iosr-JPBS   Volume-1 ~ Issue-5

Abstract: The growing threat and spread of antibiotic resistance by a wide range of common pathogens has lead to increased investigations into traditional medicinal plants as alternatives. Honey has been used as a medicine since ancient times in many cultures and is still used in 'folk medicine'. It is used widely for healing burnt wounds, but nowadays due to antibiotic resistance organisms honey also took back seat. The present study shows the antibacterial activity of Erytlaria acualis lindau against the bacteria (multidrug resistant bacteria like Pseudomonas aeroginosa, E.coli, and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus) isolated from burnt wound sepsis. Since it was used only for healing and deworming cattle wounds, the present study shows that it can also be used by the humans for the same purpose. Hence it is proved by my grandfather who used the plant extract for his operated wound in leg infected with worms and germs and it also has an efficient healing property. Thus Erytlaria acualis was effective than both honey and antibiotics.
Key Words: Antibacterial activity, Antibiotics, Erytlaria acualis, Honey

[1]. A Bergman, J Yanai, J Weiss.(2001) Acceleration of wound healing by topical application of honey - an animal model. Am J Surg 1983; 145:374-76.
[2]. Alekshun, M & Levy, S. (2001). The line of least resistance. Economist, 359(8220), pp. 71 – 72.
[3]. Andrews, J.M. (2004). Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations.Department of Microbiology [online]. [Cited June 28, 2004] Available from Internet URL http://jac.oupjournals.org/cgi/reprint/48/suppl_1/5
[4]. Andrews.J., Ashby. J., Jevons. G., Lines. N. & Wise. R., (1999) Antimicrobial resistance in Gram-positive pathogens isolated in the UK between October 1996 and January 1997. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 43, pp. 689 – 698.
[5]. Arslan, E., Dalay, C., Yavuz, M., Göcenler, L. & Acarturk, S. (1999). Gram-negative bacterial surveillance in burn patients. Annals of Burns and Fire disasters. 12(2), pp. 1 – 5.
[6]. Bagdonas, R., Tamelis, A. & Rimdeika, R. (2003). Staphylococcus aureus in the surgery of burns. Medicina, 39(11), pp. 1078 – 1081.
[7]. Berkowitz, F.E. (1995). Antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Southern Medical Jourmal, 88, pp. 797 – 804.
[8]. Bodeker, G.C. (2001). Traditional health systems and national policy. The Research Council for Complementary Medicine [online] [Cited March 15, 2002] Available from Internet URL http://www.rccm.org.uk/article_gerry_bodeker.htm
[9]. Boswell, A., Andrews, J.M. & Wise, R. (2001). Comparison of the in vitro activities of four fluoroquinolones against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 48, pp. 445 – 458.
[10]. Bowler, P.G., Deurden, B.I. & Armstrong, D.G. (2001). Wound microbiology and associated approaches to wound management. Clinical Microbiology Reviews,14(2), pp. 244 – 269.

Abstract: Allelopathy is the type of interaction where two organisms interact with each other in positive or in negative manner and it is mediated by secondary metabolites. In the present study, the interaction of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and guava (Psidium guajava L.) with the important pulse crop green gram (Vigna radiata L.) was studied using leaf extracts. Two common varieties of green gram viz., KM-2 and Vamban-2 were used to study the interactions at sub-species level. Among the two tested plants, spinach was most inhibitory on seed germination and seedling growth than guava. At the species level, variation existed, the variety Vamban-2 was more susceptible than KM-2 to both plant extracts.
Key words: Leaf extract, green gram, seed germination, phytotoxicity

