Volume-2 ~ Issue-1
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Patterns of Transfusion Transmitted Infection in Past Ten Years Among Voluntary Blood Donors In Chennai- A Cross Sectional Study |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | S.T.Radhiga || P.Arumugam || S.Kalpana || Mayil Vahanan Natarajan |
 |
: | 10.9790/3008-0210104  |
Abstract : Background: Transfusion transmitted infection (TTI) is a major challenge to the transfusion services all over the world and a major problem in India. The problem of TTI is directly proportionate to the prevalence of the infections in the Blood donor community. It has been made Mandatory to screen for HIV, HBV, HCV, SYPHILIS and MALARIA in India. Hepatitis B and C infections are prevalent in India and carrier rate is about 1-5% and 1%, respectively. Because of low viraemia and the mutant strains are undetectable by routine ELISA, Incidence of Post transfusion hepatitis B&C in India is about 10% only.HIV prevalence among blood donors is different in various parts of the country. . The Department of Transfusion Medicine, at Tamilnadu Dr.M.G.R.Medical University through Voluntary blood donation camps, collected 25,000 number of blood units for the past ten years from 2001 – 2012.Methods: Five ml of blood was collected from each donor, the serum was separated and subjected to screening for "HIV,HBV,HCV, SYPHILIS and MALARIA".. The methods used were ELISA techniques for "HIV, HBV and HCV".Detection for malarial parasites was done by thick film examination and for syphilis, VDRL method was used. Results: Out of 25,000 donors, HIV was 0.01%, HCV -0.08%, HBsAg 0.74% and VDRL Reactivity was 0.03%. None of them were positive for Malaria. Conclusion: Proper vigilance and quality control is needed to prevent this problem. Current syphilis tests may not be sensitive but it should be continued to exclude high-risk donors. Malaria is a real problem for India due to the lack of a simple and sensitive screening test. Total dependence of altruistic repeat voluntary donors and use of sensitive laboratory tests may help Indian blood transfusion services to reduce the incidences of TTIs.
Key words: Transfusion Transmitted Infection, HIV, HCV, VDRL.
Key words: Transfusion Transmitted Infection, HIV, HCV, VDRL.
[1]. Lavanchy D. Hepatitis B virus epidemiology, disease burden, treatment, and current and emerging prevention and control measures: A review. J Viral Hepat 2004; 11:97-107.
[2]. Nancy Singh. NAT: Safe Blood, Safe India. Available from: http://www.expresshealthcare.in/200810/knowledge02.shtml. [Last accessed on 2011 Dec 09].
[3]. Irshad M, Peter S. Spectrum of viral hepatitis in thalassemic children receiving multiple blood transfusions. Indian J Gastroenterol 2002;21:183-4
[4]. Mollah AH, Nahar N, Siddique MA, Anwar KS, Hassan T, Azam MG. Common transfusion-transmitted infectious agents among thalassaemic children in Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr 2003;21:67-71.
[5]. Chattoraj A, Bhel R, Kataria V. Infectious disease markers in blood donors. Med J Armed Forces India 2008;64(1):33-5
[6]. Kaur H, Dhanon J, Pawar G. Hepatitis C infection amongst blood donors in Punjab - a six year study. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2001;19:21-2
[7]. Singh B, Verma M, Verma K. Markers of transfusion associated hepatitis in North Indian blood donors: Prevalence and trends. Jpn J Infect Dis 2004;57:49-51)
[8]. Gupta N, Vijay Kumar, Kaur A. Seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV, and Syphilis in voluntary blood donors. Indian J Med Sci 2004;58:255-7
[9]. Chaudhary IA, Samiullah, Khan SS, Masood R, Sardar MA, Mallhi AA. Seroprevalence of HBV and C among health donors at Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi. Pak Med J 2007;23:64-7.
