Volume-3 ~ Issue-5
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Optimization of Xylose yield from water hyacinth for ethanol production using Taguchi Technique |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | A. Ganguly, S. Das, A. Dey, R. Das, P. K. Chatterjee |
 |
: | 10.9790/3008-0350109  |
Abstract:The conversion of water hyacinth to ethanol can be achieved by pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis
and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. The utilization of both cellulose and hemicellulosic sugars
such as hexose, pentose and the like present in the hydrolysate is essential for the economical production of
ethanol. Water hyacinth requires pretreatment in order to enhance the susceptibility of the biomass during
hydrolysis. The present study, aims at applying a simple and reliable pretreatment process with dilute sulfuric
acid hydrolysis for the conversion of water hyacinth to xylose. In this study, a systematic and robust
optimization strategy was adopted to find out the optimum settings of the process parameters for enhanced
production of xylose from water hyacinth using Taguchi's parameter design. From confirmation experiments,
the mean value of the xylose yield corresponding to the optimum conditions was obtained as 65.03 mg g-1, which
is close to the predicted range.
Keywords:Bioconversion, pretreatment, taguchi method, water hyacinth, xylose yield
Keywords:Bioconversion, pretreatment, taguchi method, water hyacinth, xylose yield
[1] Nigam JN. Bioconversion of water-hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) hemicellulose acid hydrolysate to motor fuel ethanol by xylosefermenting
yeast. J Biotechnol, 97, 2002, 107-116.
[2] Shonnard DR. Applications of Molecular Biotechnology Ethanol Production from Cellulosic Biomass. Biochemical Processes.
USA: Michigan Technological University; 2003.
[3] Purwadi R, Niklasson C, Taherzadeh MJ. Kinetic study of detoxification of dilute-acid hydrolyzates by Ca(OH)2. J Biotechnol, 114,
2004, 187-198.
[4] Saha BC, Lten LB, Cotta MA, Wu YV. Dilute acid pretreatment, enzymatic saccharification, and fermentation of wheat straw to
ethanol. Proc Biochem, 40, 2005, 3693-3700.
[5] Dehnad K. Quality control, robust design, and the Taguchi method. CA: Wadsworth and Brooks: Pacific Grove; 1989.
[6] Bhunia B, Dutta D, Chaudhuri S. Selection of Suitable Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulphate Source for the Production of Alkaline
Protease by Bacillus licheniformis NCIM-2042. Not Sci Biol, 2010;2:56.
[7] Chauhan B, Gupta R. Application of statistical experimental design for optimization of alkaline protease production from Bacillus
sp. RGR-14. Process Biochem, 39, 2004, 2115-2122.
[8] Bhunia B, Dutta D, Chaudhuri S. Selection of Suitable Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulphate Source for the Production of Alkaline
Protease by Bacillus licheniformis NCIM-2042. Not Sci Biol 2010;2:56.
[9] Montgomery DC. Design and analysis of experiments. 4th ed. New york: John Wiley; 1997.
[10] Elberts TJ, Sample RH, Glick MR, Ellis GH. A simplified, colorimetric micro method for xylose in serum or urine, with
phloroglucinol. Clin Chem, 25, 1979, 1440-1443.
yeast. J Biotechnol, 97, 2002, 107-116.
[2] Shonnard DR. Applications of Molecular Biotechnology Ethanol Production from Cellulosic Biomass. Biochemical Processes.
USA: Michigan Technological University; 2003.
[3] Purwadi R, Niklasson C, Taherzadeh MJ. Kinetic study of detoxification of dilute-acid hydrolyzates by Ca(OH)2. J Biotechnol, 114,
2004, 187-198.
[4] Saha BC, Lten LB, Cotta MA, Wu YV. Dilute acid pretreatment, enzymatic saccharification, and fermentation of wheat straw to
ethanol. Proc Biochem, 40, 2005, 3693-3700.
[5] Dehnad K. Quality control, robust design, and the Taguchi method. CA: Wadsworth and Brooks: Pacific Grove; 1989.
[6] Bhunia B, Dutta D, Chaudhuri S. Selection of Suitable Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulphate Source for the Production of Alkaline
Protease by Bacillus licheniformis NCIM-2042. Not Sci Biol, 2010;2:56.
[7] Chauhan B, Gupta R. Application of statistical experimental design for optimization of alkaline protease production from Bacillus
sp. RGR-14. Process Biochem, 39, 2004, 2115-2122.
[8] Bhunia B, Dutta D, Chaudhuri S. Selection of Suitable Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulphate Source for the Production of Alkaline
Protease by Bacillus licheniformis NCIM-2042. Not Sci Biol 2010;2:56.
[9] Montgomery DC. Design and analysis of experiments. 4th ed. New york: John Wiley; 1997.
