iosr-JEEE   Volume-7 ~ Issue-2

Abstract: Thunderstorms and Lightning are climate related, highly localized phenomena in nature known for devastating consequences. These consequences can be seen on power sector which is the lifeblood of modern human activities. As warmer world would be responsible for increased lightning activity, power sector is going to be affected by future climate change and increased lightning activity. This climate change and increased lightning activity introduces new and complex risk factors affecting the power sector's operational performance and resulting in severe damages and blackouts. In this paper how climate change and lightning are correlated and what would be there future impacts on modern power system and how successful the sector will be in tackling the dual challenges of climate change and increased lightning activity are studied. The possible mitigation and corrective actions to be considered by the utility companies and how the development of climate and lightning database to get accurate forecasting would help the utility companies to overcome the impacts of climate change and increased lightning activity are discussed.

Keywords: Blackouts, Climate Change, Lightning, Power sector, Renewable energy.

[1] Colin Price "Thunderstorms, Lightning and Climate Change" 29th International Conference on Lightning Protection, -Uppsala, Sweden, (23rd-26th, June 2008).
[2] Pinto, O., Jr., And I. R. C. A. Pinto (2008), "On the Sensitivity of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning activity to surface air temperature changes at different timescales in Sa˜O Paulo, Brazil", J. Geophys. Res., 113, D20123, DOI: 10.1029/2008JD009841, (2008).
[3] United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2007). "Climate Change 2007" Synthesis Report-Fourth Assessment Report, (2007).
[4] Yoav Yair, Barry Lynn, Colin Price, Vassiliki Kotroni, Konstantinos Lagouvardos, Efrat Morin, Alberto Mugnai, Maria Del Carmen Llasat. "Predicting the potential for lightning activity in Mediterranean Storms based on the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model dynamic and Microphysical Fields". Journal of Geophysical Research, DOI: 10.1029/2008JD010868, pp-115(D4), (2010).
[5] Moriah Kohn, Eli Galanti, Colin Price, Kostas Lagouvardos, Vassiliki Kotroni. : "Nowcasting thunderstorms in the Mediterranean region using lightning data". Atmospheric Research, DOI:10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.08.010, pp-100(4) 489, (2011).
[6] Zhang Yijun, Ma Ming, Lu Weitao, Et Al.: "Review on Climate Characteristics of Lightning activity". Acta. Meteor. Sinica, 24(2), pp137-149, (2010).
[7] Christian Bouquegneau, Vladimir Rakov "How Dangerous is lightning?" Dover Publications, ISBN-13:978-0-486-47704-6, pp-116, (2010)
[8] Pan L X, Qie X S, Liu D X, "The Lightning activities in Super Typhoons over the Northwest Pacific". Sci. China Earth Sci., DOI: 10.1007/S11430-010-3034-Z, 53: pp-1241-1248, (2010).
[9] Colin Price1, Mustafa Asfur And Yoav Yair. "Maximum Hurricane Intensity preceded by Increase in Lightning Frequency", Nature Geoscience, Published Online: 6 April 2009 | DOI: 10.1038/ngeo477, (2009).
[10] EPRI Report "Mitigating Cascading Outages on Power Systems: Recent Research Approaches and Emerging Methods", EPRI, Palo Alto, Ca: 2005. 1010701, (2005)

Abstract: Assessment of energy intake and expenditure is an important criteria for nutrition care plan. Equation for predicting Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) or Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) is based on body weight, height, sex and FFM. Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) is an important parameter, which estimate metabolic rate in obese and underweight individuals. Different formulas are used to estimate energy requirements in Indian health clinics. But to our no precise study has has been done in this area, so far. The aim of the present paper was to develop and predict Resting Energy Expenditure, for Indian subjects. For this 100 Indian subjects, participated in the study whose Human Body composition parameters, like sex, Impedance, RMR, BMI (Basal Metabolic Index), were measured experimently by Maltron-II Body composition Analyser. Two different sets of Resting Energy Equations were developed. First with sex, age, weight and Impedance Index at different frequencies of 5 KHz, 50KHz, 100KHz and 200 KHz. Second with independent variables as FM, FFM and age and sex.The results obtained were then validated with the Maltron-II Body composition analyser and it was found that the results were in close proximity with the results obtained from instrument. In addition to this statistical Analysis of the data is carried out with the help of statistical software R version (2.9.2) which is useful to study the correlation obtained from the the Instrument, and that obtained by scientists. Further different other parameters of statistics is formulated in tabular form.

Keywords: Bio Electrical Impedance Analysis, Body composition models, Body density (BD), Fat mass, Fat Free Mass (FFM), Resting Energy Expenditure (REE), Body Mass lndex(BMI).

[1] Bouchard C & Blair SN (1999) introductory comments for the consensus on physical activity and obesity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 31, Suppl. 11, S498–S501.

