iosr-JPBS   Volume-1 ~ Issue-3

Abstract- The global requirements of recombinant protein have increased exponentially in last one decade in various aspects. The commercial production of recombinant proteins requires an ideal host expression system which effectively meets the demand. Numerous host expression systems have been used to achieve level of expression. Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) have been used ideally for expression of numbers of recombinant proteins from many decades. Though, Escherichia coli Bl21 is quite enough to express recombinant protein in higher fold but often get fails to achieve over expression of protein as essential requirement for today demand. Recently many engineered strains have been implemented in order to bring expression level as per requirement. The complications which arise in the expression of recombinant protein are mainly due to codon bias or inability of vector promoter to utilize host polymerase; while for over-expression of recombinant proteins often inhibit itself due to protein toxicity in conventional expression host systems. Escherichia coli C41 (DE3), Escherichia coli C43 (DE3) and Escherichia coli Rosetta are the refined and engineered strains which have shown over-expression of recombinant protein in recent time. These strains are designed to overcome the complication often limits conventional expression system. Keywords: Codon bias, promoter, Expression, host expression system, Recombinant protein

[1]. Crommelin, D. J. A.; Sindelar, R. D.; Meibohm, B. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; 3rd ed.; Informa Healthcare: New York,2008.
[2]. Devlin TM (1986). Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations,(2ndEdition), John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, USA, p. 165.
[3]. Coombs J (1992). Dictionary of Biotechnology, Second Edition. Stockton Press, 257 Park Avenue South, New York, 10010, USA, p.555.
[4]. White JS, White DC (1997). Source book of enzymes. Boca Raton, CRC Press.
[5]. Alex K Pavlou and Janice M Reichert. 2004. Recombinant protein therapeutics- success rates, market trends and values to 2010. Nature Biotechnology. 22: 1513-1519.
[6]. Fischer R, Drossard J, Commandeur U, Schillberg S and Emans N (1999a) Toward molecular farming in the future: Moving from diagnostic protein and antibody production in microbes to plants.Biotechnol Appl Biochem 30: 101–108.
[7]. Robinson, M., et al. , 1984. Codon usage can affect efficiency of translation of genes in Escherichia coli. Nucleic Acids Res. 12 (17), 6663 – 6671.
[8]. Sharp, P.M., Li, W.-H., 1986. Codon usage in regulatory genes in Escherichia coli does not reflect selection for rare codons. Nucleic Acids Res. 14, 7737 – 7749.
[9]. Urrutia, A.O., Hurst, L.D., 2001. Codon usage bias covaries with expression breadth and the rate of synonymous evolution in humans, but this is not evidence for selection. Genetics 159, 1191 – 1199.
[10]. Urrutia, A.O., Hurst, L.D., 2003. The signature of selection mediated by expression on human genes. Genome Res. 13 (10), 2260 – 2264............................

ABSTRACTS: Otitis media is inflammation of the middle ear. 70 samples (male and female) of ear swab were collected from primary school pupils at school Ezzamgbo, Ohaukwu L.G.A. and community primary school Ibii, Afikpo in Afikpo L.G.A. all in Ebonyi State. 67 samples were positive for these organisms. The bacterial pathogens isolated include Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus epidermidis (47.8%) had the highest incidence of occurrence followed by Staphylococcus aureus (31.3%) and Proteus sp (15%) while the least was Staphylococcus epidermidis (20.9%). The organisms' antibiogram reveals that they were highly sensitive to gentamycin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, cotrimoxazole, ceftriaxone and augmentin. The bacterial pathogens responsible for otitis media are pathogenic, hence attempt should be made to reduce the factors militating the incidence of these pathogens in the community. Despite the effectiveness of these antibiotics which are sensitive against the bacterial pathogens, prudent use of the antibiotics is strongly recommended.
Key: Prevalence, antibiogram, bacterial pathogens, otitis media

