IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-4 ~ Issue-4 ~ May–June 2013

Abstract: Wheat is a second major staple food crop in south Asia after, rice. The wheat acreage to South Asia (India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh) is more than 36 million hectare (FAO 2007). But it is also seems less to fulfill the needs of population. Different environmental factors and pollutants decrease its yield further. Aluminum decreases its root- shoot length and biomass at different concentrations; but nutrient supply decreases the toxic effects.

[1]. ATSDR, 2006. Draft toxicological profile for aluminum. Atlanta, US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. [2]. Bartlett, R. J. and Riego, D. C.1972. Effects of chelation on the toxicity of aluminum. Plant & Soil 78: 79-84.
[3]. CEPA. 2000. State of the Science Report for Aluminum chloride, Aluminium nitrate, and Aluminium sulphate. Canadian Environmental Protection Act. [4]. Darko, E., Ambrus, H., Banyai, E. S., Fodor, J. Bakos, F. and Barnabas, B. 2004. Aluminum toxicity, Al-tolerance and oxidative stress in an aluminum sensitive wheat genotype and in Al-tolerant lines developed by in vitro microspore selection. Plant Sci. 166: 583-591.
[5]. Diaz, D. R. 2011 Symptoms of aluminum toxicity of wheat on low-pH soils. AG Professonal magazine
[6]. FAO 2007. Statistical database http://www. fao-stat.fao.org
[7]. Guo, T.R., Zhang, G.P., Lu, W.Y., Wu, H.P., Wu, F.B., Chen, J.X. and Zhou, M.X., 2003. Effect of Al on dry matter accumulation and Al and nutrients in barleys differing in Al tolerance. Plant Nutri . Ferti. Sci. 9: 324–330.
[8]. Guo, T.R., Zhang, G.P., Zhou, M.X., Wu, F.B. and Chen, J.X., 2007. Influence of aluminum and cadmium stresses on mineral nutrition and root exudates in two barley cultivars. Pedosphere 17: 505–512.
[9]. Jiang, H.X., Chen, L.S., Zheng, J.G., Han, S., Tang, N. and Smith, B.R. 2008. Aluminum-induced effects on Photosystem II photochemistry in citrus leaves assessed by the chlorophyll a fluorescence transient. Tree Physiol. 28:1863-1871.
[10]. Keltjens, W.G. 1995. Magnesium uptake by Al-stressed maize plants with special emphasis on cation interactions at root exchange sites. Plant and Soil 171: 141–146.

Abstract: A sample lead seal is being prepared in a HPDC D250 machine. In which the experiment is being done by collecting the various parameters affecting the causes for a defect in a component, Where the affecting parameters are pouring temperature ranging from (400-450)OC, tool temperature (80-110) OC, pouring time (1.8-4.5) seconds and cooling medium (air and oil). This experiment was conducted at room temperature; the data's have been collected at various trails and being interrupted by statistical analysis software to find the significance of various parameters affecting the defect in the component. Design of experiment (DOE) by Taguchi method is being conducted by generating an orthogonal array. A response for defect is being input into the worksheet and analysis is being carried out. The signal-to-noise ratio graph shows you the various parameters affecting in a each defect such as blowhole, bubble and flash defect .Taguchi method is evident to conclude that major significance is caused by pouring Temperature for blowhole defect, pouring time influences the major bubble defect in a component and the flash defect is being signified by major parameters like tool temperature and cooling medium.

Keywords- high pressure die casting, blowhole, bubble and flash.

[1]. North American Die Casting Association (2009), 241 Holbrook Drive, Wheeling, IL 60090
[2]. Copyright © 2009 eFunda, Inc.
[3]. ASM Handbook Volume 15, Casting (2008 Edition).
[4]. http://www.diecasting.org/faq/ downloaded on 15 March , 2010
[5]. DYCOT Manuals of Foseco GmbH, Germany.
[6]. http://www.kenwalt.com/DiecastingAlloys.pdf downloaded on 15 March, 2010.
[7]. http://www.custompartnet.com/wu/InjectionMolding downloaded on 15 March, 2010.
[8]. Hallam C.P. and Griffiths W.D., (2004), "A model of interfacial heat transfer coefficient for the aluminium die casting proce ss",
Metallurgical and materials transactions B, vol.35B, pp. 723.
[9]. Zhi-Peng a Guo, Shou-Mei a Xiong, Bai-cheng a Liu, Bai-cheng a Liu, Li b Mei, Allison b Jhon.,(2008)"Determination of the heat
transfer coefficient at metal-die interface of high pressure die casting process of AM50 alloy" International journal of heat and mass
transfer 51, pp. 6032-6038.
[10]. Zhi-Peng a Guo, Shou-Mei a Xiong, Bai-cheng a Liu, Bai-cheng a Liu, Li b Mei, Allison b Jhon. (2008), "Effect of process
parameter, casting thickness and alloys on the interfacial heat transfer coefficient in the high pressure die casting pr ocess"
Metallurgical and material transactions A, The minerals, metals and materials society and ASM international 2008. Vol.39A.pp.
2896.