[2] Dietz WH, Bandini LG, Morelli JA, Peers KF & Ching PL (1994) Effect of sedentary activities on resting metabolic rate. Am J Clin Nutr 59, 556–559.

[3] Derumeaux BH, Meyer M, Morin L and Boirie Y (2004) Prediction of resting energy expenditure in large population of obese children, Am J Clin Nutr 80, 1544-1550

[4] Ekelund U, Aman J, Yngve A, Renman C, Westerterp K & Sjostrom M (2002) Physical activity but not energy expenditure is reduced in obese adolescents: a case-control study. Am J Clin Nutr 76, 935–941.

[5] Flatt JP (2001) Macronutrient composition and food selection. Obes Res 9, Suppl. 4, 256S–262S. [6] Goswami PN.Thesis under the supervision of Dr. Munna Khan ;Prediction and measurement of Human Body composition using Non-Invasive technique;2010.

[7] Harris JA and Benedict FG .A Biometric Study of Basal Metabolism in Man. Washington, DC: (1919) Carnegie Institute of Washington.

[8] Heyward VH, Wagner DR. .Applied Body Composition, 2nd Edition.Champain, IL: Human Kinetics, 2004

[9] Ismail MN, Ng KK, Chee SS, Roslee R, Zawiah H. Predictive equations for the estimation of basal metabolic rate in Malaysian adults. Mal J Nutr. 1998;4:81-90.

[10] Lazzer S, Boirie Y, Bitar A, Montaurier C, Vernet J, Meyer M &Vermorel M (2003) Assessment of energy expenditure associated with physical activities in free-living obese and nonobese adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 78, 471–479.

Abstract: Assessment of customer power supply reliability is an important part of distribution system operation and planning. Distribution system reliability assessment is a measure of continuity and quality of power supply to the consumers, which mainly depends on interruption profile, based on system topology and component reliability data. The paper mainly describes about the radial Distribution system reliability is evaluated in two methods. One by placing capacitor at weak voltage nodes for improvement of voltage profiles, reducing the total losses. Second way by improving reliability indices by placing protective equipment (isolators) in the feeder. This paper present an effective approach for real time evaluation of distribution power flow solutions with an objective of determining the voltage profiles and total losses. To improve the voltage profiles and reducing losses by placing capacitors at weak voltage profile nodes using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. The Distribution System Reliability Indices are also calculated for the existing radial distribution system before and after placement of isolator. In this paper we have considered the load diversity factor for analysis of load data for real time system. Two matrices the bus-injection to branch-current matrix (BIBC), the branch-current to bus voltage matrix (BCBV) and a simple matrix multiplication are used to obtain power flow solutions. This paper also presents an approach that determines optimal location and size of capacitors on existing radial distribution systems to improve the voltage profiles and reduce the active power loss. The performance of the method was investigated on an 11kV real time Upadyayanagar radial distribution feeder as system of case study. A matlab program was developed and results are presented.

Keywords: BIBC, BCBV, Diversity Factor, BVSI, Reliability Indices, Distribution Load Flows, PSO.

[1] Ramanjaneyulu Reddy P, N.M.G.Kumar, P.Sangamshwara Raju, "Load flow based reliability assessment of a real time radial distribution system – case study" UNIASCIT, Vol2(3), 2012, 292-300.
[2] K.Prakash, M.Sydulu, "Partical Swarm Optimization Based Capacitor Placement on Radial Distribution System" ,Power Engineering Society, IEEE General Meeting - PES , pp. 1-5, 2007

[3] S.Sivanagaraju, J.Viswanatha Rao, M.Gridhar, "A Loop based load flow method for weakly meshed distribution network" , ARPN Journal of Engg. and Applied Sciences, Vol 3 No 4 , 2008.

[4] A.A.A. Esmin and G. Lambert-Torres, "A Particle Swarm Optimization Applied to Loss Power Minimization", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, USA, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 859-866, 2005.

[5] S. Ghosh and D. Das, "Method for load-flow solution of radial distribution Networks", IEEE Proceedings on Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Vol.146, No. 6, pp. 641-648, 1999

[6] Turan Gonen "Electric power distribution system Engineering" 2ed edition, CRC press by 2008

[7] K. A. Birt, J. J. Graffy, J. D. McDonald, and A. H. El-Abiad, "Three phase load flow program," IEEE Trans. Power Apparat. Syst., vol. PAS.95, pp. 59–65, Jan./Feb. 1976.

[8] D. Shirmohammadi, H. W. Hong,et.al "A compensation- based power flow method for weakly meshed distribution and transmission networks," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 3, pp.753– 762, May 1988.

[9] G. X. Luo and A. Semlyen, "Efficient load flow for large weakly meshed networks," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 5, pp. 1309–1316, Nov. 1990.

[10] C. S. Cheng and D. Shirmohammadi, "A three-phase power flow method for real-time distribution system analysis," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 10, pp. 671–679, May 1995.