1. Acuin JM (2007). Chronic supurative otitis media: A disease waiting for solution. Arch. Pedi. 4(6): 17-19. Lasisi AO, Sulaiman OA and Afolabi OA (2007). Socio-ecnomic status and hearing loss in chronic superlative otits media in Nigeria. Ann. Trop. Parediatr. 27(4): 291-296.
2. Alho OP, Koivu M, Sorri M, Ranta Kallio P (1990). Risk Factors for Recurrent Acute Otitis Media and Respiratory Infection in Infancy, International foundation of Otorlilolarynogy :19: 151-61.
3. Arol B (2005). Antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infection. J. Respir. Med. 99 (3) 250 -255.
4. Berman S (1997). Classification and criteria of Otitis Media. Clin. Microbiol. Infect (Suppl)., 3: 1-4.
5. Bluestone CD and Klein JO (2001). Microbiology. In: Bluestone CD, Klein JO, eds. Otitis Media in Infants and Children. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, P A: W. B. Saunders., PP. 79-1014.
6. Brook I, Frazier E (1996). Microbial dynamics of persistent purulent otitis media in children. J. Pediatr., 128(2): 237-240.
7. Cheesbrough, M. (2006). District laboratory practice in tropical countries, part 2. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, London. PP. 137-150.
8. Damoiseaux R (2005). Antibiotics treatment for acute otitis media: time to think again" A. Med. J. 172(5): 648 – 657.
9. Daly A (1997). Knowledge and attitude about otitis media risk: Implication for prevention. J. padiatrics 100(3): 93-96.
10. Egbe C, Mordi R, Omoregie, R and Enabulele O. (2010). Prevalence of otitis media in Okada community, Edo state, Nigeria. Maced. J. Med. Sci. 3(3):299-302.......................

<

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Antibacterial Activities of Crude Leaf and Bark Extracts of "Icheku" Dialium guineense on Bacterial Isolates from Bronchitis Patients
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Orji, J.O. || Alo, M.N. || Anyim, C. || Okonkwo, E.C.
	:	10.9790/3008-0132125

ABSTRACT : The antibacterial activities of aqueous and ethanolic leaf and bark extracts of Dialium guineense were evaluated against clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus using agar well diffusion technique. The photochemical analysis of Dialium guineense extracts were also carried out. The results showed that the extracts at varying concentrations, exerted antibacterial activities on the test organisms. The highest inhibition diameter (18 mm) at 0.8g/ml was recorded for cold water leaf extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and ethanol extracts inhibited the growth of the bacterial isolates in concentration dependent manner with minimum inhibitory concentration dependent manner with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at 0.2 g/ml. The result of the physicochemical analysis showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin and saponin. These results suggest further exploitation of this material to possibly unveil its potential use for the treatment of diseases caused by the test organisms.
Keywords: Dialium guineense, Antibacterial, phytochemical, bronchitis patients

[1] S.S. Arogba, A.A. Ajiboro and I.J. Odukwe, A physico-chemical study of Nigerian velvet tamarind Dialium guineense L.) fruit. J Sc Food Agric, 66: 533-534 (2006).
[2] M.O. Nwosu, Plant resources used by traditional women as herbal medicine and cosmetics in Southwest Nigeria. Arzte fur Natur Fahr, 41:11 (2000). [
3] A.D. Akinpelu, T.O. Awotorebo, O.M. Agunbiade, A.O. Aiyegoro and I.A. Okoh, Anti-Vibrio and preliminary phytochemical characteristics of crude methanolic extracts of the leaves of Dialium guineense (Wild). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(11): 2398-2404 (2011).
[4] D.E. Okwu and O. Okeke, Phytochemical screening and mineral composition of chewing sticks in South Eastern Nigeria. Glo J Pur Appl Sci, 9(2): 235-238 (2003).
[5] J. Bero, H. Ganfon, M.C. Jonville, M. Frederich, F. Gbaguidi, M.P. De, M. Moudachirou and L.J. Quetin, In vitro antiplasmodial activity of plants used in Benin in traditional medicine to treat malaria. J Ethnopharmacol, 122(3): 439-444 (2009).
[6] M.B. Ibrahim, M.O. Owonubi and J.A. Onulapo, Antibacterial effects of leaf, stem, and root bark of Angiesues leicarpus on Staphylococcus aureus_NLTc6571, Streptococcus pyogenes NCTC 8198, Escherichia coli NCTC 10458 and Proteus vulgaris NCTC 4636. J of Pharmcdent Res Dev 2: 20-26 (2002).
[7] M. Cheesbrough, District laboratory practice in tropical countries, Part 2. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. PP. 137-150 (2006).
[8] C. Agatemor, Antimicrobial activity of aqueous and ethanol extracts of nine Nigerian spices against four food borne bacteria. Elec J Environ Agric Food Chem, 8(3): 195-200 (2009).
[9] J.B. Harborne, Textbook of phtochemical method: Aguide to modern technique of plant analysis. 2nd edition, Champenan and Hall Limited. PP. 99-103. (1974).
[10] B.O. Obadori and P.O. Ochuko, Phytochemical studies and comparative efficacy of the guide extracts of some home state plants in Edo and Delta State of Nigeria. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 81: 203-208 (2001).