[10]. Garg S, Mathur DR, Garg DK. Comparison of seropositivity of HIV, HBsAg, HCV and syphilis in replacement and voluntary blood donors in Western India. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2001;44:409-12
[2]. Nancy Singh. NAT: Safe Blood, Safe India. Available from: http://www.expresshealthcare.in/200810/knowledge02.shtml. [Last accessed on 2011 Dec 09].
[3]. Irshad M, Peter S. Spectrum of viral hepatitis in thalassemic children receiving multiple blood transfusions. Indian J Gastroenterol 2002;21:183-4
[4]. Mollah AH, Nahar N, Siddique MA, Anwar KS, Hassan T, Azam MG. Common transfusion-transmitted infectious agents among thalassaemic children in Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr 2003;21:67-71.
[5]. Chattoraj A, Bhel R, Kataria V. Infectious disease markers in blood donors. Med J Armed Forces India 2008;64(1):33-5
[6]. Kaur H, Dhanon J, Pawar G. Hepatitis C infection amongst blood donors in Punjab - a six year study. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2001;19:21-2
[7]. Singh B, Verma M, Verma K. Markers of transfusion associated hepatitis in North Indian blood donors: Prevalence and trends. Jpn J Infect Dis 2004;57:49-51)
[8]. Gupta N, Vijay Kumar, Kaur A. Seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV, and Syphilis in voluntary blood donors. Indian J Med Sci 2004;58:255-7
[9]. Chaudhary IA, Samiullah, Khan SS, Masood R, Sardar MA, Mallhi AA. Seroprevalence of HBV and C among health donors at Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi. Pak Med J 2007;23:64-7.
[10]. Garg S, Mathur DR, Garg DK. Comparison of seropositivity of HIV, HBsAg, HCV and syphilis in replacement and voluntary blood donors in Western India. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2001;44:409-12
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Knowledge About Breast Cancer Risk-Factors, Breast Screening Method And Practice Of Breast Screening Among Female Healthcare Professionals Working In Governmental Hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Seife Teferi Dellie, Teklehaimanot Mezgebe Neguse, Meaza Demissie, A. Durgaprasada rao |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0210512 |
Abstract: Breast cancer in women is a major health burden both in developed and developing countries. Although there is no cancer registry in Ethiopia cervical and breast cancers are the top two cancer types having a lion's share for the high maternal deaths in the country. Stratified random sampling with proportional allocation and systematic random sampling techniques were employed to assess the knowledge of breast cancer risk factors and practice of breast cancer screening methods among female healthcare professionals in governmental hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16 in bivariate analysis. In bivariate analysis age, marital status work experience and educational level had association with study participants' practice of the three breast cancer screening methods. These female health workers who were expected to act as role models and educate the public had adequate knowledge of breast cancer risk factors (85.0%)), BSE (77.6%), CBE (71.4%), and mammography (81.4%) but poor practice of BSE (35.5%), CBE (32.5%) and mammography (16%).Considering their leading role in breast cancer awareness and information dissemination, efforts should be made by Government to improve practice of breast cancer screening methods among female healthcare professionals.
Keywords: Breast Cancer, Breast Cancer Risk-Factors, Breast Screening Method, Practice of Breast Screening
Keywords: Breast Cancer, Breast Cancer Risk-Factors, Breast Screening Method, Practice of Breast Screening
[[1]. American Cancer Society, 2009-2010. Breast Cancer Facts & Figures. Atlanta.
[2]. Parkin, D.M., Whelan, S.I., Ferlay, J. and Storm, H. 2005. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol I–VIII. IARC CancerBase no 6., Lyon, IARC Press.
[3]. Parkin, D.M. and Fernandez, L.M. 2006. Use of statistics to assess the global burden of breast cancer. Breast J 12 (1): 70–80.
[4]. Porter, P. 2008. "Westernizing" women's risks? Breast cancer in lower-income countries. The New England Journal of Medicine 358(3):213–216.
[5]. Curado, MP., Edwards, B. and Shin, H.R. 2007. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. Vol. IX. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. (IARC Scientific Publications no. 160).