Abstract: The senior staff members of the Federal University of Technology Minna (F U. T) are placed with the enormous task of directing students towards their future aspirations. The accumulated strain caused by the daily activities carried out by the staff members leaves them tired and stressed. This state of mind could evolve and may cause deep psychological problems like high-blood pressure, sleep deprivation and aggressive or anti-social behaviours. The advancement in medical technology has provided various means to cure most of these ailments associated with stress. Although one does not disregard these orthodox and conventional therapies or remedies, rather one sees a possibility to alleviate stress related problems of senior staff by evoking the senses in an environment whose visible features have been modified through landscaping. Pertinent information collected from the University's academic planning office showed that the staff/student ratio was higher in most departments than the required standards stipulated by the Nigerian Universities commission (N.U.C). This indicates a high probability that senior staff members are overworked. Results obtained in the field work provided interesting results. The responses provided by staff tallied significantly with general data provided by researched sources and the conclusion arrived at shows that introducing a carefully planned landscaped environment designed to incorporate selected plants and features will have restorative effects on staff members by stimulating their emotions positively thereby alleviating the incurred stress levels.

Keywords: evoking, landscaping, orthodox, restorative effects, strain, stress,

[1]. American Psychological Association [APA], (2004). Different Kinds ofStress. Retrieved February OS, 2008, from APA Website http://www.apahelpcenterorg/articies/article.php'?id=21
[2]. Benchmark and minimum academic standard- Engineering technology: p.9 National University Commission
[3]. Bone, P.F. and Ellen, P.S. (1999). Scents in the market place: Explaining a function of olfaction. Journal of retailing 75(2), 243-262
[4]. Ellen .J, Smith. M, Larson. H, Segal. 1.(2007). Understanding Stress: Signs, Symptoms. causes and effects .. Retrieved on January 12,2008 from Help guide.org Website. www.helpguide.org/mentallstress signs.html. Last modified on: 1211312007
[5]. Landscape Architecture (2006). Landscaping updated June 2, 2006. Retrieved January 05,2007 from landscaping Web site: http://www.elandscaping.irlcitvofseaTac.
[6]. Little Monkey Murals (2007). How colour a.ffects mood, your environment and your well-being. Retrieved on June 29, 2007 from little Monkey Murals Web site: http://littiemonkeymurals.comlindexgreen.htm
[7]. New standard Encyclopedia (1984). Colour, in:vo14, pp 459-464. Chicago, Dlinois, U.S.A, Standard Educational Corporation.
[8]. Smith. S and Pergola 1. (2002). Stress Management Strategies. Retrieved on January 12, 2008 from National AG Safety Data Base Website:http://www. cdc.gov/nasd/index.htrnl
[9]. Sustainable Urban Landscape Information Services (SULIS), (2006). Healing Gardens. Retrieved July 26, 2007, from SUUS Web site http://sustland. Unm.eduidesignlhealinggardens. html
[10]. Tim, 1. (2007). Smell (Olfaction): A Tutorial on the sense of smell. Cardiff University, U'K. Last update on March 23, 2007. Retrieved July 26,2007 from http://SMELL.html

Abstract: The present investigation was carried on the diversity and distribution of mangroves in Kumbalam Island of Ernakulam district to study the present status of mangrove vegetation. In the present investigation, the diversity and distribution of mangrove vegetation were studied since 2010. In order to study the distribution pattern of mangrove species, Quadrat analysis was adopted in the study site. From the study, 7 species of true mangroves, 2 species of semi-mangroves and 8 species of mangrove associates were identified. In kumbalam, the major obstacle for the conservation of mangrove vegetation is the population pressure and most of the mangrove vegetation areas belonged to the private properties. The present study revealed that mangroves in Kumbalam Island are under threat. At present, all these species are at serious risk as no systematic attempt has been made to conserve them. Therefore, by emphasizing the need for urgent and determined to conserve Kumbalam mangrove ecosystem in situ.

Key Words: True mangroves, Semi-mangroves, Mangrove associates, dwindling populations and threats

[[1] H.A. Mooney, J.R. Lubchenco, Dirzo and O.E.Sala, Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: ecosystem analysis. In: V.H. Heywood and R.T. Watson (eds.) Global Biodiversity Assessment, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 1995, 387-393.
[2] A.E. Lugo, S. Brown, and M.M. Brinson, Concepts in Wetland Ecology. In: A.E. Lugo, M.M. Brinson and S. Brown (eds). Amsterdam: Ecosystems of the World 15, Forested Wetlands. Elsevier, 1990, 53-85.
[3] R.R. Twilley, R.H. Chen, and T. Hargis, Carbon sinks in mangroves and their implications to carbon budget of tropical coastal ecosystems. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 64, 1992, 265-288.
[4] A.G. Tansley and F.E. Fritsch, Sketches of vegetation at home and abroad; The flora of the Ceyton Littoral, New Physiol.4, 1905, 27-55.
[5] S.C. Basha, Mangroves of Kerala- A fast disappearing asset, Indian forester. 120(2), 1992, 175-189.
[6] C.V.Kurien, Fauna of the mangrove swamps on Cochin estuary, In.Proc.Asian.Sym.mangrove. Kaula Lampur: Enviorn.res.Manage.Univ.Malaya, 5, 1980.
[7] K.K. Ramachandran, G. Balasubramanian, J. Kurien, and J. Thomas, The mangrove ecosystem of Kerala, its mapping inventory and some environmental aspects. Project report (1984-1985). Thiruvananthapuram: State Committee on Science,Technology and Enviornment, 1985.
[8] K.K. Ramachandran, C.N. Mohanan, G. Balasubramanian, J. Kurien, and J. Thomas, The mangrove ecosystem of Kerala, its mapping inventory and some environmental aspects. Project report (1985-1986). Thiruvananthapuram: State Committee on Science,Technology and Enviornment, 1986.
[9] L.K. Banerjee, A.R.K. Sashtry and M.P. Nayar, Mangrove in India, Identification Manual. Botanical Survey of India, Govt. of India, 1989.
[10] S.C. Basha, Distribution of Mangroves in Kerala. Indian forester, 117(6), 1991, 439-448.