Volume-2 ~ Issue-5
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Correlation of Symptoms with Intravitam Confirmed Rabid Cases by Molecular Approaches |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | K Bansal, C K Singh, M Dandale, B S Sandhu and N K Sood |
 |
: | 10.9790/3008-0250104  |
Abstract : For the productive application of molecular approaches for detection of rabies in live animals in the field conditions, the detection of rabies by TaqMan real time PCR and Nested RT-PCR was correlated with the observation of clinical symptoms in the suspected animals. TaqMan real time PCR and Nested RT-PCR applied on skin samples of 20 animals have confirmed rabies viral RNA in 11 and 9 cases, respectively. Out of 11 TaqMan confirmed rabies positive cases early phase symptoms off feed, fever and behavioural change was exhibited by 8, 6 and 3 animals, respectively with a sensitivity of 84.61%, 68.75% and 57.89%. Out of 9 Nested RT-PCR confirmed cases off feed, fever and behavioural changes was present in 8, 5 and 2 cases, respectively with a sensitivity of 90%, 69.23% and 56.25%. Mid phase symptoms micturition and bellowing was present in 2 and 5 out of 11 TaqMan and 9 Nested confirmed cases. Late phase symptoms like difficulty in standing walking and difficulty intake, Salivation and paralysis was observed in 3, 3, 8 and 1 out of 11 TaqMan confirmed cases with a sensitivity of 57.89% 57.89%, 78.57% and 52.38% respectively and 3, 3, 6, 1 out of 9 Nested PCR confirmed cases with a sensitivity of 60%,60%, 52.94% and 75%.
Keywords: Intravitam, clinical signs, correlation, molecular diagnosis, rabies
Keywords: Intravitam, clinical signs, correlation, molecular diagnosis, rabies
[1] T. Nagarajan, S. B. Nagendrakumar, B. Mohannasubramanian, S. Rajalakshmi, N. R. Hanumantha, R. Ramya, D. Thiagarajan and V. A. Srinivasan, Phylogenetic analysis of nucleoprotein gene of dog rabies virus isolates from Southern India, Infectious Gene Evolution, 9, 2009, 976–982.
[2] R. Menezes, Rabies in India, Canadian Medical Association, 178(5), 2008, 564–566.
[3] C. Windiyaningsih, H. Wilde, F. X. Meslin, T. Suroso and H. S. Widarso. The rabies epidemic on Flores Island, Indonesia 1998-2003. Journal of Medical Association Thailand, 87, 2004, 1389-93.
[4] D. B. Fishbein, J. S. Smith, C. E. Rupprecht and K. Clark. Unexplained rabies in three immigrants in the United States. A virologic investigation. N. Engl. J. Med., 324, 1991, 205-11.
[5] S. A. Nadin-Davis, Polymerase chain reaction protocols for rabies virus discrimination. Journal of Virological Methods, 75, 1998, 1-8.
[6] A. Kaw, C. K. Singh, B. S. Sandhu, N. K. Sood, Ramneek, D. Deka and S. Awahan, Diagnosis of rabies in animals by Nested RT-PCR, Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 81(4), 2011, 367-369.
[7] T. Nagaraj, P. V. Joel, A. Desai, A. Kamat, S. N. Madhusudana and V. Ravi. Ante mortem diagnosis of human rabies using saliva samples: Comparison of real time and conventional RT-PCR techniques, Journal of Clinical Virology, 36, 2006, 17–23.
[8] L. H. Q. Silva, C. E. Bissoto, A. C. B. Delbem, CI. De. L. Ferrari, S. H. V. Perri, C. M. de-L. Nunes, C. I. Ferrari and L. H. Q. da-Silva, Canine rabies epidemiology in Aracatuba and neighborhood, Northwestern Sao Paulo State Brazil, Revista-da-Sociedade-Brasileira-de-Medicina-Tropical, 37, 2004, 139-42.
[9] P. M. O. Pedroso, E. M. Colodel, C. A. Pescador, L. P. Arrudo and D. Driemeier, Clinical and pathological aspects in cattle affected by rabies with special reference to the rabies antigen mapping by immunohistochemistry. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira., 29(11), 2009, 899-904.
