Volume-4 ~ Issue-5
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Anti-Nociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Methanol Leaves Extract of Ocimum Gratissimum in Mice and Rats |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | Tanko, Y. || Yaro, A.H. || Mohammed K.A || Mohammed, A. |
 |
: | 10.9790/3008-0450105  |
AbstractThe methanol leaves extract of Ocimum gratissimum was investigated for possible anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in mice and rats. Acetic acid- induced writhing (in mice) and formalin tests (in rats) were used to study the extract effects on nociception and inflammation. The extract caused a significant decrease (P< 0.05), which was not dose dependent inhibition on acetic acid-induced writhing and the neurogenic pain induced by formalin. The extract at the doses (50, 100 and 200mg/kg) tested showed 75, 66 and 75 % inhibition of abdominal constriction in mice respectively. The highest activity resides more at the lowest dose of 50mg/kg on the acetic acid induced abdominal constrictions. The intraperitoneal LD50 value of the extract was found to be 1264.9mg/kg body weight in mice. Preliminary phytochemical screening reveals the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins and flavonoids. The results suggest the extract contains pharmacologically active principles, and are in agreement with the local application of the plant in painful and inflammatory conditions.
Key words:Ocimum gratissimum, anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory.methanol
Key words:Ocimum gratissimum, anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory.methanol
[1] Iwu M (1993). Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. CRC press, BocaRatton, FL.
[2] Osito, N.G. (1992).A system of traditional health care. Vol .2. pp. 56-58
[3] Oliver, B. (1980).Medicinal plants in Nigeria. Published by Nigerian college of Arts, Science AND Technology. Ibadan, pp.90-94.
[4] Sofowora,, L.A (1993).Medicinal plants and traditional Medicinal Medicine in African. Spectrum books Ltd, Ibadan. Pp. 55-71.
[5] Lorke, D. (1983). A New Approach to Practical Acute Toxicity Testing, Arch. Toxicol, 53: 275 – 287.
[6] Trease, G.E., Evans, M.C.(1989).Text book of Pharmacognosy 13th Edition Bailiere Tindall, London, Toronto, Tokyo. Pgs. 200-201, 340-348, 419-423, 626-630, 765-775.
[7] Harbone, J.B. and Baxter, H,H. (1993). Phytochemical Dictionary. A hand Book of Bioactive Compound from plants. Taylor and Francis, Washington , D.C., U.S.A Pg 237.
[8] Markham, K.R. (1982).Techniques of Flavonoids Identification. Academic Press, New York, U.S.A. pp, 1-113.
[9] Vishnoi, N.R. (1989). Advanced Practical Chemistry.Yikas Publication House, PVT Ltd, Ghaziabad India. Pp.447-449.
[10] Silver, L.G.,Lee, I.S.,Kinghorn, D.A (1998).Special problems with the extraction of plants.In: Natural products Isolation ( Cannel. R.J.P.Ed) Humana Press Inc. 999, Riverview Drive,Suite 208, Totowa, New Jersey, U.S.A. 072512. pp. 343-364.
[2] Osito, N.G. (1992).A system of traditional health care. Vol .2. pp. 56-58
[3] Oliver, B. (1980).Medicinal plants in Nigeria. Published by Nigerian college of Arts, Science AND Technology. Ibadan, pp.90-94.
[4] Sofowora,, L.A (1993).Medicinal plants and traditional Medicinal Medicine in African. Spectrum books Ltd, Ibadan. Pp. 55-71.
[5] Lorke, D. (1983). A New Approach to Practical Acute Toxicity Testing, Arch. Toxicol, 53: 275 – 287.
[6] Trease, G.E., Evans, M.C.(1989).Text book of Pharmacognosy 13th Edition Bailiere Tindall, London, Toronto, Tokyo. Pgs. 200-201, 340-348, 419-423, 626-630, 765-775.
[7] Harbone, J.B. and Baxter, H,H. (1993). Phytochemical Dictionary. A hand Book of Bioactive Compound from plants. Taylor and Francis, Washington , D.C., U.S.A Pg 237.
[8] Markham, K.R. (1982).Techniques of Flavonoids Identification. Academic Press, New York, U.S.A. pp, 1-113.
