Volume-2 ~ Issue-6
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Abstract: To extracting and purifying the essential oil containing terpenes from dried seeds of nutmeg Myristica fragrans available in Iraqi markets. Male albino mice (n= 44), with average weight (25-28 g) of about six weeks old The study also employed an in vivo evaluation of the hepatotoxic effect of essential oil in male albino mice at different concentrations ( 500 and 1000 mg / kg) given orally for 7 days including biochemical functions serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT),serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum alkaline phosphatase (SALP) as parameters of liver function tests and serum total bilirubin (TSB). At day 8 the animal was sacrificed and the liver is weighed and kept in 10% formalin for preparation of histopathological sections. The serum was isolated from the blood for the biochemical tests. Statistical results showed the absence of any significant changes on body weight and liver weight of nutmeg treated mice. However nutmeg treated mice showed statistically significant alteration in the biochemical indicators of liver function including significant elevation in SAST, SALT, SALP and TSB in a dose dependent manner. The nutmeg essential oil carries a marked specific potential toxicity to the liver parenchyma, this is very important to be considered for further experimental and clinical studies.
Key words: Myristica fragrans, essential oil , Hepatotoxic, hepatic necrosis
Key words: Myristica fragrans, essential oil , Hepatotoxic, hepatic necrosis
[1] D.G. Barceloux D.G.Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances: foods, fungi, medicinal herbs, plants, and venomous animals. (U.S.A. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2008).
[2] J.Brent, K.L.Wallace, K.K.Burkhat, S.D.Phillips and J.W.Donavan. (2004). Critical Care Toxicology: diagnosis and management of the critically poisoned patient. ELSEVIER MOSBY. 2004.;1305-
[3] Y. Masada, Y.Application of Gas-Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry to the Identification of Essential Oils. (New York, Plenum Press, John Wiley and Sons. 1976).
[4] Y.S. Lewis .Nutmeg and mace. In: Spices and Herbs for the Food Industry. (England, Food Trade Press. 1984).
[5] K.T. Farrell. (1985). Spices, Condiments, and Seasonings. (Westport: AVI Publishing Co. 1985).
[6] P.M.Jenner, E.C.Hagan, J.M. Taylor, E.L. Cook and O.G. Fitzhugh. (1964). Food flavoring and compounds of related structure. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 2 1964. 327-43.
[7] National Technical Information Service. GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) Food Ingredients - Oil of Nutmeg and Myristica Oil. Food and Drug Research Labs, Inc. 1972.
[8] National Technical Information Service.Mutagenic Evaluation of Compound FDA 71-28, Oil of Nutmeg, Litton Bionetics, Inc . 1974.
[9] J.A. McCord and L.P. Jervey. Nutmeg (myristicin) poisoning: a case report. J. S. Carolina Med. Assoc. 58: 1962. 436-439.
[10] J.B.Harborne. Phytochemical Methods: a guide to modern techniques of plant analysis.(UK.Chapman and hall. 1998)
[2] J.Brent, K.L.Wallace, K.K.Burkhat, S.D.Phillips and J.W.Donavan. (2004). Critical Care Toxicology: diagnosis and management of the critically poisoned patient. ELSEVIER MOSBY. 2004.;1305-
[3] Y. Masada, Y.Application of Gas-Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry to the Identification of Essential Oils. (New York, Plenum Press, John Wiley and Sons. 1976).
[4] Y.S. Lewis .Nutmeg and mace. In: Spices and Herbs for the Food Industry. (England, Food Trade Press. 1984).
[5] K.T. Farrell. (1985). Spices, Condiments, and Seasonings. (Westport: AVI Publishing Co. 1985).
[6] P.M.Jenner, E.C.Hagan, J.M. Taylor, E.L. Cook and O.G. Fitzhugh. (1964). Food flavoring and compounds of related structure. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 2 1964. 327-43.
[7] National Technical Information Service. GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) Food Ingredients - Oil of Nutmeg and Myristica Oil. Food and Drug Research Labs, Inc. 1972.
