iosr-JEEE   Volume-4 ~ Issue-4

Abstract: The communications sector is undergoing significant changes, with the emergence of a number of platforms available to provide a different range of services. Some of these platforms are complementary, others are competitive, or can provide a valid substitute for some of the services provided. Till now, the most important communications platform in most of the countries is the public switched telecommunication network (PSTN), which provides access to all households and buildings across most countries. This paper focuses on the area where the most significant changes are taking place in the communications sector. This paper gives a description of the wire line and wireless (NGN) networks, its basics, its transformation to wireless technology, need for convergence towards next generation networks and the future of NGN networks. The focus is on the next generation access and core networks, it is because they are changing the public switched telecommunication networks, the changes taking place in the PSTN are considerable. For over 100 years copper has been used as the transmission technology in the local loop to connect each home and building to the telecommunication network. Copper is increasingly being replaced by fibre in the local loop while packet-based technology using the Internet Protocol is replacing existing circuit-based switching technologies. This paper describes the need of wireless technology, why and how it becomes essential in terms of technological, social and economic need of the society. It tells us about how the circuit switched technology has been switched to IP technology and how the PSTN networks, which are circuit switched will be converted to packet-based networks These changes affect existing regulations and policy frameworks, convergence, investment and choice in the market place. Finally it concludes with the latest developments, which are going on in Wireless systems.

Index Terms – PSTN, NGN, Convergence, LTE

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Emergence of Next Generation Networks Background Paper, NGN/01, 23 March 2006, p. 14.
[3] International Telecommunication Union, Interconnection in an NGN Environment, Background Paper, NGN/02, 23 March 2006.
[4] International Telecommunication Union, What Rules for Universal Service in an IP enabled NGN Environment? Background Paper,
NGN/03, 23 March 2006.
[5] Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, Consultation Paper on Issues Pertaining to Next Generation Networks (NGN), 12 January
2006, Consultation Paper No: 2/2006.
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February 2007.
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Abstract: This paper is based upon Adaptive Rood Pattern Search algorithm for Block Matching Algorithm. There are various types of algorithm is available but this method is most reliable. Experimental results shows that it gives better results than other algorithms. This algorithm uses motion activity of the video. In this paper, adaptive rood pattern search method using motion activity is applied on videos.

Keywords: motion activity, segmentation, motion vectors, PSNR.

[1] Video shot boundary detection using motion activity descriptor Abdelati Malek Amel, Ben Abdelali Abdessalem and Mtibaa
Abdellatif, april 2010
[2] Aroh Barjatya, "Block Matching Algorithms For Motion Estimation, "Student Member, IEEE, DIP 6620 Spring 2004 Final Project
paper.
[3] Dr.V.K.Ananthashayana and Pushpa.M.K, "Joint Adaptive Block Matching Search (JABMS) Algorithm for Motion Estimation",
International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, Vol 2, No. 2, November 2009
[4] Yao Nie, and Kai-Kuang Ma, "Adaptive Rood Pattern Search for Fast Block-Matching Motion Estimation", IEEE Trans. Image
Processing, vol 11, no. 12, pp. 1442-1448, December 2002.
[5] D. A. X. Sun and B. S. Manjunath, "A Motion Activity Descriptor and Its Extraction in Compressed Domain," IEEE Pacific-Rim
Conference on Multimedia (PCM), vol. LNCS 2195, pp. 450-453, October 2001.
[6] Don Adjeroh, M. C. Lee, N. Banda, and Uma Kandaswamy, "Adaptive Edge-Oriented Shot Boundary Detection," Hindawi Publishing
Corporation EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing Volume 2009, Article ID 859371, 13 pages doi:10.1155/2009/859371,
18 May 2009.
[7] Amel Malek Abdelati, Jlassi bahaeddine, Abdessalem Ben Abdellali and Abdellatif Mtibaa, " Suivi d'objet en movement par la
method Level Set variationnelle, " international workshop on system engineering design & application, October 24 -26, 2008,
Monastir, Tunisia.
[8] S. Jeannin and A. Divakaran, "MPEG-7 visual motion descriptors, " IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video
Technology, vol. 11, pp. 720-724, 2001

Abstract: The energy crisis is appearing as a grave problem the whole world is facing today. The challenge is to refine the renewable technologies to make them competitive with traditional energy sources. The paper mainly focuses on the recent trends in Photovoltaic Technology and photovoltaic market development in brief. Recent trends adopted in photovoltaics offers a key solution to deliver a sustainable, secure, reliable and long term supply of energy at efficient rate and affordable cost to the livelihood. The fast growing photovoltaic technology has currently acquired a position to lead the worldwide challenge and also has boosted the opportunities in industrial sector. The remarkable growth of the photovoltaic sector in recent years provides a clear justification for this publication. Also, the paper will give insight to the basics of photovoltaics.

Keywords - Cost and Performance, Energy Demand, Photovoltaic Technology, Renewable Energy Resources, Sustainable Development.

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[2] Report, Photovoltaic Solar Energy Development and current research, European Commission 2009
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Web.13Dec.2012
[5] "Scientists Build the First All-Carbon Solar Cell." Science Daily, Stanford University.31Oct.2012. Web.12 Jan.2013
[6] University of Toronto Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering ." Record efficiency for next-generation solar
cells. ScienceDaily. 29Jul.2012. Web 31Dec.2012
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accessed 02Jan.2013]
[9] Solar cell central By: Four Peak technologies, Inc. Scottsdale, AZ, Solar Markets [solar cell
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