, Two-stage Current-mode DAC Implemented in CMOS 130 nm Technology", published by IEEE 2019.
[3]. Congyi Zhu, Jun Lin, and Zhongfeng Wang, "A New Clock Phase Calibration Method in High-Speed and High-Resolution DACs", published by IEEE 2019.
[4]. Amirhossein Ahmadi, Hossein Ghasemian, Ebrahim Abiri, Razieh Ghasemi," A Novel 10-bit 1.2GS/s Hybrid Digital to Analog Converter with 8.4mW Power Consumption", published by IEEE 2019.
[5]. DONG-HYUN YOON, DONG-KYU JUNG, JI-MIN CHOI1, WOOJOO LEE, "LW-DEM: Designing a Low Power Digital-to-Analog Converter Using Lightweight Dynamic Element Matching Technique", piblished by IEEE 2019.

ABSTRACT: In this paper, the design steps of an n-MOSFET have been described and then the electrical characterization of this MOSFET is simulated at 100 nm by using the SILVACO ATLAS software, which is a process and device simulation software tool. The MOS device is virtually fabricated using ATHENA in SILVACO and simulations have been performed with help of ATLAS software, and all graphs are plotted using TONYPLOT in the SILVACO. The simulated results are then analyzed to study the n-MOSFET device's mesh structure, transfer and output characteristics of the same, doping and carrier concentration plot, etc. From the simulation study, we found that the designed device is working well for various bias conditions.

Keywords— MOSFET; SILVACO; Device Design; ATLAS; Device Simulation

[1]. M. H. Bhuyan, M. M. Ahmed, and S. A. Robin, "Design, Simulation and Comparative Analysis of Performance Parameters of a 4-bit CMOS based Full Adder Circuit using Microwind and DSch at Various Technology Nodes," IOSR Journal of VLSI and Signal Processing (IOSRJVSP), IF=2.82, ISSN: e-2319-4200, p-2319-4197, vol. 11, issue 1, January-February 2021, pp. 1-8.
[2]. M. H. Bhuyan, "History and Evolution of CMOS Technology and its Application in Semiconductor Industry," Southeast University Journal of Science and Engineering (SEUJSE), 1999-1630, vol. 11, no. 1, June 2017, pp. 28-42.
[3]. M. H. Bhuyan and K. M. Rahman, "Digital Signal Processor Controlled PWM Phase Modulator for Two-Phase Induction Motor Drive," Journal of Electrical Engineering, the Institution of Engineers Bangladesh (IEB-EE), ISSN: 0379-4318, vol. EE 34, no. I-II, pp. 19-25, December 2007.
[4]. M. K. Russel and M. H. Bhuyan, "Microcontroller Based DC Motor Speed Control Using PWM Technique," Proceedings of the International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (ICECTE), Rajshahi, Bangladesh, 1-2 December 2012, pp. 519-522.

ABSTRACT: This article presents rectangular microstrip antennas in modified fractal geometries. The modified fractal antennas are designed using the HFSS, which is based on the finite element method of computational electromagnetics. Three forms of the designed antennas is discussed and the various electrical parameters such as reflection coefficient, 2 D radiation pattern and 3 D radiation pattern are investigated. The designed antennas have various wireless applications such as 1.8 GHz GSM and 2.4 GHz WLAN and IEEE 802.11(a, b ,g and n).The designed antennas also have wideband behavior with the multiband applications.

Keywords— Micro strip patch antenna, Fractal, WLAN

[1]. Garg, R., P. Bhartia, I. Bahl, and A. Ittipiboon, Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook, Artech House.
[2]. Constantine A. Blanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design Third Edition wiley India 2005.
[3]. Zhang, Y. P. and J. J. Wang, "Theory and analysis of differentially-driven microstrip antennas," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 54, 1092-1099, 2006.
[4]. Pozar, D. M. and D. H. Schaubert, Microstrip Antennas, the Analysis and Design of Microstrip Antennas and Arrays, IEEE Press, New York, 1995.
[5]. H Sabri and Z Atlasbaf "Two novel compact triple band microstrip annular ring slot antenna for PCS-1900 and WLAN application". PIERS letters vol 5,87-98, 2008..

ABSTRACT: The problems of the acts of terrorism, community and general insecurity threats all across the spheres of the entire societal activities, is worrying challenges encountered by the communication agents almost everywhere around the globe. This may not escape being attributed to the culture of the centrality of communication regulation and dispensation, as regards the media general role. Why, because these vices are always on the increase mostly affecting the lives of the masses of the local settlement. Though, being GSM, a vital tool used in combating and fighting the said insecurity challenges, the basic aim of this presentation is to find out the role of mass media as regards GSM over security......

Keywords— Terrorism, Human insecurity, National Insecurity, GSM.

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[3]. Edward. W. (1994). Culture Imperialism. New York: Vintage Publishers.
[4]. Ekpu. R. (2010). Media practitioners and military operators as patriots and partners n progress. In M. D. Yusuf, The military, the media and Nigeria national security. Nigeria: Gold Press Limited.
[5]. Franceschetti, G. (2011). Homeland security: Threats, countermeasures, and privacy Issues, Norwood, MA: Article House