[6]. American Cancer Society, 2007-2008. Breast Cancer Facts & Figures. Atlanta.
[7]. American Cancer Society, 2005-2006. Breast Cancer Facts & Figures. Atlanta.
[8]. Smith, R.A., Cokkinides, V. and Eyre, H.J. 2005. American Cancer Society Guidelines for the Early Detection of Cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 55 (1):31-44.
[9]. Ahuja, S., and Chakrabarti, N. 2010. To Determine The Level Of Knowledge Regarding Breast Cancer And To Increase Awareness About Breast Cancer Screening Practices Among A Group Of Women In A Tertiary Care Hospital In Mumbai, India. The Internet Journal of Public Health 1 (1).
[10]. Benjamin, O. A., Susan, B., Susan, L., Robert, A. S., and Stephen, T. 2003. Early detection of breast cancer in countries with limited resources. The breast Journal 9 (1): 51-59.
[2]. Parkin, D.M., Whelan, S.I., Ferlay, J. and Storm, H. 2005. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol I–VIII. IARC CancerBase no 6., Lyon, IARC Press.
[3]. Parkin, D.M. and Fernandez, L.M. 2006. Use of statistics to assess the global burden of breast cancer. Breast J 12 (1): 70–80.
[4]. Porter, P. 2008. "Westernizing" women's risks? Breast cancer in lower-income countries. The New England Journal of Medicine 358(3):213–216.
[5]. Curado, MP., Edwards, B. and Shin, H.R. 2007. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. Vol. IX. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. (IARC Scientific Publications no. 160).
[6]. American Cancer Society, 2007-2008. Breast Cancer Facts & Figures. Atlanta.
[7]. American Cancer Society, 2005-2006. Breast Cancer Facts & Figures. Atlanta.
[8]. Smith, R.A., Cokkinides, V. and Eyre, H.J. 2005. American Cancer Society Guidelines for the Early Detection of Cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 55 (1):31-44.
[9]. Ahuja, S., and Chakrabarti, N. 2010. To Determine The Level Of Knowledge Regarding Breast Cancer And To Increase Awareness About Breast Cancer Screening Practices Among A Group Of Women In A Tertiary Care Hospital In Mumbai, India. The Internet Journal of Public Health 1 (1).
[10]. Benjamin, O. A., Susan, B., Susan, L., Robert, A. S., and Stephen, T. 2003. Early detection of breast cancer in countries with limited resources. The breast Journal 9 (1): 51-59.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Change In Proximate Composition And Microbial Count By Low Temperaturepreservation In Fish Muscle Of Labeo Rohita(Ham-Buch) |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Roopma Gandotra, Meenakshi Koul, Sweta Gupta and Shallini Sharma |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0211317 |
Abstract: The study was designed to investigate the effect of low temperature preservation on the chemical and microbial profile of fish muscle (Labeo rohita) stored for a period of twenty one days. The proximate composition and microbiological analyses were carried out at 7 days interval on muscle of fish during frozen storage. It was found that the protein, lipid, moisture and ash contents decreased significantly (P < 0.05) during the entire storage period. In fresh (unfrozen) samples, protein(15.93±0.04%), fat (3.86±0.04% ), moisture (84.74±0.1%.),and ash content (1.79±0.01%) were found to be the highest ,where as the total percent decrease in frozen samples on 21st day of frozen storage was (12.99% ), (22.27%) , ( 4.60% ) and (24.02% ) for protein, fat, moisture and ash respectively. The microbial count increased gradually during the period of storage. The Total Plate Count in fresh fish muscle on day zero was rather low i.e. 2.44±0.2 log cfu/g as compared to the values found on the 21st day i.e. 5.10±0.02 log cfu/g. The Coliform Count also followed the same trend during the storage. On day zero, a few colonies were found and the CC was 1.50±0.15 log cfu/g where as it increased up to 3.08±0.07 log cfu/g on last day of storage. Similarly Psychrophillic count increased from 2.15±0.2 log cfu/g on day zero to 5.06±0.05 log cfu/g on 21st day. Thus, a significant quality loss was observed in fish during storage. However, the present frozen conditions retained the fish under acceptable microbial conditions for human consumption up to 14th day beyond which it became unfit for human consumption.