[9] Vishnoi, N.R. (1989). Advanced Practical Chemistry.Yikas Publication House, PVT Ltd, Ghaziabad India. Pp.447-449.
[10] Silver, L.G.,Lee, I.S.,Kinghorn, D.A (1998).Special problems with the extraction of plants.In: Natural products Isolation ( Cannel. R.J.P.Ed) Humana Press Inc. 999, Riverview Drive,Suite 208, Totowa, New Jersey, U.S.A. 072512. pp. 343-364.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | To Study Antibacterial Activity of Allium Sativum, Zingiber Officinale and Allium Cepa by Kirby-Bauer Method |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Mahmood Khan Yousufi |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0450608 |
Abstract :Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale and Allium cepa are often used in different systems of medicines like ayurveda and Unani. All these three plants contain chemicals which can inhibit the growth of microbes. These chemicals actually bear properties which make them suitable to be utilized in different medicines. In the present investigation, the effectiveness of chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts of A. sativum, Z. officinale and A. cepa was detected against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis and Salmonella spp. along with a comparison with an antibiotic, streptomycin. The method adopted in the present study was the Kirby-Bauer method. The maximum antimicrobial activity was exhibited by chloroform extract of A. sativum i.e.24mm against E.coli whereas the minimum antimicrobial activity was exhibited by aqueous extract of A. cepa 05mm against Enterococcus faecalis.
Keyword: Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, Allium cepa, Antibacterial activity, Kirby- Bauer.
Keyword: Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, Allium cepa, Antibacterial activity, Kirby- Bauer.
[1] Agarwal S.B. 1999. Unified Botany, Shivalal Agarwal & Company, Agra. P. 167-215.
[2] Ananthnarayan R and Jayaram Panicker C.K.. 1997. Textbook of Microbiology. Orient Longman Lt. Chennai. P. 578-580
[3] Anbuganapathi G., Ponneelan KTPB and Suchitra R. 2002. Antibacterial and Antifungal effect of leaves of Wrightia tinctoria. J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit. 12 (4):299-304
[4] Bauer, A.W., Kirby,W.M.M., Sherris, J.C., Turck, M., (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 45: 493-496.
[5] Bibitha B, Jisha VK, Salitha CV, Mohan S, Valsa AK.2002 Antibacterial activity of different plant extracts. Short Communication. Indian J Microbiol 42: 361-363.
[6] Dubey, R.C. and Maheshwari D.K. 2002. Practical Microbiology S. Chand & company Lt., New Delhi. P. 154.
[7] Elsamma Thomas, Shanmugam T. and Mohamed Rafi M. 1999. In vitro antibacterial activity of certain medicinal plants of Kerala. Biomedicine 19 (3): 185-190.
[8] Hammer, K. A., C. F. Carson and T. V. Rilcy 1999. Antimicrobial activity of essential oil and other plant
[9] Hassawi, D. and Kharma, A., 2006. Antimicrobial Activity of Some Medicinal Plants against Candida albicans. Journal of Biological Sciences.6 (1):109-114.
[10] Kartal, P., Sokemen, A and Sahin, E. 2003. In vitro antibacterial antifungal, and antioxidant activity of the essential oil and methanol extract of herbal part and callus culture of Satureja hortensis, L. Journal of AgricultureFood Chemical, 51 : 3958-3965.
[2] Ananthnarayan R and Jayaram Panicker C.K.. 1997. Textbook of Microbiology. Orient Longman Lt. Chennai. P. 578-580
[3] Anbuganapathi G., Ponneelan KTPB and Suchitra R. 2002. Antibacterial and Antifungal effect of leaves of Wrightia tinctoria. J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit. 12 (4):299-304
[4] Bauer, A.W., Kirby,W.M.M., Sherris, J.C., Turck, M., (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 45: 493-496.
[5] Bibitha B, Jisha VK, Salitha CV, Mohan S, Valsa AK.2002 Antibacterial activity of different plant extracts. Short Communication. Indian J Microbiol 42: 361-363.
[6] Dubey, R.C. and Maheshwari D.K. 2002. Practical Microbiology S. Chand & company Lt., New Delhi. P. 154.
[7] Elsamma Thomas, Shanmugam T. and Mohamed Rafi M. 1999. In vitro antibacterial activity of certain medicinal plants of Kerala. Biomedicine 19 (3): 185-190.
