Volume-7 ~ Issue-2
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-Based Sex Determination Using Unembalmed Human Cadaveric Skeletal Fragments From Sokoto, Northwestern Nigeria. |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | Zagga Ad, Tadros Aa, Ismail Sm, Ahmed H, Oon. |
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: | 10.9790/3008-0720108  |
Abstract: The strategy developed for sex determination in skeletal remains is to amplify the highly degraded DNA, by use of primers that span short DNA fragments. To determine sex of unembalmed human cadaveric skeletal fragments from Sokoto, North-western Nigeria, using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). A single blind study of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based sex determination using amelogenin gene and alphoid repeats primers on unembalmed human cadaveric skeletal fragments from Sokoto, North-western Nigeria, was undertaken. With amelogenin gene, genetic sex identification was achieved in four samples only. PCR Sensitivity = 40%, Specificity = 100%, Predictive value of positive test = 100%, Predictive value of negative test = 25%, False positive rate = 0%, False negative rate = 150%, Efficiency of test = 50%. Fisher's exact probability test P = 1. Z-test: z-value = -1.0955, p>0.05; not statistically significant. With alphoid repeats primers, correct genetic sex identification was achieved in all the samples. PCR Sensitivity = 100%, Specificity = 0%, Predictive value of positive test = 100%, Predictive value of negative test = 0%, False positive rate = 0%, False negative rate = 0%, Efficiency of test = 100%. Fisher's exact probability test P = 1. Z-test: z- and p values were invalid. The study, has demonstrated the applicability of PCR method of sex determination in unembalmed human skeletal fragments from Sokoto, Northwestern Nigeria. With amelogenin gene primers, correct genetic sex identification was achieved in four samples only. With alphoid repeats primers, correct genetic sex identification was achieved in all the samples. Therefore, alphoid repeats is more efficient and more reliable than amelogenin gene, in sex determination from unembalmed human skeletal fragments. This is the first known study determining the sex of unembalmed human skeletal fragments by means of PCR in Nigeria. There is need for further studies in Nigeria to complement the findings of this study.
Key words: PCR, sexing, bones, Sokoto, Nigeria.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Detection Of Escherichia Coli, An Indicator Of Feacal Contamination, In Drinking Water Sources In Amassoma, Niger Delta Of Nigeria. |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | E. N. Ogamba, Tobia, P. S. |
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: | 10.9790/3008-0720912 |
Abstract: The detection of Escherichia coli as an indicator of faucal contamination in drinking water sources in Amassoma town, a host Community of the Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, was carried out to determine their suitability for drinking. Result obtained showed mean total coliform bacterial counts of 2.05 x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 1.25x103 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x103 for pipe borne water. The mean count of faecal coliform was 2.1x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 4.5x10 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x10 cfu/ml for pipe borne water. The faecal coliform identified was Escherichia coli. Sources of contamination were found to be septic tanks, waste dump sites and periodic flooding of the area, being a typical wetland environment. It was concluded that water from the different sources studied in Amassoma did not meet the world health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. This study has therefore shown the need for continuous monitoring of our water supply systems.
Key words: Escherichia coli, fecal contamination, drinking water, Niger Delta.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Pyogenic Bacterial Isolates in Sputum. |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Parveen Anjum, V. Aruna Rajkumari, N. Pavani, Yamini. K., T. Sabarinathan |
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: | 10.9790/3008-0721317 |
Abstract: Drugs Have Been Used For The Treatment Of Infectious Diseases Since 17th Century , However Chemotherapy As A Science Has Began With Paul Ehrlich In The First Decade Of 20th Century . Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) Was One Of The Earliest Pioneers In The Field Of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy .1Ehrlich Formulated The Principles Of "Selective Toxicity" ,I.E; Selective Inhibition Of The Growth Of Microorganisms Without Damage To The Host.2 Resistance Has Been Documented Not Only Against Antibiotics Of Natural And Semi- Synthetic Origin , But Also Against Purely Synthetic Compounds (Flouroquinolone) Or Those Which Do Not Even Enter The Cells (Vancomycin) .3 However , The Euphoria Over The Potential Conquest Of Infectious Diseases Was Short-Lived .Almost As Soon As Antibacterial Drugs Were Deployed , Bacteria Responded By Manifesting Various Forms Of Resistance.4 Considered As "Wonder Drugs" Antibiotics Are Often Prescribed Inappropriately And Inadequately And Have Thus Became One Of The Highly Abused Agents.5
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | The Effects of Rauwolfia Vomitoria Extract on the Liver Enzymes of Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Hepatotoxicity in Adult Wistar Rats. |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | Ezejindu D. N., Okafor I. A., Anibeze C. I. P., Uloleme G. C. |
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: | 10.9790/3008-0721822 |
Abstract: Rauwolfia vomitoria is a natural medicinal plant which has been used over the years for the treatment of various ailments. The effects of extract of rauwolfia vomitoria on liver enzymes of carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity were observed in adult wistar rats weighing between 120g and 190g. They were divided into four groups A,B, C and D of six rats each. Group A served as the control and received 0.41ml of distilled water. The experimental groups B, C and D received different doses of drugs as follows : group B received 0.50ml of rauwolfia vomitoria extract, group C received 0.5ml of carbon tetrachloride and group D received 0.41ml of carbon tetrachloride + 0.4ml of rauwolfia vomitoria extract. The drugs were administered once in a day using intubation method for a period of twenty one days. Twenty four hours after the last administration, the animals were anaesthetized under chloroform vapour and dissected . liver tissues were removed and weighed. Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture and Serum samples were separated from clot by centrifugation using bench top centrifuge. Activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were determined using randox kit method. The relative liver weight for carbon tetrachloride treated group were significantly higher (p<0.001) than the control and groups B and D. serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotraansferase and alkaline phosphate level of group C were statistically higher (p<0.001) than the control. The extract exhibited a liver protective effect against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity.
Keywords: Liver enzymes, , Liver weight, Rauwolfia vomitoria, Wistar rats.
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