iosr-JMCE   Volume-5 ~ Issue-4

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Causes of Schedule Overruns in Pakistani Construction Industry
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	Dr. Tahir Nawaz, Amjad Ali Ikram, Aftab Ahmed Qureshi
	:	10.9790/1684-0540111

Abstract: In the modern construction industry sector there are multiple stakeholders which affect on the time performance of the projects. These have been grouped into five categories which are; the government, consultants, contractors, the clients and other factors. This paper is an attempt to identify and analyze the causes of schedule overruns by targeting the construction industry professionals. In addition to this, pertinent literature on the subject has been studied and made part of this research work. A survey questionnaire was distributed among respondents on time performance of various completed and ongoing construction projects. The major findings and conclusions derived from this paper are; paucity of funds, , rapid market fluctuations, hegemony of market players, ineffectiveness of site management, delay in site mobilization, lack of the modern design software, delay in approvals of shop drawings, frequent changes during execution, lack of involvement of client in planning. These issues can be addressed through adequate supply of funds, quick decisions making, good planning, market stability, site management and timely mobilization and use of Project Management Information System.
Keywords: Causes, Construction, Pakistan, Prime Stakeholders,. Schedule Overruns.

[1] Apolot, 2011, et al, "An investigation into the causes of Delay and Cost Overruns in Uganda's Public Sector Construction Projects".
[2] Baloyi. et al 2011 "Causes of Construction Cost And time Overruns: The 2010 FIFA World Cup Stadia in South Africa", Aeta
Structilia 2011.
[3] E.D. Love, et al 2004, A Rework Reduction Model for Construction Projects,", IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management.
[4] Ford, N. David et al 2008, "Project Controls to Minimize Cost and Schedule Overruns: A Model, Research Agenda, and Initial
Results.
[5] Haseeb, et al 2011, "Causes and Effects of Delays in Large Construction Projects of Pakistan", Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal
of Business and Management Review Vol-1, No.4.
[6] Han, Sueng, et al 2009, "Analyzing Schedule Delay of Mega Projects Lessons Learned From Korea Train Express", IEEE
Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol.56, No.2.
[7] Hoai, et al 2008, "Delay and Cost Overruns In Vietnam Large Construction Project; A Comparison with other Selected Countries",
KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering
[8] Kagapaylan. B, 2008 "Determinants of Project Performance in Russian Construction Industry".
[9] Kasimu M.A, 2012 "Significance Factors that Causes Cost Overruns in Building Construction Project in Nigeria", Interdisciplinary
Journal of Contemporary Research in Business.
[10] Lu-Xinhai et al 2001, "Problems of Projects and Effects of Delays in the Construction Industry of Pa kistan", Australian Journal of
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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Performance Analyses of a Multiple Horizontal Tubes for Steam Condensation
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dharmendra waiker, Ajay Singh, Sunil Patidar, Soniya Parihar
	:	10.9790/1684-0541218

Abstract: This Investigation is carried out to find out the effect of Tube Inclination of Steam Flowing Tube on Steam Condensation. The Steam Condensation Problem on a Vertical Tier of Horizontal Tubes is investigated by both Analytical and Experimental Methods in this Study. A Analytical Method is used to perform the Analysis of Laminar Film Condensation on the Horizontal Tubes. This is capable to calculate Condensate film thickness velocity distribution, and the Heat Transfer Coefficient within the Condensate. An experimental setup was also manufactured to observe the Condensation Phenomenon on Horizontal Tubes. As we know that generally the Saturated Steam produced by the Boiler at 1.0 MPa has the two heat Components: Latent Heat = 70 % Sensible Heat = 30 % So in this Investigation we want to Transfer the Latent Heat from Steam & get a Condensate which already has two Components: CONDENSATE = WATER + SENSIBLE HEAT

Keywords: Condensation, Laminar flow, Horizontal Tube, Inclination, Film Thickness

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Non Linear Static Analysis Of Knee Bracing In Steel Frame Structures
Country	:	India
Authors	:	R.S. Londhe*, M.F.Baig
	:	10.9790/1684-0541925

Abstract: In order to dissipate input earthquake energy in the moment resisting frame (MRF) and concentrically braced frame (CBF), inelastic deformation in main structural members, requires high expense to repair or replace the damaged structural parts. The proposed knee braced frame (KBF) is a steel frame structure in which the diagonal brace provide most of the lateral stiffness and the knee anchor that is a secondary member, provides ductility through flexural yielding. In this paper the results and analysis on affects of knee bracings on steel structure is provided by considering non linear static pushover analysis of knee braced framed structure . various parameters such as ductility , base shear , displacement is studied by analysis of moment resisting frame and other types of knee braced frames on Sap2000. finite element modelling software.

Key Words: knee braced frame, pushover analysis, demand capacity curves, hinge formations, displacement at performance point

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411
[3] J. D. Aristizabal-Ochao, "Disposable Knee Bracing: Improvement in Seismic Design of Steel Frames," J. Struct. Engg., ASCE, No.
7, 112, 1986, pp 1544-1552.
[4] T. Balendra, M. T. Sam, and C. Y. Liaw, "Diagonal Brace with Ductile Knee Anchor for Aseismic Steel Frame," Earthquake Engg.
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[6] P. Khosravi and M. Mofid, "Non-linear analysis of disposable knee Bracing," Computers and Structures 75, 2000, pp 65-72
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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Recent Technologies Using Waste Materials/Byproducts For Sustainable Development
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Satander kumar, Ankit Sharma , Mohit Goel
	:	10.9790/1684-0542633

Abstract: Sustainability and long term performance of concrete structures are the two important criteria with respect to the prevailing environmental conditions. Sustainability can not be sacrificed to attain high strength. High ultimate strength is generally accompanied by a low W/C ratio. This is not, in itself, adequate to satisfy all sustainability related requirements. All types of concrete used in different applications must provide acceptable frost resistance, repeated heat resistance, sufficient fatigue life and adequate serviceability. Such concretes are made with the use of mineral admixture by partly replacing Portland cement or aggregate. Good quality fine particles of waste materials or byproducts particularly mineral admixtures and superplasticizer make the cement concrete sustainable with improved long term performance because of least permeability and very slow chemical reaction with harmful compounds present in the concrete. Granulated blast furnace slag, fly ash and silica fume are the major mineral admixtures which are byproducts of the steel, power and alloy industries which do not require much further processing (grinding or heating etc.) before their use in the concrete except in case of granulated blast furnace slag which need only grinding. Even, the energy consumed by these mineral admixtures and other byproducts of the Industry could be re-utilized also.
Keywords: Sustainable development,self compacting concrete,white topping

[1] IS: 1077 – 1992 Common Burnt Clay Building Bricks – Specifications
[2] S: 3495 – 1992 Methods of Tests of Burnt Clay Building Bricks – Part –1 Determination of Compressive Strength
[3] IS: 3495 – 1992 Methods of Tests of Burnt Clay Building Bricks – Part –2 Determination of Water Absorption
[4] IS: 3495 – 1992 Methods of Tests of Burnt Clay Building Bricks – Part –3 Determination of Efflorescence
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[6] IS: 2248 – 1992 Glossary of Terms Relating to Structural Clay Products for Building
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[8] IS: 1905 – 1987 Code of Practice for Structural Use of Unreinforced Masonary
[9] IS: 3316 – 1974 Specification for Structural Granite
[10] IS: 3620 – 1979 Specification for Laterite Stone Block for Masonry