[8] National Technical Information Service.Mutagenic Evaluation of Compound FDA 71-28, Oil of Nutmeg, Litton Bionetics, Inc . 1974.
[9] J.A. McCord and L.P. Jervey. Nutmeg (myristicin) poisoning: a case report. J. S. Carolina Med. Assoc. 58: 1962. 436-439.
[10] J.B.Harborne. Phytochemical Methods: a guide to modern techniques of plant analysis.(UK.Chapman and hall. 1998)
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Sensitivity Comparison of Nested RT-PCR with Immunofluorescence for Diagnosis of Rabies |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | K Bansal, C K Singh, M Dandale, B S Sandhu, N K Sood |
 |
: | 10.9790/3008-0260911  |
Abstract : In the present study sensitivity of diagnosis of rabies with Nested RT-PCR was compared with Immunofluorescence on 20 brain samples. RNA extraction was done using Qiazol method. Synthesis of cDNA was done using rabies specific primers. Nested set of primers were used to amplify highly conserved 762bp nucleoprotein gene region. Nested RT-PCR was able to diagnose rabies viral RNA in 12 out of 13 Immunofluorescence positive cases. Sensitivity of Nested RT-PCR was found to be 92.31% when compared with Immunofluorescence. Thus, the present study concluded that Nested RT-PCR can be served as an additional tool for confirmatory diagnosis of rabies
Keywords: Brain, Diagnosis, Immunofluorescence, Nested RT-PCR, Rabies, Sensitivity
Keywords: Brain, Diagnosis, Immunofluorescence, Nested RT-PCR, Rabies, Sensitivity
[1] T. Nagarajan, S. B. Nagendrakumar, B. Mohannasubramanian, S. Rajalakshmi, N. R. Hanumantha, R. Ramya, D. Thiagarajan and V. A. Srinivasan, Phylogenetic analysis of nucleoprotein gene of dog rabies virus isolates from Southern India, Infectious Gene Evolution, 9, 2009, 976–982.
[2] A. I. Wandeler, S. A. Nadin-Davis, R. R. Tinline and C. E. Rupprecht, Rabies epidemiology: some ecological and evolutionary perspectives, Current Topics Microbiology Immunology, 187, 1994, 297–324.
[3] F. Cliquet, J. P. Gurbuxani, H. K. Pradhan, B. Pattnaik, S. S. Patil, A. Regnault, H. Begouen, A. L. Guiot, R. Sood, P. Mahl, R. Singh, F. X. Meslin, E. Picard, M F A Aubert and J. Barrat, The safety and efficacy of the oral rabies vaccineSAG2 in Indian stray dogs, Vaccine, 25, 2007, 3409–3418.
[4] D. J. Dean and M. K. Abelseth, Fluorescent antibody tests (3rd Ed.) Laboratory Techniques in Rabies, (WHO, Geneva, 1973) 73-84.
[5] N. Tordo, D. Sacramento and H. Bourhy, The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for diagnosis, typing and epidemiological studies of rabies (In: Meslin, 1995).
[6] A. Kaw, C. K. Singh, B. S. Sandhu, N. K. Sood, Ramneek, D. Deka and S. Awahan, Diagnosis of rabies in animals by Nested RT-PCR, Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 81(4), 2011, 367-369.
[7] S. A. Nadin-Davis, Polymerase chain reaction protocols for rabies virus discrimination. Journal of Virological Methods, 75, 1998, 1-8.
[8] T. Nagaraj, P. V. Joel, A. Desai, A. Kamat, S. N. Madhusudana and V. Ravi. Ante mortem diagnosis of human rabies using saliva samples: Comparison of real time and conventional RT-PCR techniques, Journal of Clinical Virology, 36, 2006, 17–23.
[9] L. E. Smith, C. Foster, M. Hitchcock, G. Leiserowitz, K. Hall, R. Isseroff, N. Christensen and J. Kreider. Titration of HPV-11 infectivity and antibody neutralisation can be measured in vitro, J. Invest. Dermatol, 105, 1995, 438–444.