[2] R. Menezes, Rabies in India, Canadian Medical Association, 178(5), 2008, 564–566.
[3] C. Windiyaningsih, H. Wilde, F. X. Meslin, T. Suroso and H. S. Widarso. The rabies epidemic on Flores Island, Indonesia 1998-2003. Journal of Medical Association Thailand, 87, 2004, 1389-93.
[4] D. B. Fishbein, J. S. Smith, C. E. Rupprecht and K. Clark. Unexplained rabies in three immigrants in the United States. A virologic investigation. N. Engl. J. Med., 324, 1991, 205-11.
[5] S. A. Nadin-Davis, Polymerase chain reaction protocols for rabies virus discrimination. Journal of Virological Methods, 75, 1998, 1-8.
[6] A. Kaw, C. K. Singh, B. S. Sandhu, N. K. Sood, Ramneek, D. Deka and S. Awahan, Diagnosis of rabies in animals by Nested RT-PCR, Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 81(4), 2011, 367-369.
[7] T. Nagaraj, P. V. Joel, A. Desai, A. Kamat, S. N. Madhusudana and V. Ravi. Ante mortem diagnosis of human rabies using saliva samples: Comparison of real time and conventional RT-PCR techniques, Journal of Clinical Virology, 36, 2006, 17–23.
[8] L. H. Q. Silva, C. E. Bissoto, A. C. B. Delbem, CI. De. L. Ferrari, S. H. V. Perri, C. M. de-L. Nunes, C. I. Ferrari and L. H. Q. da-Silva, Canine rabies epidemiology in Aracatuba and neighborhood, Northwestern Sao Paulo State Brazil, Revista-da-Sociedade-Brasileira-de-Medicina-Tropical, 37, 2004, 139-42.
[9] P. M. O. Pedroso, E. M. Colodel, C. A. Pescador, L. P. Arrudo and D. Driemeier, Clinical and pathological aspects in cattle affected by rabies with special reference to the rabies antigen mapping by immunohistochemistry. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira., 29(11), 2009, 899-904.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Effect of Chilling and Freezing on Fish Muscle |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Roopma Gandotra, Shalini Sharma, Meenakshi Koul and Sweta Gupta |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0250509 |
Abstract: Muscle samples of Mystus seenghala were stored at two different low temperatures, i.e at 4±1oC (chilled) and at -12±2oC (frozen) for 21 days. Weekly analysis was conducted to measure protein, lipid, ash, moisture, free fatty acid, pH and total plate count. The result clearly reveals that during storage, both the samples showed a highly significant (p<0.01) decreasing trend in protein, lipid, ash and moisture content. After 21 days, the percentage decrease was 54.35% and 22.70% for protein and 82.64% and 56.68% for lipid, 10.96% and 4.89% for moisture and 38.92% and 37.88% for ash content in chilled and frozen sample respectively. However, the free fatty acid and pH showed highly significant (p<0.01) increasing trend in both the samples. Similarly, the bacteriological studies revealed that the total plate count (TPC) in chilled and frozen samples also showed an increasing trend. It was found within acceptable limits (TPC=6.04±0.11 log cfu/g) in chilled sample upto 10th day and up to 14th day (TPC=5.78±0.2 log cfu/g) in frozen sample. Thereafter, the microbial quality further deteriorates and became inedible for human consumption.
(Keywords: chiller, freezer, spoilage, acceptable limit, inedible.)
(Keywords: chiller, freezer, spoilage, acceptable limit, inedible.)
[1] Agnihotri, M.K. (1988). A comparative study on shelf life and microbial spoilage of refrigerated buffalo meat. Ph.D. Thesis submitted to INRI, Izatnagar.
[2] APHA (1984). Compendium of method of microbiological examination of foods. 2nd Edn., American Public Health Association, Washington DC.
[3] Arannilewa, S.T., Salawu, S.O., Sorungbe, A.A. and Ola-Salawu, B.B. (2005). Effect of frozen period on the chemical, microbiological and sensory quality of frozen, tilapia fish (Sarotherodun galiaenus). African Journal of Biotechnology, 4 (8): 852-855.
