iosr-JPBS   Volume-1 ~ Issue-4

Abstract: Cannabis sativa is an important source of pollen for Apis mellifera during the period of floral scarcity (May and June) when major flora is absent. Foraging of bees on the herb under experiment took place during morning and evening hours, while during rest of the day activity remained totally ceased. All the Foraging bees were pollen gatherers as the plant provides pollen only. Maximum foraging took place during morning, however pollen was also collected thoroughly by specific sweeping activity and scrabbling behaviour during evening hours. Foraging frequency of bees was more during morning as compared to that at evening. Average pollen load observed was 4mg/bee. Abundance, Foraging behaviour and pollen loads indicated that this annual herb in good source of pollen during dearth period in summer.
Keywords: Apis mellifera , cannabis sativa, foraging behaviour of A. mellifera, pollen

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Abstract: Treatment of progressive blindness of both the eyes was attempted in field condition in horse. In this study, a case of equine was presented and since there was constraint of proper diagnosis and treatment, how the case was successfully managed in field condition was projected. After a careful examination, the treatment protocol included Injections of streptopencillin 2.5 g daily twice intramuscularly along with multivitamin injection Hivit daily once for one week and Inj. Melonex was given 10 ml intramuscularly daily for one week was given. The topical and systemic anti-inflammatory medications i.e. Genticyn- HC drops locally and betnesol eye ointment 0.1% w/w (Glaxo) was used 2-3 times a day. With this we could successfully treat the case within a week period.
Keyword: Leopard; Immobilization; Xylazine-ketamine; Atepamezole

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Abstract: Paraquat (PQ), a known toxic xenobiotic, has been shown to affect the liver adversely. Its effect on cell membrane integrity has led to the release of membrane enzymes to the extracellular fluid resulting to the increased activity of such enzymes, such as Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT). This study, therefore, has demonstrated that the increased GGT activity as a result of PQ toxicity was reduced as a result of subsequent administration of vitamin C to the animals so treated. The dose and time dependent PQ induced toxicity was found to be significantly lower on test subgroups (B2, C2 and D2) when compared to the test subgroups on PQ insult only (B1, C1 and D1). There were health improvement in the antioxidant treated subgroups, such as feeding habit improved, mortality rate reduced, mobility activity increased, eye colour improved and weight-gain increase, when compared to the PQ only treated subgroups. The enzyme activity values of the test groups (B, C and D) were highest at month 3 than months 1 and 2 and, higher at month 2 than month 1, indicating that the increased PQ insult duration resulted to more cellular disruption and increased GGT activity. The control group (A) GGT activity was negligibly altered, maintaining values that were at par even up to the end of the research (Month 3). These findings has demonstrated two things, first is that vitamin C is non-toxic to the animals used and second is that the health index used (GGT) was better appreciated in values of vitamin C treated test subgroups than in the subgroups that were on PQ insult only. It is therefore suggested that vitamin C should be included as supplement, in high-enough dose and duration, in the management of patients under PQ toxicity.
Keywords: Paraquat, Vitamin C, Toxicity, Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase, Xenobiotics, Reactive Oxygen Species.

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Abstract: Organophosphorus compounds induce oxidative stress leading to generation of free radicals and alterations in antioxidant and scavengers of oxygen free radicals. The present study demonstrates the effect of chronic exposure of phorate in causation of oxidative stress in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Phorate was administered orally at doses 0.05, 0.1 and 1 mg/kg of body weight for 60 days. After the administration of doses, the liver and blood samples were analyzed for various parameters of oxidative stress and liver toxicity markers. The results indicated an increase in lipid peroxidation , increase in the levels of aminotransferases (ALT and AST), ALP,ACP, LDH and GGT .Similarly, there was a dose dependent decrease in catalase, superoxide dismutase and GSH in liver at all doses. The level of cytochrome P450 was also found to be enhanced. Histopathological changes confirmed that phorate caused significant structural damages to the liver tissues. These results might perhaps be the first to establish the phorate induced oxidative stress mediated hepatotoxicity in rats.

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