[10] A. C. Hanlon, S. J. Smith and R. G. Anderson. Article II: Laboratory diagnosis of rabies, Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 215, 1999, 1444-1447.
[2] A. I. Wandeler, S. A. Nadin-Davis, R. R. Tinline and C. E. Rupprecht, Rabies epidemiology: some ecological and evolutionary perspectives, Current Topics Microbiology Immunology, 187, 1994, 297–324.
[3] F. Cliquet, J. P. Gurbuxani, H. K. Pradhan, B. Pattnaik, S. S. Patil, A. Regnault, H. Begouen, A. L. Guiot, R. Sood, P. Mahl, R. Singh, F. X. Meslin, E. Picard, M F A Aubert and J. Barrat, The safety and efficacy of the oral rabies vaccineSAG2 in Indian stray dogs, Vaccine, 25, 2007, 3409–3418.
[4] D. J. Dean and M. K. Abelseth, Fluorescent antibody tests (3rd Ed.) Laboratory Techniques in Rabies, (WHO, Geneva, 1973) 73-84.
[5] N. Tordo, D. Sacramento and H. Bourhy, The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for diagnosis, typing and epidemiological studies of rabies (In: Meslin, 1995).
[6] A. Kaw, C. K. Singh, B. S. Sandhu, N. K. Sood, Ramneek, D. Deka and S. Awahan, Diagnosis of rabies in animals by Nested RT-PCR, Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 81(4), 2011, 367-369.
[7] S. A. Nadin-Davis, Polymerase chain reaction protocols for rabies virus discrimination. Journal of Virological Methods, 75, 1998, 1-8.
[8] T. Nagaraj, P. V. Joel, A. Desai, A. Kamat, S. N. Madhusudana and V. Ravi. Ante mortem diagnosis of human rabies using saliva samples: Comparison of real time and conventional RT-PCR techniques, Journal of Clinical Virology, 36, 2006, 17–23.
[9] L. E. Smith, C. Foster, M. Hitchcock, G. Leiserowitz, K. Hall, R. Isseroff, N. Christensen and J. Kreider. Titration of HPV-11 infectivity and antibody neutralisation can be measured in vitro, J. Invest. Dermatol, 105, 1995, 438–444.
[10] A. C. Hanlon, S. J. Smith and R. G. Anderson. Article II: Laboratory diagnosis of rabies, Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 215, 1999, 1444-1447.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Clinicoparasitological Study of Acute Severe Malaria in Children |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Tusti Ganguly, Asok Kumar Datta, Syamali Mandal, Pradip Kumar Das |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0261221 |
Abstract :Malaria is a major disease in India and other Asian Countries next to Africa. Depending on the endemicity the incidence of malaria and its attack in pediatric population varies. The micro epedemiology of malaria is important. Situation of emergence of drug resistance in malaria is also alarming. There are reports of cases from new areas hitherto free from malaria and the change in the trend of the complications. Awareness of the relative prevalence of different complications in a particular geographic area could greatly facilitate the approach towards early diagnosis and prompt treatment. The study is conducted in Bankura Sammilani Medical College, Bankura, West Bengal. Total number of confirmed cases of malaria (n=112) was taken from June.2010 to May 2011. The diagnosis was based on Clinical, Malaria antigen test and parasitological study. Among them severe malaria cases were selected based on the WHO criteria 2000 for severe malaria. Study done in relation to incidence , clinical features , complications and mortality of severe cases and compared those with non severe malaria cases. The mean age is about 6 years, 6.3% of cases occur in infancy, severe malaria in infancy is a dreaded complication. Male had higher frequency. Majority of severe malaria cases are due to p.falciparum. Commonest complication is cerebral malaria.
Key words: Antigen , Complication, Falciparum, Malaria, Parasite
Key words: Antigen , Complication, Falciparum, Malaria, Parasite
[1] WHO SE Asia. Implementation of collaborative activities on Roll back Malaria in SE Asia region. June, 2000 New Delhi 1-21.