[10] Elberts TJ, Sample RH, Glick MR, Ellis GH. A simplified, colorimetric micro method for xylose in serum or urine, with
phloroglucinol. Clin Chem, 25, 1979, 1440-1443.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | The Survey of Mosquitoe Species and Implications for Malaria Transmission in Ebonyi State Abakaliki Ebonyi State, Nigeria |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | Odikamnoro, O. O; Uhuo, C. A; |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0351012 |
Abstract :The survey of major mosquitoe species was conducted in ten locations in Ebonyi State University
Abakaliki using different mosquito tools. The study revealed that several mosquitoe species belonging to three
genera (Aedes, Anopheles, and culex) which are known vectors of different diseases (malaria, filariasis, yellow
fever, dengue fever, encephalitis) where implicated. A total of 353 larvae and 477 adults were identified with
three species of Aedes and 2 species each of anopheles and culex. Anopheles gambiae was the most abundant
species collected (34.6%) followed by the complex anopheles funestus (brucei) 27.5%) Culex quinquefasciatus
(23.55) Aedes tayolori (1.2%). It was observed that the abundance of mosquito in the study area were as a
result of general contributory factors such as water, shade, lack of predators and temperature. However,
strategic measure such as environmental cleanliness, use as insecticide treated nets as well as public
orientation and health education will assist the masses for effective control and prevention.
Keyword: Survey, mosquitoe, diseases, malaria, surveillance
Keyword: Survey, mosquitoe, diseases, malaria, surveillance
[1]. Allan, S. A and Edman, J. D. (1989). Studies on breeding sites of mosquitoe species (Dipteran culicidae) in Eldoret. Annual Review
of Entomology, 32: 297-316.
[2]. Bequaert, J. (2000). The re- emergence of Quinquefasciatus in Arizona. Bulletin of Brooklyn. Entomological Society 14: 157-158.
[3]. Edward, R. A. (1941). A Catalogue of African Mosquitoes (Diptera culicidae) (2nd ed) McGraw Hill, London. 425 pp.
[4]. Gillet, J. D. (1972). Common African Mosquitoes and their medical importance. William Heineman, Medical Book Ltd London,
353pp.
[5]. Gillies, M. T. (1986). Mosquitoes of the South Saharan African (Anophelin) (3rd ed) Weidenfeld and Nicolsor London 574pp.
[6]. Harbachs, R. E. and Knight, K. L (1981). Mosquitoes systematic. Glossary of mosquito Anatomy, 13: 201-217.
[7]. Harrison, B. A. Tunell, M. J., O' Guin, M. L Sardelis, M. R., and Jonusr D. J. (2001). Preparing for west nile virus and
multidirectional surveillance and control. Annals of the Entomological Society of American 94: 574-582.
[8]. Service, M. W. (1993) Mosquitoes (Gulicidea), Lanes R. P. and Cross key R. W (Editors) Medical insects and Arachnids. Chapman
and Hall, London. 238pp.
[9]. Weinsten, P. J, Laired, M. D, and Brome, G (1997) Pest Management Strategy for exotic mosquitoes of public health significance.
Journal of Medical Entomology 19: 189-195.
of Entomology, 32: 297-316.
[2]. Bequaert, J. (2000). The re- emergence of Quinquefasciatus in Arizona. Bulletin of Brooklyn. Entomological Society 14: 157-158.
[3]. Edward, R. A. (1941). A Catalogue of African Mosquitoes (Diptera culicidae) (2nd ed) McGraw Hill, London. 425 pp.
[4]. Gillet, J. D. (1972). Common African Mosquitoes and their medical importance. William Heineman, Medical Book Ltd London,
353pp.
[5]. Gillies, M. T. (1986). Mosquitoes of the South Saharan African (Anophelin) (3rd ed) Weidenfeld and Nicolsor London 574pp.
[6]. Harbachs, R. E. and Knight, K. L (1981). Mosquitoes systematic. Glossary of mosquito Anatomy, 13: 201-217.
[7]. Harrison, B. A. Tunell, M. J., O' Guin, M. L Sardelis, M. R., and Jonusr D. J. (2001). Preparing for west nile virus and
multidirectional surveillance and control. Annals of the Entomological Society of American 94: 574-582.
[8]. Service, M. W. (1993) Mosquitoes (Gulicidea), Lanes R. P. and Cross key R. W (Editors) Medical insects and Arachnids. Chapman
and Hall, London. 238pp.
[9]. Weinsten, P. J, Laired, M. D, and Brome, G (1997) Pest Management Strategy for exotic mosquitoes of public health significance.
