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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Studies on Fungi Associated With Post Harvest Spoilage of Pawpaw Carica PAPAYA Fruit
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Awoite TM, Olorunfemi MF, Ajani AO, Oyelakin MO
	:	10.9790/3008-0460104

Abstract: A study was carried out to find out fungi associated with the spoilage of pawpaw fruits during their post harvest period. A total of fifteeen strains of fungi were isolated and identified as Aspergillus niger,Aspergillus flavus,Penicillium italicum,Rhizophus stolonifer and Neurospora sitophila.Pathogenicity test of each fungal isolate showed that all fungi were capable of causing rottening of the fruit and most severe rottening was caused by Rhizopus stolonifer while Aspergillus flavus produced the least rottening of the fruit.It was found that there was increase in acidity of the fruits as spoilage progressed while water content increased from 61.5% to 85.5% which account for the increase in the softness of the fruit during spoilage while the increase in acidity gave the fruits an acidic taste which is often bitter.
Key words: Carica papaya, fungi, pathogenicity, post harvest, spoilage

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Histological Alteration Induced by Manganese chloride in the Male Testes, Epididymis and Kidney of the Albino Rats
Country	:	Iraq
Authors	:	Nuha, Y. AL-Harbi
	:	10.9790/3008-0460508

Abstract :In Iraq. the municipalities are responsible for the production and delivery of drinking water (DW) .The quality of DW in Iraq is greatly deteriorated because of the war operation in this country Objective to study the effects of manganese chloride on histological testes, epididymis and kidney of rats and explore the dose –effects and time effects .The rats are randomly divided into six treatment groups with manganese chloride (60,80,100 ppm) and 2 control groups with N.S. After two different periods (3 and 6 mn.) oral administration Mncl2 by drinking water (60, 80,100 ppm) to investigate testicular and epididymis histological alterations of manganese chloride caused interstitial and tubular histological alterations that include atrophy of seminiferous tubules ,autolysis and granulolysis of epididymis.
Keyword: Histological alteration, Liver, Manganese chloride, Rat, Reproductive system

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Pesticidal activity of Pakistani Bacillus thuringiensis isolates against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and Earias vittella (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	Kausar Malik, Farkhanda Jabeen, Mir Muhammad Ali Talpur, Shagufta Andleeb, Amjad Farooq
	:	10.9790/3008-0460912

Abstract :A large number of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates separated from different ecological regions of Pakistan were analysed for pesticidal activity against two lepidopteran cotton insect pests, American bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera and spotted bollworm (Earias vittella). The biological activity of local B.t. isolates demonstrated a wide range of LC50 values against both target pests. The most potent isolates HW 4.4 and INS2.25 against Helicoverpa armigera showed LC50 value of 9ng/mg of artificial diet. The Lc50 value of 2ng/mg of artificial diet was exhibited by local B.t. isolates HFZ 11.3, MR 19.1 and MG 2.6 against Earias vittella.
Keyword: Pakistani, Bacillus thuringiensis, Earias vittella, Helicoverpa armigera, Isolate, Lepidoptera, Noctuidae,

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Efficacy of Aframomum melegueta and Zingiber officinale extracts on fungal pathogens of tomato fruit.
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Chiejina, Nneka V. And Ukeh, Jude A
	:	10.9790/3008-0461316

Abstract :The inhibitory properties of the methanolic extracts of Aframomum melegueta and Zingiber officinale on the fungal pathogens isolated from tomato were investigated. The pathogens were Helminthosporium solani, Mucor piriformis, Penicillium digitatum and Aspergillus niger. Various concentrations of the extracts ranging from 0-30% were separately added to PDA media. The pathogens were separately inoculated into the media and incubated for eight days. Antifungal effects of these extracts on the mycelial growth of the pathogens were significant at P< 0.05 for all treatments. At 25% concentration, the four pathogens were completely inhibited by Z. officinale extract. A. melegueta extract inhibited completely Helminthosporium solani and Mucor piriformis, while Penicillium digitatum and Aspergillus niger were 92.99% and 89.09% inhibited respectively at 25% concentration of the extract. The in vitro inhibitory effects of these extracts indicated that they can be used for the control of tomato fruit rot. It may be necessary to use them in prolonging the shelf-life of fresh tomato fruit and some other fruits.
Keyword: Efficacy, Extract, Tomato fruit, Aframomum melegueta, Zingiber offficinale, in vitro.

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melegueta and Zingiber officinale on fungal diseases of tomato fruit. Journal of Natural Sciences Research 2(6):10-15.
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77, 128–146.

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