[2] World Health Organization Severe falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000;94(suppl 1):S1–S90.[PubMed]
[3] A global strategy for malaria control. Switzerland : WHO 1993
[4] World Health Organization Severe and complicated malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1990;84(suppl 2):S1–S65.
[5] World Health Organization Severe falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000;94(suppl 1):S1–S90.[PubMed]
[6] Neeru Singh, S.K. Chand, A.K. Mishra, Praveen K. Bharti, M. P. Singh, T. P. Ahluwalia. Epidemiology of Malaria in an Area of Low Transmission in Central India. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 75(5), 2006, pp. 812–816
[7] S.N. Huda, T. Shahab, S.M. Ali, K. Afzal and H.M. Khan . A comparative Clinical Trial of Artemether and Quinine in Children With Severe Malaria. Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, AMU, Aligarh, U.P., India. Indian Pediatrics 2003; 40:939-945
[8] Kevin Marsh, Dayo Forster, Catherine Waruiru, Isiah Mwangi, Maria Winstanley,Victoria Marsh, Charles Newton, Peter Winstanley, Peter Warne, Norbert Peshu, Geoffrey Pasvol, Robert Snow Indicators of Life-threatening Malaria in African Children. N Engl J Med 1995; 332:1399-1404 May 25, 1995
[9] Arnaud Dzeing-Ella, Pascal C Nze Obiang, Rose Tchoua, Timothy Planche, Béatrice Mboza, Monique Mbounja, Ulrich Muller-Roemer, Joseph Jarvis, Eric Kendjo, Edouard Ngou-Milama, Peter G Kremsner, Sanjeev Krishna and Maryvonne Kombila. Severe falciparum malaria in Gabonese children: clinical and laboratory features. Malaria Journal 2005, 4:1 doi:10.1186/1475-2875-4-1
[10] George Peter, Alexander Lobo Manuel , Shetty Anil. Study comparing the clinical profile of complicated cases of Plasmodium falciparum malaria among adults and children. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease (2011)35-37
[2] World Health Organization Severe falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000;94(suppl 1):S1–S90.[PubMed]
[3] A global strategy for malaria control. Switzerland : WHO 1993
[4] World Health Organization Severe and complicated malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1990;84(suppl 2):S1–S65.
[5] World Health Organization Severe falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000;94(suppl 1):S1–S90.[PubMed]
[6] Neeru Singh, S.K. Chand, A.K. Mishra, Praveen K. Bharti, M. P. Singh, T. P. Ahluwalia. Epidemiology of Malaria in an Area of Low Transmission in Central India. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 75(5), 2006, pp. 812–816
[7] S.N. Huda, T. Shahab, S.M. Ali, K. Afzal and H.M. Khan . A comparative Clinical Trial of Artemether and Quinine in Children With Severe Malaria. Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, AMU, Aligarh, U.P., India. Indian Pediatrics 2003; 40:939-945
[8] Kevin Marsh, Dayo Forster, Catherine Waruiru, Isiah Mwangi, Maria Winstanley,Victoria Marsh, Charles Newton, Peter Winstanley, Peter Warne, Norbert Peshu, Geoffrey Pasvol, Robert Snow Indicators of Life-threatening Malaria in African Children. N Engl J Med 1995; 332:1399-1404 May 25, 1995
[9] Arnaud Dzeing-Ella, Pascal C Nze Obiang, Rose Tchoua, Timothy Planche, Béatrice Mboza, Monique Mbounja, Ulrich Muller-Roemer, Joseph Jarvis, Eric Kendjo, Edouard Ngou-Milama, Peter G Kremsner, Sanjeev Krishna and Maryvonne Kombila. Severe falciparum malaria in Gabonese children: clinical and laboratory features. Malaria Journal 2005, 4:1 doi:10.1186/1475-2875-4-1
[10] George Peter, Alexander Lobo Manuel , Shetty Anil. Study comparing the clinical profile of complicated cases of Plasmodium falciparum malaria among adults and children. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease (2011)35-37