IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-10 ~ Issue-9 ~ September 2016

Abstract: In the present world population is 7 billion with a growth rate of 1.1% per year. The twentieth century world saw a rapid increase in fossil fuel consumption. The energy percentage of fossil fuels are 80% (Oil & Gas 63%, Coal: 27%) of the total energy. World crude oil demand grew at an average rate of 1.76% per year. Oil and gas consumption is essential to sustaining economic growth in the industrialized world and is key to progress in nations working their way toward prosperity. The oil and gas industry is a truly global industry, it is extended from Alaska to Australia and Peru to China, and in every habitat from Arctic to desert, from tropical rainforest to temperate wood land, from mangrove to offshore..........

KeyWords: World Oil Industry, Oil Spill, Environmental Impact, Controlling Measures

[1] Crain.E. R, P.Eng, "A True History of Oil and Gas Development‟, Canadian Well Logging Society, 2000, P. 1-4
[2] J. Longwell, Harry. "The Future of the Oil and Gas Industry: Past Approaches and New Challenges, World Energy, Vol.5, No.3, 2002, P.101
[3] Mansor shattri & seyedeh zahra pourvakhshouri, Oil spill management via decision support system, 2003, P.1 – 9.
[4] Mandryk Wally, Lloyd‟s Marine Intelligence Unit, International Maritime Statistics Forum, 2009, P. 8 – 12.
[5] Nicolas Bornozis, A Review of Global Shipping Market, Greek Shipping is a Global Leader, P.6.

Abstract: The study determined the effect of debittering methods on the quality of flours prepared from orange seeds. Orange seeds were removed from orange fruits, washed and then sundried at 30 ± 2˚C for 8h. Orange seeds (20kg) were soaked in water for 12h, boiled for 40, 80, 120, and 160min respectively. The boiled seeds were dehulled, ovendried (60 ˚C for 14h) grounded and defatted, milled and sieved. Flours were analyzed for proximate composition, sensory and functional properties.........

KeyWords: Debittered orange seed flour, Debittering methods, Functional properties, Orange seed, Pasting properties, Proximate composition.

[1]. E. I. Oikeh, K. Oriakhi, and E. S. Omoregie, Proximate analysis and photochemical screening of citrus sinensis fruit wastes. The Bioscientist, 1(2), 2013, 164 - 170.
[2]. M. B. Atta, and M. G. El-Shenawi, (2013). Functional properties and in-vitro digestibility of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) seed flour. Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Sciences, 3, 2013 042 - 047.
[3]. S. S. Kulwant, and K. S. Minhas, Handbook of fruits and fruit processing: oranges and citrus juices. (Oxford, United Kingdom, Blackwell Publishing, 2006) 322 - 325.
[4]. B. B. LalKaushal, and N. K. Thakur, Pilot scale debittering of kinnow juice using adsorbent amberlite XAD-16. Journal of Science and Industrial Research, 60, 2001, 896 - 899.
[5]. A. N. Siddiqui, D. N. Kulkarni, K. D. Kulkarni, and M. Z. Mulla (2013). Studies on debittering of sweet orange juice. World Journal of Dairy and Food Sciences, 8 (2), 2013, 185 – 189.

Abstract: An efficient method was developed for the simultaneous determination of sunset yellow and azorubine in carbonated orange flavor soft drink samples by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV-Vis). Affecting parameters on separation and detection of the dyes were investigated and optimized. For these dyes good linearity (0.25–50 mg L-1, > r2=0.99) were obtained. Limits of detection for both of the dyes were 0.1 mg L-1. The recoveries of the dyes ranged from 92 to 102%. Intra and inter-day precision expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD%) at 5.0 and 50 mg L-1 levels less than 8.0% were also achieved........

KeyWords: Synthetic dyes, High performance liquid chromatography, Sunset yellow, Azorubine, Carbonated orange flavor soft drinks.

[1]. R.P. Heaney and K. Rafferty, Carbonated beverages and urinary calcium excretion. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 74, 2001, 343–347.
[2]. V.S. Malik, M.B. Schulze and F.B. Hu, Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: A systematic review. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 84, 2006, 274–278.
[3]. G. Wyshak, R.E. Frisch, T.E. Albright, N.L. Albright, I. Schiff and J. Witschi, Nonalcoholic carbonated beverage consumption and bone fractures among women former college athletes. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 7, 1989, 91–99.
[4]. S.P. Alves, D. Mares Brum, E.C. Branco de Andrade and A.D.P. Netto, Determination of synthetic dyes in selected foodstuffs by high performance liquid chromatography with UV-DAD detection. Food Chemistry, 107, 2008, 489–496.
[5]. N.E. Llamas, M. Garrido, M.S. Di Nezio and B.S. Fernandez, Band Second order advantage in the determination of amaranth, Sunset yellow FCF and Tartrazine by UV–vis and multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares. Analytica Chimica Acta, 655, 2009, 38–42..

Abstract: Despite the great role played by education in creating knowledge, developing skills and attitudes among people, little climate change content exists in taught curricula especially in most developing countries. This study therefore aimed at undertaking a survey on Kenya's situation to establish steps made in infusing such content into the taught curriculum and challenges that come with such efforts. The study targeted heads of selected subjects (Agriculture, Biology, Chemistry, Physics, History, Christian Religious Education, Geography and Business Studies) from Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development. The.........

KeyWords: Challenges, Climate Change, Infusion, Successes, Taught Curriculum.

[1]. Aja, S. (2015). Addressing the Challenges of Climatic Change through Environmental Education for Sustainable Universal Basic Education Programme in Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS). Volume 20 (11), PP 10-13.
[2]. Bangay C. and Blum N. (2010). Education Responses to Climate Change and Quality: Two parts of the same agenda? International journal of Educational Development. 30(4): 335-450
[3]. Bloom, D. Canning, D. and Chan, K. (2005). Higher Education and Economic Development in Africa. Harvard University Press: Harvard.
[4]. Chakeredza S., Temu, A., Yaye, A., Mukingwa, S., & Saka, K. (2009). Mainstreaming Climate Change into Agricultural Education: Challenges and Perspectives. ICRAF Working Paper, 82. Nairobi, Kenya: World Agroforestry Centre. Debating policy Options for National Development; Enugu Forum Policy Paper 10; African Institute for Applied Economics (AIAE); Enugu Nigeria, 13-18.
[5]. Damtew Wolde (2008). The Role of Education in Addressing Environmental Problems and Sustainable Development of Ethiopia. Institute of Educational Research (IER), 15(2), pp1-38, Addis Ababa University.