[1]. Abdul-baki BAA. and Anderson JD (1973). Relationship between decarboxylation of glutamic acid and vigour in soybean seed. Crop Science, 13: 222-226. [2]. Berens, D.G., Farwig, N., Schaab, G. and Böhning-Gaese, K. (2008). Exotic guavas are foci of forest regeneration in Kenyan farmland. Biotropica, 40: 104-112.
[3]. Chun-Mei Han, Kai-Wen Pan, Ning Wu, Jin-Chuang Wang and Wei Li (2008). Allelopathic effect of ginger on seed germination and seedling growth of soybean and chive. Scientia Horticulturae, 116 (3): 330-336.
[4]. Dave, D.N. and Jain, B.K, (2009). Allelopathic effects of Chenopodim album L. on in vitro seed germination of the Triticum aestivium L., The Journal of Indian Botanical Society, 88: 191-194. [5]. Gaikwad PS, Shete RV and Otari KV. (2010). Spinacia oleracea L. A Pharmacognostic and Pharmacological overview. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy, 1(1), 78-84.
[6]. Ghorbanli, M., Gran A. and Zolfaghary A. ( 2011). The study of Allelopathic potential in three species of Glaucium Mill. on Sinapis arvensis L.Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology 2 (1): 321‐324.
[7]. Guha, D and Das, S. (2008). CNS depressive role of aqueous extract of Spinacia oleracea L. leaves in adult male mice albino rats. Indian J Exp Biol., 46: 185-190.
[8]. Gutierrez, R.M., Mitchell, S and Solis, R.V. (2008). Psidium guajava L. A review of its traditional uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology. J. Ethnopharmacol., 117, 1-27.
[9]. Kavitha, D. Prabhakaran, J and Arumugam, K, (2012): Allelopathic influence of Vitex negundo L. on germination and growth of Green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) and Black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper). International Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine 2(1): 163-170.
[10]. Khaliq A, Matloob A, Cheema ZA and Farooq M (2011). Allelopathic activity of crop residue incorporation alone or mixed against rice and its associated grass weed jungle rice (Echinochloa colona [L.] link). Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research 71(3): 418-423.

Abstract: This study was designed to determine the effects of HIV, Malaria and antiretroviral therapy on some Coagulation Profiles. The Participants were groups as follows; HIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART) with malaria (n=30), HIV on ART without malaria infection (n=29), HIV positive CDC classification stage I not on ART with malaria (n=30), HIV stage II not on ART with malaria (n=31), HIV stage I not on ART without malaria (n=31), HIV stage II not on ART without malaria (n=31), HIV negative without malaria and HIV positive with malaria control participants (n=61). HIV Screening, Malaria (Screening and density count), CD4 count, APTT, prothrombin time (PT), PCV, platelet, white blood cell counts were enumerated by standard laboratory techniques. The result showed that PCV were significantly different (p<0.05) among groups. On comparison within groups, PCV was significantly lower in HIV positive not on ART compared with control participants. Platelet count was significantly higher in HIV on ART compared with HIV positive not on ART (p<0.05). APTT was significantly higher in HIV positive stage II not on ART without malaria compared with HIV positive on ART without malaria. Also PT was significantly higher in HIV on ART with malaria compared with HIV positive stage II not on ART with malaria. This study suggests that the impact of ART improved PCV and Platelet levels and also the possible cause of mild prolongation in prothrombin time. Lupus anticoagulant is likely cause of observed prolonged APTT in HIV positive not on ART.

[1]. Amegor,O.F; Bigila,D.A; Oyesola, O.A; Oyesola, T.O; Buseni, S.T (2009) Haematological changes in HIV patients placed on antiretroviral therapy in Makurdi, Benue State of Nigeria. Asian Journal of Epidemiology; 2:97-103.
[2]. Awodu, O.A; Olayemi, E.E; Bazuaya, G.N ; Onunu, A.N (2010). Lupus anticoagulant in Human Immunodeficiency Virus –infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology; 53:47-49.
[3]. Ballem P.J; Belzberg A; Devine D.V (1992). Kinetics studies of the mechanism of thrombocytopaenia in patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection. New England Journal of Medicine; 327:1779-1784.
[4]. Blockman, D (1991). HIV related thrombocytopaenia. British Journal of Haematology; 99:350-354.
[5]. Chukwurah, F.E; Echeobi, D ; Nneli R.O (2007). Haematological profile of Human immunodeficient seropositive patients on antiretroviral therapy. Implication of Nutrition. Research Journal of Medical Sciences; 1:242-244.
[6]. Clemens R; Pramoolsinsap C; Lorenz R; Pukrittayakamee S; Bock H.L; White N.J (1994). Activaction of the coagulation cascade in severe falciparum malaria through the intrinsic pathway. British Journal of Haematology; 87: 100-105.
[7]. Galli, M; Luciani, D ; Bertolini,G (2003). Lupus anticoagulants are stronger risk factors for thrombosis than anticardiolipin antibodies in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood; 100:1827-1832.
[8]. Ifeanyichukwu M.O ; Onyenekwe C.C ; Ele P.U ; Ukibe N.K ; Meludu S.C ; Ezeani M.C ; Ezechukwu C.C ; Amilo G.I ; Umeanaeto P.U (2011). Evaluation of some cellular immune index in HIV infected participants. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences ; 5 (3) : 1310-1315.
[9]. Jason V. B; Jacqueline N; Daniel D; Leewis H K; Russel; Waldo H B; Stephane D; Fraser D; Clifford H. L; Bruno L; Jenisa L; Daniel E. N; Nicholas I . P and James D. N (2011). Journal of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndromes; 56:36-43.
[10]. Karpatkin, S; Nardi, M ; Green, D (2002). Platelet and coagulation defects associated with HIV-I infection. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis; 88:389-401.

