iosr-JCE   Volume-5 ~ Issue-5

Abstract: The paper aims at designing a system for border surveillance using the concept of smartdust technology. Smartdusts are small dust like wireless sensor motes with multiple on-board sensors and microcontroller. In real time, thousands of such smartdust motes must be deployed in a large area. The motes can form a network among them and has wireless connection to outside world. Onboard hardware include a variety of sensors for vibration/seismic, magnetic, acoustic and thermal signature recognition, a microcontroller for processing these sensor values and a radio transceiver for communication over a wireless network. In this experimental project, we have designed one central monitoring mote and two smartdust motes using ARM controller, IEEE radio transceiver and sensors.The central monitoring mote also displays the tracking history of intrusion on enabling a switch.

Keywords: Advanced RISC Machine (ARM), Cortex microcontroller software interface standard (CMSIS), Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C), MEMS accelerometer, Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI),Smartdust mote.

[1] Doug Steel, Smartdust, UH ISRC Technology briefing, March 2005.

[2] Pratap.P, Kallberg J.M, Thomas L.A,Challenges of remote border monitoring, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security (HST)

[3] Nohara, T.J;A commercial approach to successful persistent radar surveillance of sea, air and land along the northern Border, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security (HST) [4] Neumann, C.; Weiss, G.; Wahlen, A.; Brehm, T:Ground Surveillance With Mmw Radar For Border Control And Camp Protection Applications, EuropeanMicrowave Conference, 2007.
[5] Pratap, P.; Kallberg, J.M.; Thomas, L.A;Challenges Of Remote Border Monitoring, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security (HST)

[6] Girard, A.R.; Howell, A.S.; Hedrick, J.K;Border Patrol And Surveillance Missions Using Multiple Unmanned Air Vehicles, 2004. CDC. 43rd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control

[7] Owen, Arch; Duckworth, Gregory; Worsley, Jerry, Optasense: Fibre Optic Distributed Acoustic Sensing For Border Monitoring, 2012 EuropeanIntelligence and Security Informatics Conference (EISIC)

[8] ShyamSadasivan, An introduction to the ARM Cortex-M3 Processor, October 2006, Open journal
[9] Cortex-M3 Technical reference manual from ARM, 2010, http://www.arm.com
[10] NXP Semiconductors, KMA199E, Programmable sensor, Rev.01-18, October 2007, http://www.nxp.com.

Abstract: In this paper an efficient algorithm is proposed for removal of salt & pepper noise from digital images. Salt and pepper noise in images is present due to bit errors in transmission or introduced during the signal acquisition stage. It represents itself as randomly occurring white and black pixels. This noise can be removed using standard Median Filter (SMF), Progressive Switched Median Filter (PSMF) under low density noise conditions. Decision Based Algorithm (DBA) and Modified Decision Based Unsymmetric Trimmed Median Filter (MDBUTMF) do not give better results at high noise density. So, in this project, this drawback will be overcome by using Adaptive Median based Modified Mean Filter (AMMF). This proposed algorithm shows better Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio and clear image than the existing algorithm.

Keywords- Median filter, Progressive Switched Median Filter, Decision Based Algorithm, Modified Decision Based Unsymmetric Trimmed Median Filter

[1] N.C Gallagher Jr and G.W. Wise, A theoretical analysis of the properties of median filter, IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, Signal Processing, vol. ASSP-27, 1981, pp.1136- 1141.

[2] T. Huang, G. Yang, and G. Tang, A fast two dimensional median filtering algorithm, IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, Signal [3] Z. Wang and D. Zhang, Progressive switching median filter for the removal of impulse noise from highly corrupted images, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-II, vol. 46, 1999, pp. 78–80.

[4] K. S. Srinivasan and D. Ebenezer, A new fast and efficient decision based algorithm for removal of high density impulse noise, IEEE Signal Processing Letters, vol. 14, no. 3, 2007, pp. 189–192.

[5] V. Jayaraj and D. Ebenezer, A new switching based median filtering scheme and algorithmfor removal of high-density salt and pepper noise in image, EURASIP Journal Advanced Signal Processing, vol. 2010, February 2010.

[6] T. Chen and H. R. Wu, Adaptive impulse detection using centre weighted median filters, IEEE Signal Processing Letters, vol. 8, no. 1, 2001, pp. 1–3.

[7] R. C. Gonzalez, and Woods R.E, Digital Image Processing. (Addison-Wesley, Boston, 2005.)

Abstract: Microstrip antennas or patch antennas are popular for their attractive features such as low profile, low weight, low cost, ease of fabrication and integration with RF devices. Micro strip antennas have been found favorable because they are inexpensive to manufacture and compatible with monolithic microwave integrated circuit designs (MMIC). They are usually employed at UHF and higher frequencies because the size of the antenna is directly tied to the wavelength at the resonance frequency. A Microstrip or patch antenna is a narrowband, wide-beam antenna fabricated by etching the antenna element pattern in metal trace bonded to an insulating dielectric substrate with a continuous metal layer bonded to the opposite side of the substrate which forms a ground plane. The most commonly employed microstrip antenna is a rectangular patch. The major disadvantages of Microstrip antennas are lower gain and very narrow bandwidth. Microstrip patch antennas have some drawbacks of low efficiency, narrow bandwidth (3-6%) of the central frequency. Millimeter wave technology being an emerging area is still much undeveloped. As micro strip antennas have found wide variety of application areas, a number of techniques are evolved to improve its limited bandwidth. A good approach to improve the bandwidth is increasing the thickness of substrate supporting the micro strip patch. However problems exist on the ability to effectively feed the patch on a thick substrate and the radiation efficiency can degrade with increasing substrate thickness. A substantial research needs to be done in this area as its applications are numerous. The radiation patterns and S11 performance are used for the analysis of the different configurations. In the present endeavor a rectangular patch antenna is designed on thick substrate and simulated using MATLAB software and configuration on different dielectric susbstrates was used .

Keywords - bandwidth, dielectric constant, Microstrip antennas, substrate thickness .

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