[8] Hammer, K. A., C. F. Carson and T. V. Rilcy 1999. Antimicrobial activity of essential oil and other plant
[9] Hassawi, D. and Kharma, A., 2006. Antimicrobial Activity of Some Medicinal Plants against Candida albicans. Journal of Biological Sciences.6 (1):109-114.
[10] Kartal, P., Sokemen, A and Sahin, E. 2003. In vitro antibacterial antifungal, and antioxidant activity of the essential oil and methanol extract of herbal part and callus culture of Satureja hortensis, L. Journal of AgricultureFood Chemical, 51 : 3958-3965.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Synthesis and Characterization of New Thio-Triazole Ligand and Complexes with Selected Metals |
| Country | : | Iraq |
| Authors | : | Ahmed Majeed and Khalid W.Y.Zain Alabdeen |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0450914 |
Abstract :The new ligand, thiocarboxyphenyl-4-allyl-5-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (L) was prepared and characterized by micro elemental analysis (CHN) and Infrared spectroscopy. Selected metals, which were Fe(III), Cu(II), Cd(II), Hg(II) and Au(III) where reacted with (L) to produce new complexes. These complexes were identified through micro elemental analysis, Infrared and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and other techniques. Depending on the data obtained, chemical formula and geometry of complexes were suggested. Biological activity of the complexes against selected types of microorganisms was also examined.
Keyword: 1,2,4- triazole, thioamide ligands, chelating ligands, metal complexes.
Keyword: 1,2,4- triazole, thioamide ligands, chelating ligands, metal complexes.
[1] D. Sahin, H. Bayrak, A. Demirbas, N. Demirbas, S. Alpay Karaoglu, " Design and synthesis of new 1,2,4-triazole derivatives containing morpholine moiety as antimicrobial agents",Turk J Chem, Vol.36, 2012, P.411-426.
[2] P. P. Gadhave, N. S. Dighe, S. R. Pattan, P.Deotarse, D.S. Musmade and R. V. Shete," Current biological and synthetic profile of triazoles : A review" ,Vol.1, No.1,2010, P.82-89.
[3] N. K. Singh, M. Singh, P. Tripathi, A. K.Srivastava and R. J. Butcher ," Synthesis of new N,N-ethane-1,2-bis(4-methoxyphenyl) carbothioamide ligand and its Cu(I) and Ag(I) complexes", Polyhedron, Vol.27,No.1 , 2008 , P.375-382.
[4] S. Guveli and B. Ulkuseven,"Nickel (II)-triphenylphosphine complexes of ONS and ONN chelating 2-hydroxyacetophenone thiosemicarbazones", Polyhedron , Vol.30,No.8 ,2011, P.1385-1388.
[5] C. Alagöz, D. J. Brauer, F.Mohr, "Arene rethenium metallacyclles containing chelating thioamide liands",Journal of Organometallic Chemistry,Vol.694, No.9-10, 2009, P.1283-1288.
[6] N. Jaiswal, A. Singh, D.Singh, T. Ahmed," A comprehensive review on antimicrobial activity of 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives",International Research Journal of Pharmacy,Vol. 3,No.3, 2012, P.83-89.
[7] H. Yekeler . M. Yekeler," Predicting the efficiencies of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole collectors used as chelating agents in flotation processes: a density-functional study ", J Mol Model ,Vol. 12, 2006, P. 763–768.
[8] J. Doiron, Al H. Soultan, R. Richard, M. M. Toure, N. Picot, R. Richard, M. Cuperlovic -Culf, G. A. Robichaud and M. Touaibia," Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of 1- and 2-substituted-1,2,3-triazole letrozole-based analogues as aromatase inhibitors" , European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry,Vol.46, 2011, No. 4010 - 4024.
[9] J. G. Haasnoot , "Mononuclear, oligonuclear and polynuclearmetal coordination compounds with 1,2,4-triazole derivatives as ligands", Coordination Chemistry Reviews, Vol. 200-202, 2000, P.131-185.
