iosr-JCE   Volume-5 ~ Issue-4

Abstract: A novel approach to jointly optimized spatial prediction the choice of the subsequent transform in video and image compression. In this paper we improve the performance, reduce cost and high complexity .In proposed method we use the Singular value decomposition it is well known that the images, often used in variety of computer applications, are difficult to store and transmit. One possible solution to overcome this problem is to use a data compression technique where an image is viewed as a matrix and then the operations are performed on the matrix. In this paper, image compression is achieved by using singular value decomposition (SVD) technique on the image matrix. The advantage of using the SVD is the property of energy compaction and its ability to adapt to the local statistical variations of an image. Further, the SVD can be performed on any arbitrary, square, reversible and non reversible matrix of m x n size. In this paper, SVD is utilized to compress and reduce the storage space of an image. In addition, the paper investigates the effect of rank in SVD decomposition to measure the quality in terms of compression ratio and PSNR.

Index terms: Image compression, SVD (Singular Value Decomposition), De blocking filter, Blocking artifact, Video image.

[1]. Jingning Han,Ankur Saxena, Vinay Meloke, and Kenneth Rose ―Jointly Optimal spatial prediction and Block transform for videoand image coding,‖ IEEE Trans on image processing.vol.21.no.4.April.201
[2]. Han.J, Saxena .A, and Rose .K, ―Towards jointly optimal spatial prediction and adaptive transform in video/image coding,‖ in Proc. IEEE ICASSP, Mar. 2010, pp. 726–729.
[3]. Xu .K, Wu .K, and Zhang .W, ―Intra-predictive transforms for block based image coding,‖ IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 3030–3040, Aug. 2009.
[4]. Ye .Y and Karczewicz .M, ―Improved H.264 intra coding based on bi-directional intra prediction, directional transform, and adaptive coefficient scanning,‖ in Proc. IEEE ICIP, Oct. 2008, pp. 2116–2119.
[5]. Zeng .B and Fu .J, ―Directional discrete cosine transforms—A new framework for image coding,‖ IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 305–313, Mar. 2008.
[6]. Yueh .W. C, ―Eigen values of several tridiagonalmatrices,‖ Appl.Math. E-Notes, vol. 5, pp. 66–74, Apr. 2005.
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Circuits Syst.Video Technol., vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 560–576, Jul. 2003.
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H.264/AVC operated in pure intra coding mode,‖ in Proc. SPIE, Oct. 2003, vol. 5266, pp. 129–137.
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Abstract: Nowadays memory forms an important and necessary part of every system. In order to make the system more compact and faster, optimization of memory in terms of area, power and speed is to be made. In this paper column decoder has been implemented to minimize the power and area. The memory architecture is simulated using Laker-ADP schematic tool. The number of sense amplifiers required for MxN memory is reduced in ratio 4:1.

Keywords: Laker-ADP schematic tool, decoder, memory

[1] Jan M. Rabaey, Anantha Chandraprakasan, Borivoje Nikolic, "Digital integrated circuits, a design perspective," second edition.
[2] Allen & Holberg "CMOS Analog Circuit Design" Second edition, Oxford University press, 2003.
[3] http://www.cedcc.psu.edu/khanjan/vsrow.htm
[4] Ingvar Carlson, "Design and Evaluation of High Density 5T SRAM Cache for Advanced Microprocessors," Master's thesis performed in Electronic Devices, Ingvar Carlson Reg nr: LiTH-ISY-EX-3481-2004, 23rd March 2004
[5] Ramon Canal CTD – Master, "Memory Structures," CANS Slides based on: Introduction to CMOS VLSI Design, D. Harris

Abstract: In this paper, a high gain small size antennas are micro ICCLMA (Inductively Coupled Capacitively Loaded monopole antenna) with circular patch and micro ICCLMA with rectangular patch is presented. These different types of patch antenna topologies were designed with same dimensions to produce higher gain. We begin with the comparison between the antenna designs, requirements and continue with a discussion issues and simulation results. Each antenna topology is then discussed including the limitations and advantages of each. In fact, each technique is uniquely designed to produce size reduction and higher gain antennas. Among two antennas the micro ICCLMA with circular patch provides higher gain as compared to other micro ICCLMA with rectangular patch. The antenna design simulation results were done by using CST Microwave Studio. The gain of micro ICCLMA with circular patch is 46.03 dB. Keywords - Antenna radiation patterns, lumped elements, monopole antennas, patch antennas, vertically polarized antennas.

[1] Jungsuek Oh and Kamal SarabandI (2012)," Low Profile, Miniaturized Inductively Coupled Capacitively Loaded Monopole Antenna", IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 57, no.1,pp. 1206-1213.
[2] Hong W, Behdad N, and Sarabandi K (2004) "Size reduction of cavity backed slot antennas", IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 54, pp. 1461–1466.
[3] Behdad N and Sarabandi K (2004), "Bandwidth enhancement and further size reduction of a class of miniaturized slot antennas", IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 52, pp. 1928–1935.
[4] Goubau G (1976), "Multielement monopole antennas", in Proc. Workshop on Electrically Small Antennas ECOM, Ft., Monmouth, NJ, pp.63–67.
[5] Rowell C .R and Murch R. D (1997), "A capacitively loaded PIFA for compact mobile telephone handsets", IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol.45, pp. 837–842.
[6] Hala Elsadek (2011), "Microstrip Antennas for Mobile Wireless Communication Systems" CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, in subject Electrical and Electronic Engineering.
[7] Steven R.Best (2011), "A Discussion on Electrically Small Antennas Loaded with High Permittivity and Permeability Materials", The MITRE Corporation.
[8] Kulbir Singh, Vinit Grewal, Rajiv Saxena (2009), "Fractal Antennas: A Novel Miniaturization Technique for Wireless Communications", ECED, Thapar University, Patiala, India; National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India; Jay Pee Institute of Engineering and Technology, Raghogarh, Guna, M.P, India.
[9] Brad A. Kramer (2007), "Size reduction of an UWB low-profile spiral antenna", Ohio State University, Electrical Engineering.
[10] Minh-Chau Huynh (2004), "Wideband compact antennas for wireless communication applications", Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,