iosr-JEEE   Volume-8 ~ Issue-3

Abstract: In this Paper, Unit commitment integration with vehicle-to-grid and Renewable Energy Resources (UC-V2G-RES) is developed. The aim of this study is to provide a cost-emission reduction solution to the smart grid. The proposed solution comprised of four steps: data clustering, economic load dispatching, sources' variables optimization and cost-emission values calculation. The Optimization is done using Genetic Algorithm (GA) to fulfill a large number of practical constraints, meet the forecast load demand calculated in advance, plus spinning reserve requirements at every time interval such that the total cost and emissions are minimum. It includes intelligently scheduling on/off states of existing generating units and large number of gridable vehicles with V2G technology in addition to time varying RESs during a full day (24 Hours). The results obtained validated to a reasonable extent the effectiveness of integrating V2G and RESs with the smart grid. The analysis and results are presented and discussed.

Keywords: Genetic algorithms, costs, environmental management, solar power generation, wind power generation, Electric vehicles.

[1] A.Y.Saber, and G.K.Venayagamoorthy, "Plug-in Vehicles and Renewable Energy Sources for Cost and Emission Reductions, " IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 1229-1238, Apr. 2011.

[2] A.Y.Saber, and G.K.Venayagamoorthy, "Efficient Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources by Gridable Vehicles in Cyber-Physical Energy Systems", IEEE Systems Journal, vol.4, Issue.3, pp. 285 – 294, Sept. 2010.

[3] W. Kempton, and J. Tomi´c, "Vehicle-to-grid power fundamentals: Calculating capacity and net revenue, " Journal of Power Sources, vol.144, pp. 268–279, Apr. 2005.

[4] California ISO, "Market Performance Report October 2011," CAISO, Outcropping Way Folsom, California 95630 (916) 351-4400, pp.14, Nov 2011.

[5] J.Klein, "Comparative Costs of California Central Station Electricity Generation", California Energy Commission, CEC-200-2009-017-SD, pp.28, Jan 2009.

[7] California ISO, "Integration of Renewable Resources, Operational Requirements and Generation Fleet capability at 20% RPS", pp.29, Aug 2010.
[8] http://www.nrel.gov/electricity/transmission/resource_forecasting.html

Abstract: In India, the quality of the grid supply in some places is characterized by large voltage and frequency fluctuations, scheduled and unscheduled power cuts and load peak restrictions. Load shedding in many cities in India due to power shortage for which there is no immediate remedy in the near future since the gap between the power demand and supply is increasing every year. Cogeneration is another alternative to meet the peak load demand. This paper gives the information of effective usage of solar power during peak demand. Peak demand management system will automate the building's usage of electricity during peak periods, resulting in significant reduction load requirement from grid. The system requires both the grid and demand-side entities with infrastructure to support the exchange of signals. The grid entity puts in place infrastructure capable of communicating demand response signals to their customer's automation equipment and the customer installs equipment capable of receiving these signals. Furthermore the signals are typically relayed to existing facility control systems where demand response strategies have been pre-programmed to execute the appropriate load control.

Keywords: Load Shedding, Peak Demand, GSM, Captive Power, Demand-Side Management

[1] Kirschen, D., Strbac, G., Cumperayot, P., and de Paiva Mendes, D. 2000. Factoring the elasticity of demand in electricity prices. Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, 15(2):612 –617.
[2] Md. Mondal and A. Islam, potential and viability of grid connected solar PV system in Bangladesh, Renewable energy 36, 2011, pages (1869-1874).
[3] B. Turkay, A. Telli, Economic analysis of standalone and grid connected hybrid energy systems, renewable energy 36, 2011, pages (1931-1943).
[4] Al-Alawi, S. and Islam, S. 1996. Principles of electricity demand forecasting. i. methodologies. Power Engineering Journal, 10(3):139 –143.
[5] G. Mulder, F. De Ridder and D. Six, electricity storage for grid-connected household dwellings with PV panels, solar energy 84, 2010, pages (1284-1293).
[6] H. Kanchev, D. Lu, F. Colas, V. Lazarov, and B. Francois, "Energy management and operational planning of a microgrid with a PV-based active generator for smart grid applications," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2011.
[7] J. Taneja, D. Culler, and P. Dutta. Towards Cooperative Grids: Sensor/Actuator Networks for Renewables Integration. In SmartGridComm, October 2010.
[8] T. Zhu, A. Mishra, D. Irwin, N. Sharma, P. Shenoy, and D. Towsley. Efficient Renewable Energy Management for Smart Homes. In BuildSys, November 2011.
[9] R. Perez, S. Letendre, and C. Herig, PV and Grid Reliability: Availability of PV Power during Capacity Shortfalls, Proc. ASES Annual Conference, Washington,DC, 2001

Abstract: The effect of corona on high-voltage transmission lines is one of the causes power loss and this is uneconomical and undesirable. The study of corona and factors responsible for the loss is investigated through sample calculation based on Peek's formula and the results are then simulated through matlab program. This paper presents the relations between power loss due to corona to corona parameters through matlab programs and suggests some possible steps taken to minimize corona loss.

Keywords: Corona, power loss, peek's formula, high voltage transmission lines, Peek's formula.

[1] Wadwah C. L "Electric Power System," chennai New Age International Publisher Ltd. 2006

[2] Mehta V. K, Mehta R, "Principles of Power System," S. Chand, New Delhi, 2004.

[3] Gupta B. R, "Power system analysis and design," S. Chand, New Delhi, 2007.

[4] Curt Harting (2010). AC Transmission Line Losses.htm

[5] Gupta J. B. A course in power system. New Delhi, 2008 [6] Anumaka (2012). Nigerian 330kv Interconnected Power Systelm

[7] International conference on Large High Voltage Electric System, Interference Produced by Corona Effect on Electric Systems, Paris. 1974.

[8] Leonard Loeb(1965). Electrical Coronas. Their Basic Physical Mechanisms. University of California Press M. Bowles, "State Electricity Profiles 2008," US Energy Information Administration, DOE/EIA0348(01).2010

. [9] Hayt. W and Buck, Engineering Electromagnetics (Mcgraw-Hill,2006). PP346, 486

[10] Instruction Manual 661. "Partial Discharge (Corona) Testing Equipment" Biddle instruments, James G. Biddle Co. Plymouth Meeting, Peninsylvania 19462