Journal of Medical Entomology 19: 189-195.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Association of low anti oxidant status with hypertension: cause or consequence |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Dr. Rasmita Kumari Padhy Dr.Suvendu Sekhar Acharya,Dr. Nirupama Devi, Dr. Roma Rattan, Dr. Srikrushna Mahapatra |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0351318 |
Abstract:Background and objectives: Recent studies imply an increasing association of oxidative stress in the
pathogenesis of hypertension. This study was designed to evaluate oxidative stress in hypertensive subjects and
to assess the correlation of antioxidant status with the severity of hypertension.
Material and methods: Ninety-six hypertensive cases were divided into three groups based on severity
of hypertension as per JNC VII classification. Lipid profile, antioxidant power of serum(FRAP assay) and
oxidant load of serum(FOX2) of hypertensive cases were compared with an equal number of age and sex
matched healthy normotensive controls. Data was analysed by Student's t test and Pearson's correlation.
Key Words:hypertension, oxidative stress, antioxidant load
Key Words:hypertension, oxidative stress, antioxidant load
[1] Park K. Hypertension. In Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine 20th edition Park K. Jabalpur: M/S Banarasidas Bhanot
2009; 323-327.
[2] Harrison's principles of Internal Medicine 18 th edition volume2 ;2042-2048
[3] Rodrigo R, Passalacqua W, Araya J, Orellana M, Rivera G:Implications of oxidative stress and homocysteine in the
pathophysiology of essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2003; 42: 453–461.
[4] Miyajima K, Minatoguchi S, Ito Y, et al: Reduction of QTc dispersion by the angiotensin II receptor blocker valsartan may be
related to its anti-oxidative stress effect in patients with hypertension. Hypertens Res 2007; 30: 307–316.
[5] Pedro-Botet J, Covas MI, Martin S, Rubies-Prat J: Decreased endogenous antioxidant enzymatic status in essential hypertension. J
Hum Hypertens 2000; 14: 343–345
[6] Lassègue B, Griendling K: Reactive oxygen species in hypertension. An update. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17: 852–860.
[7] Touyz RM, Schiffrin EL: Reactive oxygen species in vascular biology: implications in hypertension. Histochem Cell Biol 2004;
122: 339–352.
[8] Dusting GJ, Akita K, Hickey H, Smith M, Gurevich V: Cyclosporin A and tacrolimus (FK506) suppress expression of inducible
nitric oxide synthase in vitro by different mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 128: 337–344.
[9] Zicha J, Dobesova Z, Kunes J: Relative deficiency of nitric oxide−dependent vasodilation in salt-hypertensive Dahl rats: the
possible role of superoxide anions. J Hypertens 2001; 19: 247–254.
[10] Iris F.F. Benzie and J.J.The Ferrc Reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a Measure of "Antioxidant Power"; the FRAP assay.
Strain analytical Biochemistry 239. 70-76 (1996) no.0292
2009; 323-327.
[2] Harrison's principles of Internal Medicine 18 th edition volume2 ;2042-2048
[3] Rodrigo R, Passalacqua W, Araya J, Orellana M, Rivera G:Implications of oxidative stress and homocysteine in the
pathophysiology of essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2003; 42: 453–461.
[4] Miyajima K, Minatoguchi S, Ito Y, et al: Reduction of QTc dispersion by the angiotensin II receptor blocker valsartan may be
related to its anti-oxidative stress effect in patients with hypertension. Hypertens Res 2007; 30: 307–316.
[5] Pedro-Botet J, Covas MI, Martin S, Rubies-Prat J: Decreased endogenous antioxidant enzymatic status in essential hypertension. J
Hum Hypertens 2000; 14: 343–345
[6] Lassègue B, Griendling K: Reactive oxygen species in hypertension. An update. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17: 852–860.
[7] Touyz RM, Schiffrin EL: Reactive oxygen species in vascular biology: implications in hypertension. Histochem Cell Biol 2004;
122: 339–352.
[8] Dusting GJ, Akita K, Hickey H, Smith M, Gurevich V: Cyclosporin A and tacrolimus (FK506) suppress expression of inducible
nitric oxide synthase in vitro by different mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 128: 337–344.
[9] Zicha J, Dobesova Z, Kunes J: Relative deficiency of nitric oxide−dependent vasodilation in salt-hypertensive Dahl rats: the
possible role of superoxide anions. J Hypertens 2001; 19: 247–254.
[10] Iris F.F. Benzie and J.J.The Ferrc Reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a Measure of "Antioxidant Power"; the FRAP assay.