[10] A.R.Ohi,H.Iwano,T.Shishido,I.Shimamura,Ger.Offen. 1, 1970,935.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Influence of Magnesium Addition on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Al-Cu-Mg Alloy |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | Sani A Salihu, Aliyu Isah, Polycarp Evarastics |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0451520 |
Abstract :The influence of Mg addition on mechanical properties and microstructure of Al-Cu-Mg alloy was investigated. Cast Al – Cu- Mg alloys have widely been used in aircraft, aerospace, industrial and architectural applications for their good mechanical properties, high strength-to-weight ratio. An intensive study of these cast aluminium family has been found in many literature as a source for enhancing the mechanical properties and microstructure of aluminium alloys. The main objective of this paper was to investigate the effect of magnesium on mechanical properties and microstructural changes of Al4Cu alloys. The modifications of Al4Cu by adding Mg of 0.5 to 2.5 % in the interval of 0.5% mixing with stirrer and casted by gravity die casting, subsequently the specimens were subjected T6 type heat treatment for 6 hr at 1800C. The effect of Mg and ageing on microstructure was studied by using optical microscope. The mechanical properties such as tensile strength and hardness were studied using universal tensile testing machine and Brinell hardness tester respectively. It was observed that the tensile strength and hardness increased with increase of percentage of Mg. The addition of 2.5% Mg increases the tensile strength by 69.9% while hardness increased by 22%. Samples that were aged showed that with addition of 1% of Mg had effect on grain refinement and mechanical properties of the alloy because of smaller grain size.
Keyword:Al-Cu-Mg alloy, Grain size, Hardness, Tensile strength, microstructure.
Keyword:Al-Cu-Mg alloy, Grain size, Hardness, Tensile strength, microstructure.
[1] A.Garg and J.M. Howe, (1992): Grain boundary precipitation Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy; Journal of acta metarilia, Vol 40
[2] B.Zluticanin, S.Duric, B.Jordovic and B.Radonjic, (2003): Characterization of Microstructure and properties of Al-Cu-Mg alloy‖, Journal of mining and metallurgy, Vol. 39.
[3] D. Apelian (2009): Aluminium cast alloys; Enabling tools for improved performance, North American Die Casting Association, Wheeling, Illinois, USA
[4] Girisha H.N. and K.V.Sharma (2012): Effect of magnesium on strength and microstructure of aluminium copper magnesium alloy, International journal of scientific and engineering research, vol.3, Issue 2.
[5] L.F. Mondolfo, (1976): Aluminium Alloy, Structure and properties, Butterworth and Co ltd, London,
[6] Muhammad Riaz Khan, Irfanullah and Fazal -ur- Rehman (2008): Beneficial effect of heat treatment on mechanical Properties and microstructure of aluminum alloys Used in aerospace industry, j pak mater soc 2008; 2 (1), peshawar, pakistan
[7] V. S. Zolotorevsky, N.A. Belev, M. V. Glazoff (2007): Casting Aluminium Alloys, Mir publishers, Moscow, Pittsburgh, Russia.
[8] William D. Callister, Jr.,(2000): Materials Science and Engineering an Introduction, 6th Edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Chap. 10-11.
[2] B.Zluticanin, S.Duric, B.Jordovic and B.Radonjic, (2003): Characterization of Microstructure and properties of Al-Cu-Mg alloy‖, Journal of mining and metallurgy, Vol. 39.
[3] D. Apelian (2009): Aluminium cast alloys; Enabling tools for improved performance, North American Die Casting Association, Wheeling, Illinois, USA
[4] Girisha H.N. and K.V.Sharma (2012): Effect of magnesium on strength and microstructure of aluminium copper magnesium alloy, International journal of scientific and engineering research, vol.3, Issue 2.
[5] L.F. Mondolfo, (1976): Aluminium Alloy, Structure and properties, Butterworth and Co ltd, London,
[6] Muhammad Riaz Khan, Irfanullah and Fazal -ur- Rehman (2008): Beneficial effect of heat treatment on mechanical Properties and microstructure of aluminum alloys Used in aerospace industry, j pak mater soc 2008; 2 (1), peshawar, pakistan
[7] V. S. Zolotorevsky, N.A. Belev, M. V. Glazoff (2007): Casting Aluminium Alloys, Mir publishers, Moscow, Pittsburgh, Russia.
[8] William D. Callister, Jr.,(2000): Materials Science and Engineering an Introduction, 6th Edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Chap. 10-11.