Abstract: The enzyme, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), deficiency leads to impaired production of reduced glutathione and predisposes the red cells to damage by oxidative metabolites, causing hemolysis. Deficient neonates may manifest clinically as hyperbilirubinemia or even kernicterus. Screening for G6PD deficiency and recognition of prevalence of the enzyme deficiency in individual communities have got definite place in the investigation of cases with neonatal jaundice. To determine the frequency and effect of G6PD deficiency the study was conducted in the Special Care Neonatal Unit of Bankura Sammilani Medical College during the period from November 2010 to December 2011. All term and preterm babies up to seventh day of age admitted with clinically evident jaundice were taken for study. Of the total 176 neonates, 24 neonates( 13.63%) had G6PD deficiency, Most are males, Jaundice developed after 24 hrs of life,.The mean age of jaundice was 70.54 hrs. of age. Peak serum bilirubin was < 20 mg/dl in 33.33%, 20.1 to 25 mg/dl in 29.16%, and > 30 mg/dl in 16.66% of cases. with All babies G6PD deficiency was administered phototherapy in the study to avoid high rise in the peak bilirubin level. Out of them13(54.17%n=24) responded to phototherapy alone & 11 (45.83%) neonates in this group required double volume exchange transfusion.
Key words: Hemolysis, Glucose 6 phosphate Dehydrogenase, Jaundice, Phototherapy, Exchange transfusion.

[1]. Beutler E. The glutathione instability of drug sensitive red cells. A new method for the in vitro detection of drug sensitivity. J Lab Clin Med1957; 49: 84-91.
[2]. Mason P. New insights into G6PD deficiency. Br J Haematol 1996; 94: 585–591.
[3]. Bienzle U. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Part 1: Tropical Africa. Clin Haematol 1981; 10: 785–799.
[4]. Baxi AJ, Balakrishnan V, Sanghvi LD. Deficiency of G6PD observations on a sample from Bombay. Curr Sci 1961; 30: 16.
[5]. Naik SN. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in India and its clinical significance. Assoc Phys Ind 1994; 42: 229-234.
[6]. Beutler E. G6PD deficiency. Blood 1994; 84: 3613-3636.
[7]. Bhandari A, Crowell S, Khanna SD. Incidence of glucose-6-phophate dehydrogenase deficiency in jaundice in Punjabi neonates. Ind J Pathol Microbiol 1982; 25: 279-282.
[8]. Beutler E, Blume KG, Kaplan JC, Lohr GW, Ramot B, Valentine WN: International committee for standardization in haematology: Recommended screening test for glucose-6-phosphate dehy-drogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency. Br J Haematol 1979; 43: 465.
[9]. Handa V, Mukherjee RA, Patel RZ, Oza RM. G6PD deficiency in newborns. J Ind Med Assoc 1985; 83: 225-226.
[10]. Kuruvilla KA, Sakumar ST, Jana AK. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in neonatal hyper-bilirubinemia in a south Indian referral hospital.Indian Pediatr 1998; 35: 52- 55.