[4] Bao, H. N. D., Arason, S., Anna, K., I_´orarinsd´ottir (2007). Effects of Dry Ice and Superchilling on Quality and Shelf Life of Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus) Fillets; International Journal of Food Engineering: 3(3)/7: 1-27.
[5] Erkan, N. and Ozden, O. (2008). Quality assessment of whole and gutted sardines (Sardina pilchardus) stored in ice. Int. J. Food Sci., 1549-1555.
[6] Folch, J., Less, M. and Sloane, G.W.S. (1957). A Simple Method For The Isolation And Purification Of Total Lipids From Animal Tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 226, 497–509.
[7] International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods (ICMSF), (1986). Sampling plans for fish and shellfish, In: Microorganisms in Foods. Sampling for Microbiological Analysis: Principles and Scientific Applications, 2(2) University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada, pp. 181-196.
[8] Kandeepan, G. and Biswas S. (2007). Effect of low temperature preservation on quality and shelf life of buffalo meat. Am. J. Food Technol., 2: 126-135.
[9] Keller, J. E., Kelly, G. C. and Acton, J. C. (1974). Effect of meat particle size and casing diameter on summer sausage properties during drying. Journal of Milk Food Technol., 37: 101-106.
[10] Kirschnik, P.G., Viegas, E. M. M. and Valenti, W.C. (2006). Shelf-Life of Tail Meat of the Giant River Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Stored on Ice Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology, 15(2).
[2] APHA (1984). Compendium of method of microbiological examination of foods. 2nd Edn., American Public Health Association, Washington DC.
[3] Arannilewa, S.T., Salawu, S.O., Sorungbe, A.A. and Ola-Salawu, B.B. (2005). Effect of frozen period on the chemical, microbiological and sensory quality of frozen, tilapia fish (Sarotherodun galiaenus). African Journal of Biotechnology, 4 (8): 852-855.
[4] Bao, H. N. D., Arason, S., Anna, K., I_´orarinsd´ottir (2007). Effects of Dry Ice and Superchilling on Quality and Shelf Life of Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus) Fillets; International Journal of Food Engineering: 3(3)/7: 1-27.
[5] Erkan, N. and Ozden, O. (2008). Quality assessment of whole and gutted sardines (Sardina pilchardus) stored in ice. Int. J. Food Sci., 1549-1555.
[6] Folch, J., Less, M. and Sloane, G.W.S. (1957). A Simple Method For The Isolation And Purification Of Total Lipids From Animal Tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 226, 497–509.
[7] International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods (ICMSF), (1986). Sampling plans for fish and shellfish, In: Microorganisms in Foods. Sampling for Microbiological Analysis: Principles and Scientific Applications, 2(2) University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada, pp. 181-196.
[8] Kandeepan, G. and Biswas S. (2007). Effect of low temperature preservation on quality and shelf life of buffalo meat. Am. J. Food Technol., 2: 126-135.
[9] Keller, J. E., Kelly, G. C. and Acton, J. C. (1974). Effect of meat particle size and casing diameter on summer sausage properties during drying. Journal of Milk Food Technol., 37: 101-106.
[10] Kirschnik, P.G., Viegas, E. M. M. and Valenti, W.C. (2006). Shelf-Life of Tail Meat of the Giant River Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Stored on Ice Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology, 15(2).
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Anatomical Basis of Memory and Neural Sciences |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Prof. (Dr) Archana Lala |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0251016 |
Abstract: This paper introduces a novel method for human memory or learning process that employs a set of association, impression & repetition. The output of the biological neurons are used together to make a decision. Experimental results for human memory and laws of learning confirm that the proposed method lends itself to higher classification accuracy relative to existing technique.
Keyword: Anatomical basis of Memory, Biological Neurons, Neural Network, Neural Science, Simulation.
Keyword: Anatomical basis of Memory, Biological Neurons, Neural Network, Neural Science, Simulation.
[1] Stoddard, George D. and Carl Emil Seashore, The American Journal of Psychology, Vol.63, No.3, 1950 pp.456-462.
[2] Ranson, S.W. and Clark, S.L., The Anatomy of the Nervous System. 8th Edition, W.B.Saunders, Philadelphia, 1947. pp.x+532.