Keywords: Frozen period, biochemical, microbial, Labeo rohita
Keywords: Frozen period, biochemical, microbial, Labeo rohita
[1]. Ackman, R. (1989). Fatty acids. In: Marine Biogenic Lipids, Fats and Oils (edited by R.Ackman). CRC Press, Boca Raton: CRC Press., 103–137
[2]. Alasalvar, C., Taylor, K.D.A., Zubcov, E., Shahidi, F., Alexis, M(2002).Differentiation of cultured and wild sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): Total lipid content, fatty acid and trace mineral composition. Food Chem, 79: 145-150
[3]. AOAC (1995). Official Methods of Analysis. 16th Edn., Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC., USA.
[4]. APHA (1984). Compendium of method of microbiological examination of foods. 2nd Edn., American Public Health Association, Washington DC Arannilewa, S.T., Salawu, S.O., Sorungbe, A.A. and Ola-Salawu, B.B. (2005). Effect of frozen period on the chemical, microbiological and sensory quality of frozen, tilapia fish (Sarotherodun galiaenus). African Journal of Biotechnology, 4 (8): 852-855.
[5]. Aubourg, S.P., Pérez-Alonso, F. & Gallardo, J.M. (2004). Studies on rancidity inhibition in frozen horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) by citric and ascorbic acids. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 106, 232–240.
[6]. Bao, H. N. D., Arason, S. and Iorarinsdottir, K.A. (2007). Effects of Dry Ice and Superchilling on Quality and Shelf Life of Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus) Fillets; International Journal of Food Engineering: 3(3)/7: 1-27.
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[8]. Benjakul, S., Visessanguan, W., Thongkaew, C. and Tanaka, M. (2005) Effect of frozen storage on chemical and gel forming properties of fish commonly used for surimi production in Thailand. Food hydrocolloids, 19:197-207
[9]. Bhat, Z.F., Pathak, V., Bukhari S.A.A., Ahmad S.R. and Bhat, H. (2010). Quality changes in Chevon Harrisa (Meat based product) during refrigerated storage. Intr. J. Meat Sci.
[10]. Cappeln, G., Nielsen, J., and Jessen, F. (1999). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 79(8): 1099-1104..
[2]. Alasalvar, C., Taylor, K.D.A., Zubcov, E., Shahidi, F., Alexis, M(2002).Differentiation of cultured and wild sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): Total lipid content, fatty acid and trace mineral composition. Food Chem, 79: 145-150
[3]. AOAC (1995). Official Methods of Analysis. 16th Edn., Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC., USA.
[4]. APHA (1984). Compendium of method of microbiological examination of foods. 2nd Edn., American Public Health Association, Washington DC Arannilewa, S.T., Salawu, S.O., Sorungbe, A.A. and Ola-Salawu, B.B. (2005). Effect of frozen period on the chemical, microbiological and sensory quality of frozen, tilapia fish (Sarotherodun galiaenus). African Journal of Biotechnology, 4 (8): 852-855.
[5]. Aubourg, S.P., Pérez-Alonso, F. & Gallardo, J.M. (2004). Studies on rancidity inhibition in frozen horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) by citric and ascorbic acids. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 106, 232–240.
[6]. Bao, H. N. D., Arason, S. and Iorarinsdottir, K.A. (2007). Effects of Dry Ice and Superchilling on Quality and Shelf Life of Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus) Fillets; International Journal of Food Engineering: 3(3)/7: 1-27.
[7]. Barroso, M., Careche, M., and Borderias, A.J. (1998). Trends in Food Science & Technology, 9(6): 223-229.