Strain analytical Biochemistry 239. 70-76 (1996) no.0292
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Modulatory Effects Of Hygrophila auriculata on Total Proteins< And Nucleic Acids In N-Nitrosodiethylamine Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma In Rats. |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Dr.S.Premkumari,Dr. M.P. Balasubramanian |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0351922 |
Abstract:This study was designed to investigate the Modulatory effect of Hygrophila auriculata on Total
Proteins and Nucleic acids in N-nitrosodiethylamine induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. Experimental
rats were divided into different groups: normal, N- nitrosodiethylamine induced hepatocellular carcinoma
(HCC) bearing rats, Hygrophila auriculata( H. auriculata )treated hepatocellular carcinoma bearing rats, (200
mg/kg body weight doses for 28 days), animals treated with plant extract alone for 28 days. After the treatment
period, on 28th day the level of Total Proteins and Nucleic acids was assayed and compared with control. These
parameters were altered significantly in hepatocellular carcinoma bearing rats. The methanolic extract of H.
auriculata (200 mg/kg) significantly reverted these altered Total Proteins and Nucleic acids level to near
normal in H.auriculata treated group III carcinoma bearing rats at the end of the treatment period (28days).
However, the changes in the above parameters were comparable with control. Thus, methanolic extract of H.
auriculata reverted the altered level of Total Proteins and Nucleic acids which is regulated differently during
tumour growth and associated with development of hepatomas to near normal in HCC bearing rats due to the
presence of polyphenols and flavonoids in the plant extract.
Key Words: Hepatocellular carcinoma, , oxidative stress, Hygrophila auriculata ,Total Proteins and Nucleic acids.
Key Words: Hepatocellular carcinoma, , oxidative stress, Hygrophila auriculata ,Total Proteins and Nucleic acids.
[1] F.M.Ward and M.S.Daly. Hepatic disease. In: Walker R, Edwards C, editors. Clinical pharmacy and Therapeutics. (Churchill
Livingstone: NewYork, 1999) 195-212.
[2] G.N. Wogan .Impacts of chemicals on liver cancer risk. Semin. Cancer. Biol, 2000, 201-210.
[3] G .Lucier and G.E.R Hook .Dietary mutagens special issue. Environ. Health Perspect, 1986, 67-72.
[4] S.S. Hecht. Approaches to cancer prevention based on an understanding of N-nitrosamine carcinogenesis. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol.
Med., 216, 1997, 181-191.
[5] M.C.Archer. Mechanism of action of N-nitrosocompounds. Cancer Surv., 8, 1989, 241-250.
[6] D .Nakae, Y. Kobayashi, H Akai, N .Andoh, H. Satoh and K .Ohashi .Involvement of 8-hydroxyguanine formation in the
intiation of rat liver carcinogenesis by low dose levels of N-nitrosodiethylamine, Cancer Res.
57,1997, 1281-1287.
[7] B .Halliwell and J.M.C. Gutteridge). Protection against oxidants in biological systems: the superoxide theory of oxygen toxicity,
in: K.H. Cheeseman, T.F. Slater (Eds), Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989) 144-147.
[8] L.W .Wattenberg. Chemoprevention of cancer. Cancer Res., 45, 1985, 1.
[9] P. Bairaj and S. Nagarajan .Apigenin- 7-0-Glucuronide from the flowers of Asteracantha longifolia Nees. India Drugs. 1982, 150-
152.
[10] A.K .Tiwari. Antioxidants: New-generation therapeutic base for treatment of polygenic disorders. Curr Sci,86, 2004,1092-1100.
Livingstone: NewYork, 1999) 195-212.
[2] G.N. Wogan .Impacts of chemicals on liver cancer risk. Semin. Cancer. Biol, 2000, 201-210.
[3] G .Lucier and G.E.R Hook .Dietary mutagens special issue. Environ. Health Perspect, 1986, 67-72.
[4] S.S. Hecht. Approaches to cancer prevention based on an understanding of N-nitrosamine carcinogenesis. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol.
Med., 216, 1997, 181-191.
[5] M.C.Archer. Mechanism of action of N-nitrosocompounds. Cancer Surv., 8, 1989, 241-250.
[6] D .Nakae, Y. Kobayashi, H Akai, N .Andoh, H. Satoh and K .Ohashi .Involvement of 8-hydroxyguanine formation in the
intiation of rat liver carcinogenesis by low dose levels of N-nitrosodiethylamine, Cancer Res.
57,1997, 1281-1287.
[7] B .Halliwell and J.M.C. Gutteridge). Protection against oxidants in biological systems: the superoxide theory of oxygen toxicity,
in: K.H. Cheeseman, T.F. Slater (Eds), Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989) 144-147.
[8] L.W .Wattenberg. Chemoprevention of cancer. Cancer Res., 45, 1985, 1.
[9] P. Bairaj and S. Nagarajan .Apigenin- 7-0-Glucuronide from the flowers of Asteracantha longifolia Nees. India Drugs. 1982, 150-
152.
[10] A.K .Tiwari. Antioxidants: New-generation therapeutic base for treatment of polygenic disorders. Curr Sci,86, 2004,1092-1100.