[2] Ranson, S.W. and Clark, S.L., The Anatomy of the Nervous System. 8th Edition, W.B.Saunders, Philadelphia, 1947. pp.x+532.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Formulation and Evaluation of Sustained Release Glipizide Matrix |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Kambham Venkateswarlu, A. SHANTHI |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0251723 |
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[1] Subal Chndra Basaks, Kesevan Senthil Kumar, Murugesan Ramalingam: Design and release characteristics of sustained release tablet containing Metformin HCl Revista Brasileria de Ciencias Farmaceuitics Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical sciences vol.44, n. 3, jul./set.,2008.
[2] Durgacharan A Bagwat, Pravin S kawtikwar, Dinesh M Sakarkar: Formulation and the in-vitro and biopharmaceutical evaluation of sustained release tablet of Verapamil HCl using precirol ATO 5through melt granulation technique. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics-October-December 2009.
[3] Mario Grasil and Gabriele Grassi. Mathematical Modeling and Controlled Drug Delivery: Matrix Systems current drug delivery,2005, 2,97-116.
[4] Papadokostaki K.G Experimental realization of sustained simple kinetic regimes of particulate solutes subject to slow dissolution in the containing matrix journal of membrane science 326 (2009) 503-506.
[5] Ganesh Kumar , V.Juyal, P.P.Badoni. Formulation and evaluation of matrix tablets of Acarbose Ganesh Kumar et al / Drug Invention Today 2010, 2(5), 264-267.
[6] Sourabh Jain SK Yadav and UK Patil : Preparation and Evaluation sustained release matrix tablet of Furosemide using s natural occurring polymers. Research J. pharm. And Tech. 194):247-257.
[7] Debjit Bhowmik , Chiranjib.B, Sobharam Sahu, Chaya Sahu. Recent trends in Sustained Release Matrix Drug Dejivery System-an overview.
[8] Sahla Jamad , Reza Fassihi. Development of controlled release low dose class -2 drug glipzide. International Journal Of Pharmaceutics 312 (2006) 24-32.
[9] Alexandra Krajacic , Ian G. Tucker , matrix formation in sustained release tablets: possible mechanism of dose dumping. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 251 (2003) 67_/78.
[10] K.Raghuram Reddy , Srinivas Mutalic and Srinivas Reddy once daily sustained release matrix tablets of Nicoandil : Formulation and in vitro Evaluation AAPS PharmSciTech 2003; 4(4) Article 61.
[2] Durgacharan A Bagwat, Pravin S kawtikwar, Dinesh M Sakarkar: Formulation and the in-vitro and biopharmaceutical evaluation of sustained release tablet of Verapamil HCl using precirol ATO 5through melt granulation technique. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics-October-December 2009.
[3] Mario Grasil and Gabriele Grassi. Mathematical Modeling and Controlled Drug Delivery: Matrix Systems current drug delivery,2005, 2,97-116.
[4] Papadokostaki K.G Experimental realization of sustained simple kinetic regimes of particulate solutes subject to slow dissolution in the containing matrix journal of membrane science 326 (2009) 503-506.
[5] Ganesh Kumar , V.Juyal, P.P.Badoni. Formulation and evaluation of matrix tablets of Acarbose Ganesh Kumar et al / Drug Invention Today 2010, 2(5), 264-267.
[6] Sourabh Jain SK Yadav and UK Patil : Preparation and Evaluation sustained release matrix tablet of Furosemide using s natural occurring polymers. Research J. pharm. And Tech. 194):247-257.
[7] Debjit Bhowmik , Chiranjib.B, Sobharam Sahu, Chaya Sahu. Recent trends in Sustained Release Matrix Drug Dejivery System-an overview.
[8] Sahla Jamad , Reza Fassihi. Development of controlled release low dose class -2 drug glipzide. International Journal Of Pharmaceutics 312 (2006) 24-32.
[9] Alexandra Krajacic , Ian G. Tucker , matrix formation in sustained release tablets: possible mechanism of dose dumping. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 251 (2003) 67_/78.
[10] K.Raghuram Reddy , Srinivas Mutalic and Srinivas Reddy once daily sustained release matrix tablets of Nicoandil : Formulation and in vitro Evaluation AAPS PharmSciTech 2003; 4(4) Article 61.