[8]. Benjakul, S., Visessanguan, W., Thongkaew, C. and Tanaka, M. (2005) Effect of frozen storage on chemical and gel forming properties of fish commonly used for surimi production in Thailand. Food hydrocolloids, 19:197-207
[9]. Bhat, Z.F., Pathak, V., Bukhari S.A.A., Ahmad S.R. and Bhat, H. (2010). Quality changes in Chevon Harrisa (Meat based product) during refrigerated storage. Intr. J. Meat Sci.
[10]. Cappeln, G., Nielsen, J., and Jessen, F. (1999). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 79(8): 1099-1104..
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Integrating Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy in Agriculture, Biotechnology and Genetic Resources |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Tandan Neeraj and Yadav Seema |
|
: | 10.9790/3008-0211824 |
Abstract: This paper aims to provide a comprehensive background and overview of key issues, debates and positions related to the international regulation and application of intellectual property rights over agriculture, genetic resources, including biotechnology and the use of IPR's as plant and intellectual property protection. It explores the linkages among biological diversity, biotechnology developments and intellectual property with specific view on the relationship between access to biological and genetic resources, agriculture systems and increased poverty levels in India. This paper examines the significance of intellectual property rights in agricultural innovations, genetic resources and biotechnology and the possibilities for the protection through the context of the TRIPS and the WTO agreement on Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. With the growth of private investment in developing country, agriculture, genetic resources, new advances in the biotechnology, and rapid integration of developing countries into the global trading system, intellectual property rights (IPRs) have become an important concern in the agricultural sector. The paper focuses specifically on the case of India and other developing countries, implementing IPRs in agriculture and Biotechnology. Findings indicate that yields grew significantly during the last two decades due to the combination of public investment in hybrid breeding programs that generated new materials offering substantial yield gains, and biological IPRs conferred by hybridization that conveniently need for substantial productivity growth in agriculture.
Key words: Intellectual property rights, Agricultural research and development, Biotechnology, Genetic resources, Plant protection, Farmer's right, India
Key words: Intellectual property rights, Agricultural research and development, Biotechnology, Genetic resources, Plant protection, Farmer's right, India
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[8]. IFAD (2001) "Rural Poverty Report (2001) - The challenge of ending rural poverty", IFAD, Rome, pp. 14-15. Source: http://www.ifad.org/poverty
[9]. ITPGRFA - Article 18.5
[10]. Kolady, D. E., and W. Lesser. (2009). But are they meritorious? Genetic productivity gains under plant intellectual property rights. Agricultural Economics 60 (1): 62–79.
[2]. ALRC, Genes and Ingenuity: Gene patenting and human health , at para. Vol. 7. pp.35.
[3]. Bilski v. Kappos, 130 S. Ct. 3218 (2010), This decision was referred to the recent Supreme Court decision as authority for the proposition that "laws of nature" are not patentable.
[4]. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). (2001). Potential impacts of genetic use restriction technologies (GURTs) on agricultural biodiversity and agricultural production systems. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization.
[5]. Fernandez-Cornejo, J. (2004). The seed industry in U.S. agriculture: An exploration of data and information on crop seed markets, regulation, industry structure, and research and development. Agriculture Information Bulletin AIB 786. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service.
[6]. Foster, W. E., and R. Perrin. (1991). Economic incentives and plant breeding research. Faculty working paper. Raleigh, N.C., U.S.A.: North Carolina State University.
[7]. Fuglie, K., N. Ballenger, K. Day, C. Klotz, M. Ollinger, J. Reilly, U. Vasavada, and J. Yee. (1996). Agricultural research and development: Public and private investments under alternative markets and institutions. Agricultural Economics Report 735. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service.
[8]. IFAD (2001) "Rural Poverty Report (2001) - The challenge of ending rural poverty", IFAD, Rome, pp. 14-15. Source: http://www.ifad.org/poverty
[9]. ITPGRFA - Article 18.5
[10]. Kolady, D. E., and W. Lesser. (2009). But are they meritorious? Genetic productivity gains under plant intellectual property rights. Agricultural Economics 60 (1): 62–79.