iosr-JEEE   Volume-13 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep-Oct 2018

Abstract: Electricity is the bedrock of every nation development and can be transported instantaneously & pollution free at consumer end. There are three hydro power generating stations that contribute to the nation's grid, namely Kainji, Jebba and Shiroro Hydro Power Station. This study employs survey method that applies the diligent study of hydro power generating stations and their various environments. This research exploits the application of questionnaires, interviews & investigation, and personal observations in data gathering. The analyses of the various data collected were in tabular exhibitions, mathematical models, pictorial charts, percentages and graphical illustrations. Results obtained from the hydrological water balance analysis of the hydro electric power stations, for 1MWH of electric energy, the quantity of water the power stations consumes are 11,811.65m3 and 13,792.85m3 for kanji and shiroro power..........

Keywords: Electricity, Hydro Station, Energy Consumption, Environmental Ramifications.

[1]. Sule, B. F. and Salami, A.W. (2013), "Hydrological and Environmental Impact of Hydropower Dam Operation in Nigeria", University of illorin Press

[2]. Okoro, O. I. and Chikuni, E. (2010), "Power Sector reforms in Nigeria: Opportunities and Challenges", Journal of Energy in South Africa, Volume 18, No. 3, pp. 52-57
[3]. Adeloye E. A.,(2010), "Social Aspect and Environmental Impact of Hydro Development in Nigeria", NEPA review 3
[4]. Ayodele A. I., (2012), "Electricity development in Nigeria: Pattern of Nigeria "s Electric Energy Use", pp 30-32, Universal Press, Ibadan.
[5]. Azubuike, A.M., (2014), "Environmental and Economic issues in small-scale hydropower development", Unpublished

Abstract: Long distance AC transmission is often subjected to certain problems which limit the transmission capability. HVDC is a better option for transmission of power over long distances. Power is being transmitted between two generating stations via dc link. The control of power flow in DC link can be achieved through control of current or voltage. For minimization of loss considerations, it is important to maintain constant voltage in link and adjust current to meet required power. In this project, a HVDC system is designed to control the power flow between two converter stations with conventional PI controller and Artificial Neural Networks. For rectifier side current control is used for inverter side both current and extinction angle control is implemented. The error signal is passed through a PI and Artificial..............

Key Words : HVDC Transmission, Simulation, Artificial neural networks, Conventional controller, THD.

[1]. M. O. Faruque,Yuyan Zhang and V.Dinavahi, "Detailed modeling of CIGRE HVDC benchmark system using PSCAD/EMTDC and PSB/SIMULINK," IEEE Trans Power Delivery , vol.21, no.21 , pp.378-387, Jan 2006.
[2]. Das,B.P,;Watson,N,;YoungheLiu;,"SimulationStudyof Conventional and Hybrid HVDC rectifier based on CIGRE benchmark model usingPLL-Less synchronization scheme." Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO),2011 5th International, vol.,no.,pp.,312-317,6-7 June2011doi:10.1109/PEOCO.2011.5970433.
[3]. Ashaq Thahir , M,; Kirthiga,M.V., Investigations on Modern Self-Defined Controller for Hybrid HVDC.
[4]. Kala Meah , A.H.M Sadrul Ula, "Simulation Study of the Frontier Line as a Multi-Terminal HVDC System ,"IEEE PES General Meeting ,July20-24,2008,Pittsburg,PA,USA.
[5]. N.G Hingorani , "Power Electronics in Electronic Utilities Role of Power Electronics in Future Power Systems,'' TENCON 2011-2011 IEEE Region 10conference, vol.,no.,pp.938-943, 21-24 Nov. 2011doi.10.1109/TENCON.2011.6129248.

Abstract: The electronic band structure of the ChalcopyriteCuAlS2and its vibrational properties using the pseudopotential method within density functional theory (DFT) and density functional perturbation theory (DFPT) frameworks respectively. LDA+U technique and the projector augmented wave (PAW) was used in for the electronic band structure calculations, while the norm-conserving pseudopotentials were used for the DFPT computations. The calculated results showed that CuAlS2 is a semiconductor with a wide band gap energy value of 3.13 eV. It was also discovered that the Γ to Z and Γto M transition are critical points in the structure of the material. The vibrational study reveal that CuAlS2might not be dynamically stable as a result of it yielding negative frequencies consistently.

Key Words : CuAlS2, Electronic band structure of CuAlS2, Chalcopyrite, Vibrational properties of CuAlS2, Vibrational properties of CuAlS2

[1]. Zekery A. and Elliot S. R., optical nonlinearities inChalcogenides glasses and their applications, Springer, 2007, 202p
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[3]. Shay J. L., Schiavone L.M., Buehler E., Wernick J. H, Spontaneous and stimulated-emission spectra of CdSnP2, J. Apps. 43, 1992, 2805-2810. DOI:10.63/1.1661599.
[4]. Alwan T. J. and Jabber M. A., structure and optical properties of CuAlS2 thin films prepared via chemical bath deposition, Turk J. Phys, 34, 2010, 107116.
[5]. Vahidshad Y., Ghasemzadeh R, Irajizad A., Mirkazemi and Masoud A, Synthesis and Characterization of CuAlS2 nanoparticle by Facile heat arrested method, JNS 2, 2012, 369-377.